The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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GROSSFELD Onqelos, Halakha and the Halakhic Midrashim 245 arise only in relatively rare instances, and the normally accepted procedure for the official translation of the Torah was to render the sense of the Hebrew text both idiomatically and as close as possible to the literal meaning, but without being enslaved to it. 61 These situations then would lead one to date the original composition of the Aramaic version of the Torah known to us as Targum Onqelos to a period somewhere between the beginning and the middle of the second century CE. This is not to say that the proselyte Onqelos started from scratch in creating such a translation. There are a sufficient amount of references scattered throughout rabbinic literature that lead us to believe that an Aramaic Pentateuch translation, perhaps even more than one, were in circulation in Palestine, as can be seen from the reference to the existence of a Job Targum during the^days of Raban Gamliel the Elder 20-50 CE (t.Sab. XIII [XIV]: 2; b. Sab. 115a). Now if an Aramaic translation for a Hagiographa book existed, certainly one for the Torah must have been in circulation in oral or written form, and not only during Raban Gamliel the Elder's time, but most probably a few centuries before his time as well. Thus Onqelos had raw material to work with. Utilizing these already existing Aramaic Pentateuch versions, he re-shaped them in accordance with the official line of rabbinic authority, namely that of R. Aqiba. With the crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt leading to the destruction of the cultural centers in Judea, this Aramaic Pentateuch version, along with that of Jonathan to the Prophets and the Mishnah, were transferred to Babylonia. There Onqelos underwent further edition and development during the following centuries on the basis of the Mishnah and Talmud (Kahle) to serve the needs of the Babylonian Jews. It finally became the authoritative text, which in the official literary Aramaic, established the correct Jewish understanding of every passage of the Torah, and was regarded as of the highest authority among the Jews. As such the Targum was then brought back to Palestine together with the Babylonia Talmud about 1000 CE. 62 In fact, Z. Frankel 63 dates Onqelos to the Early Amoraic Period; specifically to the Beth Midrash of Rab (m 'in toso) in Babylonia. He is probably right in so far as the further redaction of Onqelos is concerned, but not as far as the original composition goes. Consequently 61. See above n. 13. 62. For which see Kahle, The Cairo Geniza, pp. 194-95. 63. For which see n. 26 above.
246 The Aramaic Bible: The Targums in their Historical Context it probably passed through numerous more hands which contributed considerably to the final shape of Onqelos as we have it today. This accounts for many inconsistencies that exist in the text of Onqelos that we possess at this time. 64 Onkelos R. Simon b. Yohai R. Judah Hanasi (170-220) R. Hiyya (Rabba) Rav (175-247) R. Huna (c. 250) R. Hiyya b. Abba (c. 280) Rabbi Aqiba Tradition Chan R. Joshua b. Hananiah (50-130 CE) R. Ehezer b. Hyrcanu R. Aqiba (110-135) (120-140) R. Ilai R. Ishmael R. Judah b. Ilai R. Nehemiah R. Meir (139-165) 64. A somewhat similar conclusion is reached by A. Berliner, Einleitung in Targum Onkelos, p. 245, where he sums up his study by saying that the evidence of the Halakhic and Aggadic elements in this Targum supports the contention that it was only the predecessors, teachers, and colleagues of Rabbi Aqiba, Rabbi Aqiba himself, as well as his older disciples who were the transmitters of these elements in the Targum. Halakhic traditions of later scholars found no acceptance (see the chart). Thus the dictum in b. 'Erub. 46b Tuno «3'pJ> '~o n^n and b. Ket. 84b mo N^i... rano y"~v ro^n.
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JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE OLD TE
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The Aramaic Bible Targums in their
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CONTENTS Preface 9 Abbreviations 12
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Contents 1 MICHAEL MAKER Targum Pse
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PREFACE The essays here published r
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Preface 11 The conference was inten
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NTS OBO OIL PAAJR PG RB RevQ SBT SC
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Philip S. Alex
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Part I TARGUM TEXTS AND EDITIONS
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Targum Texts 19
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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REIF The Cairo Genizah and its Trea
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REIF The Cairo Genizah its Treasure
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TARGUM MANUSCRIPTS AND CRITICAL EDI
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DiEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DIEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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GORDON Alexander Sperber and the St
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THE MICHAEL GLAZIER-LITURGICAL PRES
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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MCNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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Part II THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE
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KAUFMAN Dating the Language of the
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COOK The Language of Onqelos and Jo
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Part III THE TARGUMS AND JEWISH BIB
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HENGEL The Scriptures in Second Tem
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BETZ The Qumran Halakhah Text 4QMMT
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Page 196 and 197: BETZ The Qumran Halakhah Text 4QMMT
Page 204 and 205: THE AGGADAH OF THE PALESTINIAN TARG
Page 206 and 207: SHINAN The Aggadah of the Palestini
Page 220 and 221: RIB ERA The Targum: From Translatio
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Page 224 and 225: RibERA The Targum: From Translation
Page 226 and 227: RlBERA The Targum: From Translation
Page 228 and 229: Part IV TARGUMS OF THE PENTATEUCH
Page 230 and 231: GROSSFELD Onqelos, Halakha and the
Page 248 and 249: MAPPING THE SYNOPTIC PALESTINIAN TA
Page 250 and 251: FLESHER Mapping the Synoptic Palest
Page 256 and 257: BOCCACCINI Targum Neofiti as a Prot
Page 266 and 267: MAKER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
Page 268 and 269: MAHER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
Page 286 and 287: MAHER Tar gum Pseudo-Jonathan of De
Page 292 and 293: A PORTRAIT OF THE WICKED ESAU IN TH
Page 294 and 295: HAYWARD A Portrait of the Wicked Es
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HAYWARD A Portrait of the Wicked Es
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SYREN Ishmael and Esau in Jubilees
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SYREN Ishmael and Esau in Jubilees
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SYREN Ishmael and'Esau in Jubilees
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Part V TARGUMS OF THE HAGIOGRAPHA
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ALEXANDER The Tar gum of the Song o
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ALEXANDER The Tar gum of the Song o
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ALEXANDER The Targum of the Song of
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BEATTIE The Textual Tradition of Ta
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SOME SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TARGUM JO
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MANGAN Similarities between Targum
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MANGAN Similarities between Tareum
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EGO Targumization as Theologization
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Part VI TARGUM AND NEW TESTAMENT
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WlLCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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WILCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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WILCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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ARAMAIC AND TARGUMIC ANTECEDENTS OF
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CHILTON Aramaic and Targumic Antece
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Part VII JEWISH TRADITIONS AND CHRI
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NORTON Jews, Greeks and the Hexapla
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KOPFSTEIN Jewish Traditions in the
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JEWISH TRADITION, THE PSEUDEPIGRAPH
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STONE Jewish Tradition and the Chri
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Index of References 451 5.3 6.5 7.1
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Index of References 453 25.5 29.18
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Index of References 455 3.4 Zephani
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IQGenApoc 2.32 1QH 4.6 6.21-22 IQIs
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II 5.1 II 5.16 II 6.1 II 6.11 II 8.
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20.18 20.21 Neof. Deut. 24.6 26.7 N
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. Hul. 92a 115b b. Ket. 46a 84b b.
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Ant. 1.13 405 1.327 304 3.295 280 4
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Cohen, G.D. 292, 296 Cohen, M.R. 33
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Marsden, N. 31 Marshall, F.H. 442 M
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The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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