The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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BETZ The Qumran Halakhah Text 4QMMT 201 Conclusions I cannot yet believe that the letter 4QMMT will revolutionize our previous understanding of the religious parties during the Hasmonean age and of the origins of the Qumran community in particular. But it certainly can improve and enrich it as this will be done by some other fragments form Cave 4 which still await publication. Above all, the official edition of 4QMMT by E. Qirnron will shed fresh light on this important document and on the way how some of the lacunae in this mutilated text can be filled. Despite its many peculiarities, I believe that 4QMMT breathes the spirit of Qumran. One can link it with the Dead Sea Scrolls and with the reports on the Essenes, written by Philo, Pliny, and Josephus. It is quite surprising that this letter deals with quite a few special cases of levitical purity and with details of the offering of sacrifices and the slaughtering of animals, in a way similar to that of rabbinic halakhah: the criticism raised in these ma 'ase ha-torah must be considered constructive. For the author wants to correct the temple service, not to condemn it. But his ultimate concern must have been the service of God's people and the priests, the purity of the chosen city and the holy land. When he wrote on the case of a man who had to immerse himself on a certain day (because of a nightly defilement), he may have thought of the 'union' (ha-yahad) of holy men, in which a ritual bath was performed by everyone on every day. For our letter was issued by a special group that 'had separated themselves from the mass of the people and refrained from becoming intermingled with these things' (C 7-8). Through his criticism of the temple service our author may have intended to justify the 'sectarian' step, taken by him and his followers, in an indirect way. This step must have led to the formation of the Sadoqites (Bene Sadoq) under the Teacher of Righteousness, who was a priest joined by priests, Levites, and lay-people. His group went into a kind of exile (galuth) in the Land of Damascus and in the Judean Desert, in which God revealed (higldh) to them the law of Moses and the books of the prophets (see the interpretation of Amos 5.26 in CD 7.14-17). In opposition to the Sadducean priesthood in Jerusalem and determined by the expectation of the immediate coming of God to the final judgment, these Sadoqites interpreted the sanctuary of God and the holy service of the priests in a spiritual way; they also extended it to the
202 The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context repentant Israelites. This meant that quite a few Sadoqites-Essenes dedicated themselves to a communal life with a kind of monastic discipline, which was highly praised by Philo and adequately described in the works of Flavius Josephus. POSTSCRIPT The text of 4QMMT has now been published: Qumran Cave 4. V. Miqsatma'ase ha- Torah, by E. Qimron and J. Strugnell, in consultation with Y. Sussmann and with contributions by Y. Sussmann and A. Yardeni (DID X). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. The work gives the texts (pp. 3-63), and treats of the language (pp. 65-108), the literary character and historical setting (pp. 109-21) and the halakha (pp. 123-77). Appendix 1 (pp. 179-200) by Y. Sussmann is on The History of the Halakha and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Preliminary Talmudic Observations on Miqsatma'ase ha-torah (4QMMT)'. Appendix 2 (pp. 201-202) by E. Qimron is on 'Additional Textual Observations on 4QMMT'. Appendix 3 (pp. 203-206) by J. Strugnell is on 'Additional Observations on 4QMMT'.
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JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE OLD TE
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The Aramaic Bible Targums in their
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CONTENTS Preface 9 Abbreviations 12
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Contents 1 MICHAEL MAKER Targum Pse
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PREFACE The essays here published r
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Preface 11 The conference was inten
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NTS OBO OIL PAAJR PG RB RevQ SBT SC
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Philip S. Alex
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Part I TARGUM TEXTS AND EDITIONS
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Targum Texts 19
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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KLEIN Cairo Genizah Tar gum Texts 2
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REIF The Cairo Genizah and its Trea
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REIF The Cairo Genizah its Treasure
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TARGUM MANUSCRIPTS AND CRITICAL EDI
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DiEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DIEZ MERINO Targum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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DlEZ MERINO Tar gum Manuscripts and
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GORDON Alexander Sperber and the St
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THE MICHAEL GLAZIER-LITURGICAL PRES
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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MCNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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McNAMARA Glazier-Liturgical Press A
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Part II THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE
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KAUFMAN Dating the Language of the
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COOK The Language of Onqelos and Jo
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Page 152 and 153: COOK The Language of Onqelos and Jo
Page 158 and 159: Part III THE TARGUMS AND JEWISH BIB
Page 160 and 161: HENGEL The Scriptures in Second Tem
Page 178 and 179: BETZ The Qumran Halakhah Text 4QMMT
Page 204 and 205: THE AGGADAH OF THE PALESTINIAN TARG
Page 206 and 207: SHINAN The Aggadah of the Palestini
Page 220 and 221: RIB ERA The Targum: From Translatio
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Page 226 and 227: RlBERA The Targum: From Translation
Page 228 and 229: Part IV TARGUMS OF THE PENTATEUCH
Page 230 and 231: GROSSFELD Onqelos, Halakha and the
Page 248 and 249: MAPPING THE SYNOPTIC PALESTINIAN TA
Page 250 and 251: FLESHER Mapping the Synoptic Palest
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FLESHER Mapping the Synoptic Palest
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FLESHER Mapping the Synoptic Palest
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BOCCACCINI Targum Neofiti as a Prot
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MAKER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
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MAHER Targum Pseudo-Jonathan of Deu
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MAHER Tar gum Pseudo-Jonathan of De
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A PORTRAIT OF THE WICKED ESAU IN TH
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HAYWARD A Portrait of the Wicked Es
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SYREN Ishmael and Esau in Jubilees
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SYREN Ishmael and Esau in Jubilees
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SYREN Ishmael and'Esau in Jubilees
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Part V TARGUMS OF THE HAGIOGRAPHA
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ALEXANDER The Tar gum of the Song o
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ALEXANDER The Tar gum of the Song o
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ALEXANDER The Targum of the Song of
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BEATTIE The Textual Tradition of Ta
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SOME SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TARGUM JO
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MANGAN Similarities between Targum
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MANGAN Similarities between Tareum
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EGO Targumization as Theologization
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Part VI TARGUM AND NEW TESTAMENT
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WlLCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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WILCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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WILCOX The Aramaic Background of th
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ARAMAIC AND TARGUMIC ANTECEDENTS OF
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CHILTON Aramaic and Targumic Antece
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Part VII JEWISH TRADITIONS AND CHRI
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NORTON Jews, Greeks and the Hexapla
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KOPFSTEIN Jewish Traditions in the
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JEWISH TRADITION, THE PSEUDEPIGRAPH
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STONE Jewish Tradition and the Chri
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Index of References 451 5.3 6.5 7.1
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Index of References 453 25.5 29.18
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Index of References 455 3.4 Zephani
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IQGenApoc 2.32 1QH 4.6 6.21-22 IQIs
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II 5.1 II 5.16 II 6.1 II 6.11 II 8.
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20.18 20.21 Neof. Deut. 24.6 26.7 N
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. Hul. 92a 115b b. Ket. 46a 84b b.
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Ant. 1.13 405 1.327 304 3.295 280 4
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Cohen, G.D. 292, 296 Cohen, M.R. 33
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Marsden, N. 31 Marshall, F.H. 442 M
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The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

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