Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ... Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Table 3-9. Domestic Fuel Production and Price Comparison. Gasoline Ethanol Diesel Biodiesel Production Capacity, Mbbl/day 8,853 0.12 538 0.004 Energy Content, Btu/gal (HHV) 124,000 84,000 139,000 128,000 National Average Price, $/gallon $1.28 $1.75 $1.23 $2.23 National Average Price, $/MBtu $10.00 $21.00 $9.00 $17.00 Production Source: DOE Pricing Source: Energy Management Institute, Alternative Fuels Index, July 29, 2004. Pricing does not include taxes, rebates, or subsidies. 3.3.1 Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl-alcohol or grain alcohol, is an alcohol that can be easily produced from common agricultural feedstocks such as corn and sugarcane. While ethanol has been widely used in a variety of non-energy related industries for many years, its favorable characteristics as a cool-burning, clean, renewable fuel have recently caused energy applications to dominate ethanol consumption and drive ethanol production in the United States. Ethanol is most commonly produced through a dry milling procedure. The biomass feedstock is milled to a fine powder and slurried with water. This causes the starch component in the biomass feedstock to break down into its simple sugars (glucose). With the addition of yeast, these simple sugars are then fermented into ethanol. After fermentation, the mash is distilled to 200 proof. To make the ethanol undrinkable as well as to avoid any alcoholic beverage excise taxes, a denaturant (usually gasoline) is added to the ethanol. 21 March 2005 3-22 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Figure 3-6. Ethanol Production Facility in Wisconsin (Source: Badger State Ethanol LLC). Due to federal legislation, increased demand, and other market drivers, ethanol production has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Production has increased from 50 million gallons in 1980, to 2.81 billion in 2003. 13 Correspondingly, ethanol production facilities are being constructed all across the United States, with most new facilities having a production capacity over 50 million gallons per year. As of 2004, there are 78 ethanol production facilities operating in the United States, and ten new facilities under construction. 14 Applications Since ethanol can be used in most spark ignition engines with little to no engine modifications, ethanol use can directly displace gasoline use. Ethanol is already commonly used as a low percentage blend in automobiles; however, recent efforts from the ethanol industry are pushing to market higher percentage ethanol blends such as E85, which contains ethanol as 85 percent of the total fuel volume. In general, ethanol is suitable for any application in which gasoline is used. While this primarily pertains to the transportation sector, there are a variety of power production applications in which ethanol would be a suitable replacement for gasoline or natural gas. 13 Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 14 American Coalition for Ethanol. (Online) Available at http://www.ethanol.org/production.html. Accessed 3 August 2004. 21 March 2005 3-23 Black & Veatch
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Kaua’i <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Utility</strong> Cooperative<br />
<strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Assessments</strong><br />
3.0 <strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Options<br />
Table 3-9. Domestic Fuel Production and Price Comparison.<br />
Gasoline Ethanol Diesel Biodiesel<br />
Production Capacity, Mbbl/day 8,853 0.12 538 0.004<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> Content, Btu/gal (HHV) 124,000 84,000 139,000 128,000<br />
National Average Price, $/gallon $1.28 $1.75 $1.23 $2.23<br />
National Average Price, $/MBtu $10.00 $21.00 $9.00 $17.00<br />
Production Source: DOE<br />
Pricing Source: <strong>Energy</strong> Management Institute, Alternative Fuels Index, July 29, 2004.<br />
Pricing does not include taxes, rebates, or subsidies.<br />
3.3.1 Ethanol<br />
Ethanol, also called ethyl-alcohol or grain alcohol, is an alcohol that can be easily<br />
produced from common agricultural feedstocks such as corn and sugarcane. While<br />
ethanol has been widely used in a variety of non-energy related industries for many years,<br />
its favorable characteristics as a cool-burning, clean, renewable fuel have recently caused<br />
energy applications to dominate ethanol consumption and drive ethanol production in the<br />
United States.<br />
Ethanol is most commonly produced through a dry milling procedure. The<br />
biomass feedstock is milled to a fine powder and slurried with water. This causes the<br />
starch component in the biomass feedstock to break down into its simple sugars<br />
(glucose). With the addition of yeast, these simple sugars are then fermented into<br />
ethanol. After fermentation, the mash is distilled to 200 proof. To make the ethanol<br />
undrinkable as well as to avoid any alcoholic beverage excise taxes, a denaturant (usually<br />
gasoline) is added to the ethanol.<br />
21 March 2005 3-22 Black & Veatch
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