BUILDING FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY - Kennedy Bibliothek

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for 1974-75 reveal that revenue from Federal sources provides nine per cent of the total cost for public elementary and secondary education, and State funding provides 52.2 per cent.(l) 14. A further partial subdivision of responsibilities within school districts has occurred in some of the country's large cities in recent years. Local parent groups within the sub-districts now exercise some policymaking and administrative powers and responsibilities within guidelines developed by the city's school board. This allows for greater flexibility in developing programs designed to meet the more specific needs of each local neighborhood or district area within a large metropolitan community. In cities where different ethnic groups live predominately in separate areas, this is particularly important.. 15. The decentralized control of American education is clearly observed by the variations in per pupil spending within States and between States. From State to State the average expenditures per pupil varied by $1,000 according to-1973-1974 estimates. This is the result of differences between States in taxable wealth and tax rate on one hand and local and/or State priorities on the other hand. 16. The Federal role in education and the responsibilities of the U.S. Office of Education have expanded rapidly in recent years. The Office of Education was created by an Act of Congress on March 2, 1867. Its initial mandate was "to collect statistics and facts showing the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and to diffuse such information respecting the organization and management of schools and school systems, and methods of teaching, as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country." 17. Around the time of World War I Federal funds were made available to the States to improve vocational education and homemaking through the development of new programs, but this assistance remained on a very small scale. The 1950's saw new responsibilities being gradually added to the Office of Education. The launching of Sputnik in 1957 accelerated the Federal role in education and financial assistance to certain, specified fields became a national priority. A nationwide discussion began which focused on the quality of mathematics and science education and the 1) Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Education Statistics, Revenue and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1974-1975, (in press). 12
Congress passed the National Defense Education Act to contribute funds to strengthen mathematics and science programs as well as foreign languages and guidance and counseling programs across the country. 18. This effort was still on a modest scale compared to the substantial Federal role which began in the mid-1960's and continues to the present. In 1965, the Congress passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which inaugurated the large-scale flow of Federal funds to the public schools on an annual basis. This law was designed to assist State and local education agencies in areas that were considered to be of high national priority in improving educational opportunity. A series of amendments have been added to the original Act which greatly increase the scope of its coverage and the amount of funds provided. Areas of support under this authority now include education of the disadvantaged, programs to enhance learning resources and educational innovation, and bilingual education. 19. Also in 1965, the Congress passed the Higher Education Act which has substantially augmented the Federal role in postsecondary education, particularly with regard to financial aid to students. Various other Acts since 1965 have provided Federal support for environmental education, Indian education, drug abuse education and adult education and also support for desegregation (in the form of the Emergency School Aid Act). Among the post-1965 Acts are the Special Projects Act and a group of separately authorized programs related to that Act which were passed in 1974. One of these is the Community Schools Act, which provides support for community education activities and training carried out by State and local education agencies and institutions of higher education. 20. Besides the public schools, there are in the United States private schools, the largest single category being church related schools. Most of their expenses are raised by charging tuition, collecting donations from alumni and receiving funds from the institutions to which they are related. The Federal government does provide funding for certain services to students in private schools who are eligible for specific programs. For example, Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act provides for the loan of teachers, material and equipment as supplemental educational aid to the disadvantaged and handicapped students in non-public schools. 21 . Also playing a large role in American education today are the many associations, interest groups and teacher organizations which are involved in all levels of legislation and policy development. Some of these groups are very large with broad interests such as the National Education 13
Page 1 and 2: OECD BUILDING FOR SCHOOL AND COMMUN
Page 3 and 4: OECD PROGRAMME ON EDUCATIONAL BUILD
Page 5: PREFACE CONTENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 8 and 9: strictly speaking a case study repo
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION 1. Change and the deve
Page 13: different groups within the communi
Page 17 and 18: programs continued through the 1940
Page 19 and 20: 36. There are now approximately 1 1
Page 21 and 22: Secretary of the Department of Heal
Page 23: 53. All of these trends have combin
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION CONTENT OF STUDY 1. Th
Page 29 and 30: is available on these projects, thi
Page 31 and 32: school to widen its uses to include
Page 33 and 34: In 1935 financial support for commu
Page 35: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 19. Mainly for th
Page 38 and 39: the study, depends largely on the a
Page 40 and 41: to the acceptability of uses. State
Page 42 and 43: Background Information THE PURPOSE-
Page 44 and 45: -P- -P- Center a) Dana P. Whitmer H
Page 46 and 47: 4> C^ Table 5 ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROB
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 PLAN OF DANA P. WHITMER HU
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2 PLAN OF THOMAS JEFFERSON J
Page 52 and 53: Figure 3 PLAN OF PAUL LAURENCE DUNB
Page 54 and 55: VJl 4> Figure 3 PLAN OF PAUL LAUREN
Page 56 and 57: came out was what the community wan
Page 58 and 59: social pressures and economic condi
Page 60 and 61: Figure 4 TEAM TEACHING ORGANISATION
Page 62 and 63: ut the ungraded home base system al
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 6 SITE PLAN OF DANA P. WHITM
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however, at the seam between large
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Figure 8 DIAGRAM OF SPACE USAGE FOR
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agencies, but also an office for pa
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71. The author then proceeds to ana
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districts in the United States to t
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the inner city were changed to acco
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86. He organised marathon basketbal
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school, (the largest In New Jersey,
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Part Two CO-ORDINATION ON A CITY-WI
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was conducted, neither of these pla
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30% use empty schools for new purpo
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ORGANIC GROWTH OF THE COMMUNITY SCH
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"Almost without exception, the vari
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supermarket has proved to be an exc
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- working at a large enough scale;
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126. The list of projects dedicated
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and to specific measurable educatio
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ii) Problems and Barriers 133. Desc
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Figure 13 ORIGINAL PROPOSAL FOR A M
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open warehouse space into highly pe
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107 PEB Secretariat
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parts of the community. He often co
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tion of new teachers; staff develop
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iii) produce a detailed planning pr
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problems associated with them. None
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158. Even though the intention to d
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Figure 14 THE ORGANISATIONAL UNITS
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e) Examples of Cases Implemented 16
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- and the indoor recreation buildin
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Figure 16 FLOOR PLAN OF MACK SCHOOL
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Figure 17 FLOOR PLAN OF BRYANT SCHO
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of its curriculum, it also sets an
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Meeting to select new staff and str
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iii) in terms of process: - the pro
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLISHED
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Ann Arbor, Michigan CASE STUDY MATE
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"How to Get the New Jersey- High Sc
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Pontiac, Michigan "Whitmer Human Re
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INTRODUCTION 1. Co-ordination of sc
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student comes out of the educationa
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Part One INDICATIONS OF CHANGE Resu
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neighborhoods there at all, at leas
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HUMAN RESOURCES CENTER, PONTIAC, MI
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44. Such a design was somewhat exce
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assignments, etc.(l) Thus education
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47. The remainder of this paper wil
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Part Two CO-ORDINATION OF FACILITIE
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54. The impact on co-ordination was
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59. Turned into a method, it is as
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citizens and users have been involv
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j) The planners and architects will
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GAME 1. Developing an Inventory The
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FIRST NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER, GANANDA
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Making Maps 69. Every community and
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Children Making Maps RE-USE OF THE
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ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN Children and pa
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citizens to walk in off the street
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design. Two young people from the c
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89. Gradually a design for the buil
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and representatives of the communit
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IX. Final Town Meeting. The followi
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III. Third day. Team executes desig
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user/needs are being properly met,
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120. Perhaps the most radically new
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125. The reasons for this growing c
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134. But a new building (or even a
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