Development of a Depth-Integrated Sample Arm to Reduce Solids ...

tions in the fixed-point samples generally stayed the same.
Incorrect assumptions of PSDs in urban stormwater could have
detrimental consequences when sizing treatment devices, such as
wet detention ponds.
Relationships between sediment concentration, organic content,
and PSD in stormwater quality samples collected in the fixedpoint
and DISA were consistent across a range of hydraulic
conditions. These relationships were duplicated at two geograph-
• ical locations with different land7use characteristics, giving
confidence in the transferability of the results of this study to
other urban runoff conveyance systems. Because all samples
evaluated as part of this study were collected in a field setting, it
was not possible to compare the results collected from each
sampler with a known quantity. Additional research in a
controlled laboratory environment could provide the information
necessary to verify the ability of the DISA to collect a solids
concentration representative of the entire water column.
Credits
The authors thank Becky Carvin of the U.S.. Geological Survey
(Middleton, Wisconsin) for her tireless efforts in the field. Any
use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes
only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Submitted for publication May 3, 2010; revised manuscript
submitted September 7, 2010; accepted for publication September
28, 2010.
References.
Agrawal, Y. C.; Pottsmith, H. C. (2000) Instruments for Particle-Size and
Settling Velocity Observations in Sediment Transport. Mar. Geol.,
168, 89-114.
Bent, G. C.; Gray, J. R.; Smith, K. P.; Glysson; G. D. (2000) A Synopsis of
Technical Issues for Monitoring Sediment in Highway and Urban
Runoff. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-497; U.S.
Geological Survey: Reston, Virginia, 51.
Cristina, C.; Tramonte, J.; Sansalone, J. (2002) A Granulometry-Based
Selection Methodology for Separation of Traffic-Generated Particles in
Urban Highway Snowmelt Runoff. Water Air Soil Pollut., 136, 33-53.
Clark, S. E.; Siu, C. Y. S.; Pitt, R.; Roenning, C. D.; Treese, D. P. (2008)
Peristaltic Pump Autosamplers for Solids Measurement in Stormwater
Runoff. Water Environ. Res., 81, 192-200.
Clark, S. E.; Siu, C. S. (2008) Measuring Solids Concentration in
Stormwater Runoff: Comparison of Analytical Methods. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 42, 511-516.
DeGroot, G. P.; Gulliver, J. S.; Mohseni, 0. (2009) Accurate Sampling of
Suspended Solids. Proceedings of the World Environmental and
Water Resources Congress 2009, Kansas City, Missouri, May 17-21;
American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, Virginia.
deRidder, S..A.; Darcy, S. I.; Calvert, P. P.; Lenhart,-J. H. (2002) Influence of
Analytical Method, Data Summarization Method, and Particle-Size on
Total Suspended Solids Removal Efficiency. Proceedings of the Ninth
International Conference on Urban Drainage, Portland, Oregon, Sept.
9-13; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, Virginia.
Selbig and Bannerman
Edwards, T. K.; Glysson, G. D. (1999) Field Methods for Measurement of
Fluvial Sediment. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of
the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 3, Chapter C2; U.S. Geological
Survey: Reston, Virginia, 23.
Fowler, G. D.; Roseen, R. M.; Ballestero, T. P.; Guo, Q.; Houle, J. (2009)
.Sediment Monitoring by Autosampler in Comparison with Whole
Volume Sampling for Parking Lot Runoff. Proceedings of the World
Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Kansas City,
Missouri, May 17-21; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston,
Virginia.
Gray, J. R.; Glysson, G.' D.; Torcios, L. M.; Schwartz, G. (2000)
Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total
Suspended Solids Data. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources
Investigation Report 00-4191; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston,
Virginia.
Horowitz, A. J. (1995) The Use of Suspended Sediment and Associated
Trace Elements in Water Quality Studies, Special Publication No. 4;
International Association of Hydrological Sciences: Wallingford,
Oxfordshire, , United Kingdom, 58.
ISCO (2008) 3700R/3740 Refrigerated Sampler Instruction Manual. http:/H
www.isco.com/pcfiles/PartPDF3fUPOOOXKF.pdf (accessed December
16, 2009).
Kayhanian, M.; Young, T.; Stenstrom, M. (2005) Limitation of
Current Solids Measurements in Stormwater Runoff. Stormwater, 6
(5), 40-58.
Kayhanian, M.; Rasa, E.; Vichare, A.; Leatherbarrow, J. E. (2008) Utility
of Suspended Solid Measurements for Storm-Water Runoff Treatment.
J. Environ. Eng., 134, 712-721.
Lenhart, J. H.; Lehman, J. M. (2006) Measuring Total Volatile Suspended
Solids in Stormwater to Understand the Influence of Organic Matter
on BMP Performance. Proceedings of the World Environmental and
Water Resources Congress 2006, Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 19-21;
American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, Virginia.
Pedrick, J. H.; Tellessen, G. P. (2008) Do Automatic Samplers Suck?: The
Effect of Automatic Samplers on Samples Containing Coarse
Sediment. Proceedings of Stormcon, Orlando, Florida, Aug. 3-7;
Forester Media Inc.: Santa Barbara, California.
Roesner, L. A.; Pruden, A.; Kidner, E. M. (2007).Improved Protocol for
Classification and Analysis of Stormwater-Borne Solids, 04-SW-4;
Water Environment Research Foundation: Alexandria, Virginia, 124.
Selbig, W. R.; Bannerman, R. T. (2007) Evaluation of Street Sweeping
as a Stormwater-Quality Management Tool in Three Residential
Bdsins in Madison, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific
Investigations Report 2007-5156; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston,
Virginia, 120.
Selbig, W. R.; Bannerman, R.; Bowman, G. (2007) Improving the
Accuracy of Sediment-Associated Constituent Concentrations in
Whole Storm Water Samples by Wet Sieving. J. Environ. Qual., 36
(I), 226-232.
Smith, K. P. (2002) Effectiveness of Three Best Management Practices for
Highway-Runoff Quality Along the Southeast Expressway, Boston,
Massachusetts. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report 02-4059, U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, Virginia, 62.
Stokes, G. G. (1851) On the Effect of Inertial Friction of Fluids on the
Motion of Pendulums. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 9, 8.
April 2011 • 357