BUILDING FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY - Kennedy Bibliothek

Part Two
CO-ORDINATION ON A CITY-WIDE SCALE
SUMMARY
97. So far the present report has dealt mainly with single projects in
which school and community facilities have been co-ordinated, and within
this range with two extreme solutions: the large purpose-built center and
the opposite recent trend towards utilising empty schools. In Part Two,
discussion of co-ordination of school and community facilities on a citywide
scale has a different focus. Here, an attempt will be made to analyse
the opportunities and the problems which come into existence when the
community school concept is multiplied to encompass an entire urban area,
and the relationship between the single project and the larger plan. Two
major roads to co-ordination on a city-wide scale have been identified:
i) "organic growth" or the administrative and organisational
approach;
ii) the planning and interventionist approach.
98. The terms "organic growth" and "planning and interventionist approach"
have been introduced to point to a difference in degree rather than in kind.
Both approaches involve a certain amount of growth and development as well
as planning, decision-making and intervention. The two most obvious distinctions
between the two are the time factor and the introduction of the
expert (often outside) planner. The first arrives at integration through
a series of small steps, leading from separated functions to gradually
more and more co-operative arrangements, thus minimising conflict. The
second attempts to arrive at co-ordination on a city-wide scale in a
relatively short period of time through planned intervention, changes in
organisational structure and decision-making processes and, where possible,
physical integration and proximity. The interventionist approach often
creates conflict by exposing incompatible goals and strategies.
99. The first more organic and slow developmental process derives its
impetus from empirical trial and error methods. Representative examples
in this category can be found in smaller or medium-sized cities where
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