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Classification
Number
Table 1.2: Classification of Works of Qing Statecraft in Four Different Phases 1776-1905
A.Virtuous Rule A1. Classic Learning 9.12% 7.12% 5.45% 2.85%
A2. Ruling Principles 38.19% 3.52% 27.05% 7.90% 19.72% 8.18% 6.62% 1.57%
A3. Rites and Customs 25.54% 12.02% 6.08% 2.19%
B. Civil Service and Personnel Affairs 13.73% 7.08%
5.14%
6.92%
C. Finance and Treasury 21.14% 21.15% 25.06% 18.97%
D. Military and Security 12.66% 21.40% 15.01% 12.49%
E. Law and Punishment 4.17% 4.84% 4.13%
F. Infrastructure and Artisan 10.06% 10.82%
G. Diplomacy and Foreign Affairs 0.00% 5.55% 5.40% 5.09%
H. Science, Technology and Western Learning 0.00% 1.68% 10.75% 11.21%
I. Legal and Institutional Reform 0.00% 0.40% 7.37% 23.73%
(Table produced by the author, with special thank to Ms. Stephanie S. H. Weng.)
本研究計畫結論如下:
Phase 1: 1776-1842 Phase 2: 1843-1894 Phase 3: 1895-1899 Phase 4: 1900-1905
9
8.34%
Collected Essays on Imperial Qing Statecraft and its sequels represented
mainly the thoughts of Chinese intellectuals, degree holders, and civil officers
at the core, and to a lesser extent the private literati.
Works of statecraft continued culminated in 1890s and faded out in 1902 due
to the new press reform, which provided outlets for intellectuals at the
periphery and general public. Discussions that until then had remained
largely internal to the bureaucratic elite were now transformed into a
broadly-based challenge to court politics and to the process of policy
formation.
However the cultural success of the domestic and foreign newspapers on a
variety of discursive levels after 1900s would not have been possible without
the conceptual integration of the writings—stemming from official,
para-official or private literati milieus—in the established structures of
discourse of the Ming and Qing works of statecraft.
Increasingly collected essays of statecraft started to move away from (or even
discard) the principle of rule of virtue in Confucian classics (Category A [A1,
A2, A3] dropping from some 45% in 1776 version to 2.61% in 1902
compilation), to embrace that of creation for political, economic and military
power and wealth of state (Category G+H+I rising from 0% in 1776 to a
1.48%
13.45%