Modern Movement History of Urban Design - lamp.tugraz.at

History of Urban Design
Institute of Urbanism
Grigor Doytchinov
Modern Movement

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
The October-Revolution 1917 and the Soviet avant-garde

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Urban Utopia 1914-1928
Influences of modern art on urban ideas
The trust in technology
Kasimir Malevich
“Planite”/”Architecton” 1927

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Urban Utopia 1914-1928
Influences of modern art on urban ideas
The trust in technology
Alexander Rodchenko
“Second City in the Aitr” 1920

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Urban Utopia 1914-1928
Influences of modern art on urban ideas
The trust in technology
Georgi Krutikov
“Flying City” 1928

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Back to reality: urban planning in the Soviet Union
Planning the new capital Moscow
Arguments of the urban discussion
- The nullification of the contradiction between
urban and rural (Engels, Lenin)
- The general post-war and post-revolution
economic crisis and the decrease of urban
population
Both arguments lead to politics of decentralisation and
the influence of Garden City model – “The green City –
a sanatorium for the proletariat”

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Back to reality: urban planning in the Soviet Union
Planning the new capital Moscow
Le Corbusier’s Moscow drawing 1930 – basis for the
“Ville radieuse”
- Tabula rasa: the destruction of the traditional
radial urban structure
- The creation of an orthogonal urban grid of
highways

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Back to reality: urban planning in the Soviet Union
Planning Magnitogorsk 1930
Nikolai leonidov’s scheme – the influence of the
“Ciudad lineal”
- Brilliant transformation of the
desurbanisation ideas
- Shifting the structural, typological and
aesthetic ideas of the socialist city

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Boom of the German capital after 1870:
- 1819 – 200.000 inhabitants
- 1900 – 3.800.000 inhabitants

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Berlin 1900 – “the late capital of a late world power”
Urban design as an expression of imperial claim

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
„The urban problem of the metropolis“ 1923
„The architecture of the metropolis“ 1924
„The metropolis as an urban typology“, „creation of modern times“,
„natural and necessary result of the industrialisation of the world“

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
Links to the ideas of Le Corbusier and CIAM 1933
- the modernistic decision to the advantage of
the orthogonal plan of Hyppodamus
- the strict differentiation of functions
- the strict differentiation of pedestrian walkways
and car-routes

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
- The model of the housing city (“Wohnstadt”)
- The model of the skyscraper-city (“Hochhausstadt”)

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
- The model of the housing city (“Wohnstadt”)

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
- The model of the housing city (“Wohnstadt”)

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
- The model of the skyscraper-city (“Hochhausstadt”)

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the metropolis: Berlin as a playground of urban ideas
Ludwig Hilberseimer’s metropolitan theories
- Reconstruction in the centre of Berlin 1928

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Bruno Taut and the housing developments
Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin 1925

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Bruno Taut and the housing developments
Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin 1925

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Bruno Taut and the housing developments
“Onkel Toms Hütte”, Berlin 1926

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Bruno Taut and the housing developments
“Onkel Toms Hütte”, Berlin 1926

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Bruno Taut and the housing developments
Referring Bruno Taut:
- creator of ethic and social phenomenon’s
- architecture and urban shape as organiser of new public behaviours
- the house is the product of a collective and social mentality
- repetition is not unwelcome but the most important art means

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Walter Gropius and the housing developments
Dammerstock, Karlsruhe 1929

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Critics on Walter Gropius’s Dammerstock
- design as an expression of a political and social dogma
- reduction of urban design to an abstract principal
- ignoring the genius loci
- man is getting an abstract figure (user) of determinate shape

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Ernst May and the housing developments
Satellite city Praunheim, Frankfurt 1927

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Ernst May and the housing developments
Satellite city Römerstadt, Frankfurt 1927

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
Theoretical and political background:
- adaptation of Marxism to the complex capitalistic
universe
- progressive turn from private to socialist capitalism
- step by step expropriation of the immovable capital
by directed inserted taxes

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
Hubert Gessner’s Karl-Seitz-Hof

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
Peter Behren’s Leopold-Vinarsky-Hof 1924

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
Karl Ehn’s Karl-Marx-Hof 1927

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
The model of the working class residences – Court (“Hof”)
and super-block
- an emblematic typology of the social-democratic
municipal government
- based on impressive historic patterns of the
Habsburg Monarchy
- aims the creation of specific locations of beauty in
the uniform capitalistic city
- an alternative to the surrounding

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
The model of the working class residences – Court (“Hof”) and
super-block
- the “proletarian second city” in the capitalist surrounding
- an answer, but not a contrast to the capitalist surrounding
- continuous implementation in the urban structure
- acceptance of neighbor street lines and building highs
- transmission of historic formal elements

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Planning the modern society
Austro-Marxism and Vienna’s working class residences
The other way of housing – Vienna’s housing for the middle
class (“Siedlungen”)

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
La ville contemporain 1922

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
La ville contemporain 1922

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
Plan Voisin 1925

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
Plan Voisin 1925

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
Ville radieuse 1930

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
Le Corbusier’s urbanism provocations
Ville radieuse 1930

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
CIAM (Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) 1928
Discussion platform for differentiated ideas of modernism
Consensus: the functional city

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
CIAM (Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) 1928
The Charta of Athens 1933
Curiosity - City categories:
- metropolitan cities
- administrative cities
- industrial cities
- cities for amusement and leisure
- multifunctional cities
- new cities

History of Urban Design | Modern Movement
CIAM (Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) 1928
The Charta of Athens 1933
Canon of the basic functions of the city:
- housing
- working
- leisure
- transportation