Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...

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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options energy via a steam turbine generator system. This is similar to coal and biomass furnaces. Other furnaces used in mass burning applications include refractory furnaces and rotary kiln furnaces, which use other means to transfer the heat to the steam cycle or add a mixing process to the combustion. For smaller modular units, controlled air furnaces, which utilize two-stage burning for more efficient combustion, can be used in mass burning applications. Applications The avoided cost of disposal is a primary component in determining the economic viability of a waste to energy facility. For this reason, areas where land costs are high and landfills must be sited far from waste sources are the most likely locations for WTE plants. According to the Integrated Waste Services Association, about two-thirds of WTE plants in the US are on the East Coast. The 65 operating mass burn plants have an annual capacity to process 22.1 million tons of waste. Large MSW facilities typically process 500 to 3,000 tons of MSW per day (the average amount produced by 200,000 to 1,200,000 residents), although there are a number of facilities in the 200 to 500 ton per day size range. The average design capacity of mass burn plants operating in the US is about 1,100 tons per day of waste. 27 Resource Availability MSW plants are high capital cost projects that require a cheap and abundant fuel source to operate profitably. For this reason, they are typically cited near large population centers or in areas where land is valued at a premium. The average American generates about 4.5 pounds of garbage per day, most of which would otherwise be sent to landfill. 28 Similar to biomass, the cost of fuel transportation is a primary factor in the economics of an MSW plant. New plants are usually not economically viable unless a high tipping fee can be secured. Cost and Performance Characteristics Table 3-12 has typical ranges of performance and cost for a facility burning 300 tons of MSW per day. The $50/ton tipping fee represents a fee that would be competitive with current landfill disposal costs. The $90/ton fee considers the “all-in” costs of disposal of waste on the island. The actual fee the facility would charge will likely be the result of political negotiation between the county and KIUC. 27 Integrated Waste Services Association, “The 2004 IWSA Directory of Waste-to-Energy Plants”, available at: http://www.wte.org/2004_Directory/IWSA_2004_Directory.html, accessed August 2004. 28 EPA, available at: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm, accessed August 2004. 21 March 2005 3-34 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Table 3-12. MSW Mass Burning Technology Characteristics. Performance Typical Duty Cycle Baseload Net Plant Capacity, MW 7 Net Plant Heat Rate (HHV), Btu/kWh 17,500 MSW Consumption, tons per Day 300 Capacity Factor, percent 60-80 Economics Capital Cost, $/kW 6,500-9,100 Fixed O&M, $/kW-yr 260-455 Variable O&M, $/MWh 20-33 Levelized Cost, $50/ton tip fee, $/MWh 41-132 Levelized Cost, $90/ton tip fee, $/MWh (54)-37 Technology Status Commercial Status Commercial Installed US Capacity, MW 2,493 * Kauai Potential Good, but limited resource Notes: * Includes both mass burn and refuse derived fuel plants. Environmental Impacts The products of combustion of MSW are similar to those of most organic combustion materials. Particulate matter must be abated and nitrogen oxides can form if the combustion temperature is too high. Unlike coal, the sulfur emissions from MSW are low. One possible emission that is atypical of other fuels is dioxin. The US EPA has ruled that some types of dioxins are carcinogenic. This issue is debated intensely in the scientific community, but MSW plant construction faces opposition in many communities because of it. An obvious benefit of burning MSW is that it reduces landfill deposits. The bottom ash recovered from a MSW furnace is reduced to one-tenth of its original volume. Kauai Outlook Waste to energy plants are gaining renewed interest throughout Hawaii. The potential for power generation from MSW on Kauai is good, but limited. The Kekaha landfill currently accepts over 200 tons per day of waste, and about 80,000 tons 21 March 2005 3-35 Black & Veatch
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