The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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WlLCOX The Aramaic Background of the New Testament 363 particular was that of the ordinary people. Clearly, a proper understanding both of the history of Jewish society in that period (and of Jesus and his movement within it), and of the Aramaic evidence, requires that the two be considered together. Furthermore, unlike so many other issues in the study of the New Testament, Aramaisms do permit of objective verification. This point was put very well by J.A. Fitzmyer in a valuable essay on the methodology of the subject: the study of the Aramaic problem is 'an aspect or facet' of New Testament studies 'that exposes itself to outside control and that can reflect new gains'. 1 Those 'new gains', once treated and established, can materially affect our understanding of Jesus' life, thought and work. On occasion they can also throw exciting new light on the Gospel tradition and on the more shadowy parts of the history of the primitive Church. The aim of this paper is first, to examine critically the methodological basis for the search for Aramaisms in the New Testament and, secondly, to show how seeing them in relation to the life, thought and history of first century Jewish society enriches the picture of Jesus and his earliest followers. Indeed, the philological and historical enquiries are mutually supportive and correcting. As a bye-product of this discussion we hope to be able to suggest some revisions of the so-called criteria of language, coherence and dissimilarity familiar to us from redaction criticism of the New Testament. 1. The Search for Aramaisms That Jesus spoke Aramaic is clear from a number of examples of words attributed to him and preserved in the Gospels in Aramaic but expressed in Greek characters. We have dealt with these in detail elsewhere. 2 Probably the most significant of these is the so-called 'Cry from the Cross', 'Eloi Eloi lema sabachihanei 1 (= 'My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?') (Mk 15.34; cf. Mt. 27.46). 3 As these 1. 'Methodology in the Study of the Aramaic Substratum of Jesus' Sayings in the New Testament', in Jesus aux origines de la Christologie (BETL 40; Gembloux: Duculot, 1975), pp. 73-102 (101-102). 2. M. Wilcox, 'Semitisms in the New Testament', ANRW 11.25.1 (ed. W. Haase; Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1984), pp. 978-1029. 3. Mk 15.34 = Mt. 27.46 = Targ. Ps. 22.1a. See Wilcox, 'Semitisms', pp. 1004-1007.
364 The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context words stand, and following K BC, they come from Ps. 22.la, but in their use of aapaxOocvei they agree with the Aramaic text of the Targum to Ps. 22.la, 4 which has 'anpae?, whereas in both Matthew and Mark, D reads £cc
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JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE OLD TE
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The Aramaic Bible Targums in their
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CONTENTS Preface 9 Abbreviations 12
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Contents 1 MICHAEL MAKER Targum Pse
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PREFACE The essays here published r
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Preface 11 The conference was inten
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NTS OBO OIL PAAJR PG RB RevQ SBT SC
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Philip S. Alex
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Part I TARGUM TEXTS AND EDITIONS
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Targum Texts 19
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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REIF The Cairo Genizah and its Trea
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REIF The Cairo Genizah its Treasure
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TARGUM MANUSCRIPTS AND CRITICAL EDI
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DiEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DIEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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GORDON Alexander Sperber and the St
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THE MICHAEL GLAZIER-LITURGICAL PRES
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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MCNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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Part II THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE
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KAUFMAN Dating the Language of the
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COOK The Language of Onqelos and Jo
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Part III THE TARGUMS AND JEWISH BIB
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HENGEL The Scriptures in Second Tem
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BETZ The Qumran Halakhah Text 4QMMT
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THE AGGADAH OF THE PALESTINIAN TARG
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SHINAN The Aggadah of the Palestini
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RIB ERA The Targum: From Translatio
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RIB ERA The Tar gum: From Translati
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RibERA The Targum: From Translation
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RlBERA The Targum: From Translation
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Part IV TARGUMS OF THE PENTATEUCH
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GROSSFELD Onqelos, Halakha and the
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MAPPING THE SYNOPTIC PALESTINIAN TA
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FLESHER Mapping the Synoptic Palest
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BOCCACCINI Targum Neofiti as a Prot
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MAKER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
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MAHER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
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MAHER Tar gum Pseudo-Jonathan of De
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A PORTRAIT OF THE WICKED ESAU IN TH
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HAYWARD A Portrait of the Wicked Es
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SYREN Ishmael and Esau in Jubilees
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Page 318 and 319: Part V TARGUMS OF THE HAGIOGRAPHA
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Page 342 and 343: BEATTIE The Textual Tradition of Ta
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Page 356 and 357: EGO Targumization as Theologization
Page 362 and 363: Part VI TARGUM AND NEW TESTAMENT
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Page 380 and 381: ARAMAIC AND TARGUMIC ANTECEDENTS OF
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NORTON Jews, Greeks and the Hexapla
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KOPFSTEIN Jewish Traditions in the
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JEWISH TRADITION, THE PSEUDEPIGRAPH
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STONE Jewish Tradition and the Chri
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Index of References 451 5.3 6.5 7.1
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Index of References 453 25.5 29.18
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Index of References 455 3.4 Zephani
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IQGenApoc 2.32 1QH 4.6 6.21-22 IQIs
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II 5.1 II 5.16 II 6.1 II 6.11 II 8.
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20.18 20.21 Neof. Deut. 24.6 26.7 N
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. Hul. 92a 115b b. Ket. 46a 84b b.
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Ant. 1.13 405 1.327 304 3.295 280 4
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Cohen, G.D. 292, 296 Cohen, M.R. 33
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Marsden, N. 31 Marshall, F.H. 442 M
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The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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