BUILDING FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY - Kennedy Bibliothek

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47. However, the rural-to-urban trend has slowly reversed itself in the last 10-20 years, as city people have moved to the suburbs and into smaller towns and rural areas around our cities. Some of the most populated States have actually experienced slight decreases in population in recent years,, and States in the South and West are growing rapidly. The effect of these population movements on the schools has been enormous. 48. The variety of services offered to youth and children by the schools expanded as America's population grew during the 1950's. School buildings were built to meet the requirements of this growing and moving population, and schools became even more central to the communities as education was seen as the way to better oneself and one's standard of living. With a growing economy and the recognition of greater educational needs, money became more available for the schools. Facilities, programs, and services were expanded greatly. 4g# In the last few years, however, these trends have been dramatically reversed, raising urgent questions about the future directions of school programs. When the economy went into a recession, money for innovations decreased as local tax bases remained the same or decreased. State and Federal money for education, though greatly increased in the last twenty years, has not been able to fully meet the increased demands. 50. At the same time, the population distribution by age has been changing rapidly. The number of elementary school pupils has been declining since fall 1967, and, although the number of secondary school pupils continued to increase through fall 1975, the number of elementary and secondary school pupils together has been declining since it peaked around 1970 and 1971. The decline in elementary school enrollments is expected to continue through fall 1983, that of secondary school enrollments through fall 1986, and that of elementary and secondary enrollments together through fall 1984. The result of declining enrollments and population shifts is a growing number of empty classrooms across'the country. 51 . There are also increasing numbers of older citizens as the average life span continues to increase. In 1970 there were 12.4 million adults between 65 and 74 years of age and another 7.5 million over 75. With retirement ages being slowly lowered, retirees often have 15 to 20 years in which they can develop completely new life styles and new careers. 52.• As the world becomes more complex, needed job skills change and people are confronted with more information about more topics every day. American adults are expressing an increased need for vocational training and continuing education. To insure quality education for their children, parents are also expressing their view on a wide variety of controversial educational issues and demanding a greater role in the schools of their communities. 20
53. All of these trends have combined to force a reexamination of the ways American education works today. Community education, with its orientation toward maximizing the efficient use of resources and greater community involvements, offers one way to attack the problems confronting American education today. As more school districts face these problems and see that community education programs do work, they are beginning to develop their own programs to meet their local needs. CONCLUSION: NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW QUESTIONS 54. Beyond the general goals for community education that have been previously described - maximizing the efficient use of resources, developing an overall approach to meeting the community's needs - there are many questions still to be answered about the future directions of community education. Much has been done since community education's beginning in 1927, but the changing times require much more work to improve what is now being done. 55. Perhaps the most important work that is yet to be completed is the encouraging of school officials to think differently about the role of the schools and the scope of educational programming. Many people still believe that the purpose of the schools is only to operate between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. for children and youth and that there are no other educational needs which the schools should attempt to fulfill. Building acceptance of new roles - for teachers, administrators and the community - is slow. Changes are taking place, but they are often slow. To give up the certainty of established roles for the challenge of a new approach to education requires preparation and wisdom. 56. The many changes in recent years also raise the general question, what is the role of the school and education today? That is now a very open question and one not easily answered. 57. Many new programs are being developed, and their number should expand greatly in the next few years. As these programs are developed and they answer some questions about what community education can offer, many questions remain about what programs are most appropriate in specific situations and which are most compatible together. The next few years will demand answers to these questions. 21
Page 1 and 2: OECD BUILDING FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUN
Page 3 and 4: OECD PROGRAMME ON EDUCATIONAL BUILD
Page 5: PREFACE CONTENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 8 and 9: strictly speaking a case study repo
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION 1. Change and the deve
Page 13 and 14: different groups within the communi
Page 15 and 16: Congress passed the National Defens
Page 17 and 18: programs continued through the 1940
Page 19 and 20: 36. There are now approximately 1 1
Page 21: Secretary of the Department of Heal
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION CONTENT OF STUDY 1. Th
Page 29 and 30: is available on these projects, thi
Page 31 and 32: school to widen its uses to include
Page 33 and 34: In 1935 financial support for commu
Page 35: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 19. Mainly for th
Page 38 and 39: the study, depends largely on the a
Page 40 and 41: to the acceptability of uses. State
Page 42 and 43: Background Information THE PURPOSE-
Page 44 and 45: -P- -P- Center a) Dana P. Whitmer H
Page 46 and 47: 4> C^ Table 5 ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROB
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 PLAN OF DANA P. WHITMER HU
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2 PLAN OF THOMAS JEFFERSON J
Page 52 and 53: Figure 3 PLAN OF PAUL LAURENCE DUNB
Page 54 and 55: VJl 4> Figure 3 PLAN OF PAUL LAUREN
Page 56 and 57: came out was what the community wan
Page 58 and 59: social pressures and economic condi
Page 60 and 61: Figure 4 TEAM TEACHING ORGANISATION
Page 62 and 63: ut the ungraded home base system al
Page 64 and 65: Figure 6 SITE PLAN OF DANA P. WHITM
Page 66 and 67: however, at the seam between large
Page 68 and 69: Figure 8 DIAGRAM OF SPACE USAGE FOR
Page 70 and 71: agencies, but also an office for pa
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71. The author then proceeds to ana
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districts in the United States to t
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the inner city were changed to acco
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86. He organised marathon basketbal
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school, (the largest In New Jersey,
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Part Two CO-ORDINATION ON A CITY-WI
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was conducted, neither of these pla
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30% use empty schools for new purpo
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ORGANIC GROWTH OF THE COMMUNITY SCH
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"Almost without exception, the vari
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supermarket has proved to be an exc
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- working at a large enough scale;
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126. The list of projects dedicated
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and to specific measurable educatio
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ii) Problems and Barriers 133. Desc
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Figure 13 ORIGINAL PROPOSAL FOR A M
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open warehouse space into highly pe
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107 PEB Secretariat
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parts of the community. He often co
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tion of new teachers; staff develop
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iii) produce a detailed planning pr
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problems associated with them. None
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158. Even though the intention to d
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Figure 14 THE ORGANISATIONAL UNITS
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e) Examples of Cases Implemented 16
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- and the indoor recreation buildin
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Figure 16 FLOOR PLAN OF MACK SCHOOL
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Figure 17 FLOOR PLAN OF BRYANT SCHO
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of its curriculum, it also sets an
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Meeting to select new staff and str
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iii) in terms of process: - the pro
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLISHED
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Ann Arbor, Michigan CASE STUDY MATE
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"How to Get the New Jersey- High Sc
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Pontiac, Michigan "Whitmer Human Re
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INTRODUCTION 1. Co-ordination of sc
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student comes out of the educationa
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Part One INDICATIONS OF CHANGE Resu
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neighborhoods there at all, at leas
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HUMAN RESOURCES CENTER, PONTIAC, MI
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44. Such a design was somewhat exce
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assignments, etc.(l) Thus education
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47. The remainder of this paper wil
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Part Two CO-ORDINATION OF FACILITIE
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54. The impact on co-ordination was
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59. Turned into a method, it is as
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citizens and users have been involv
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j) The planners and architects will
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GAME 1. Developing an Inventory The
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FIRST NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER, GANANDA
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Making Maps 69. Every community and
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Children Making Maps RE-USE OF THE
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ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN Children and pa
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citizens to walk in off the street
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design. Two young people from the c
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89. Gradually a design for the buil
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and representatives of the communit
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IX. Final Town Meeting. The followi
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III. Third day. Team executes desig
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user/needs are being properly met,
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120. Perhaps the most radically new
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125. The reasons for this growing c
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134. But a new building (or even a
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