Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ... Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 9.0 Wind turbines spread over a larger geographical area will present a smoother ramp up/down of collective power output easing the compensation dispatch requirements for the utility. Distributed generation can also provide voltage support for remote transmission lines if times of strong wind coincide with times of peak electric uses. Distributed generation also potentially allows for partnership with local energy users. Class 3 wind sites may be attractive if a large power user has an avoided cost equal to the retail rate for power. Such users could include: farming operations, manufacturers, hotels (green marketing), schools (education opportunity), and native communities. Furthermore, several sites with good wind but too small for a full 7 MW may be utilized, including: the point north of Kilauea, the ridgeline north of Hanamaulu, the small peninsula to the south west of Hanapepe and the Port Allen airport, and edges of the eleven described areas above. Potentially, turbine ownership could be mixed allowing power users, developers, and/or investors to own or partially own turbines, reducing the capital burden on KIUC. Central plant projects for both areas designated high priority (Kalaheo and Anahola) as well as one for Hanapepe will be described in 9.4.3 and 9.5. A more general description for the other moderate priority areas will be included as well as a distributed generation scheme at Kokee. 9.4.2 Turbine Selection Wind turbines transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use. The wind turbine design that is commonly in use today is the horizontal-axis turbine. These turbines are comprised of a gearbox and generator in a nacelle at the top of a large tower (see Figure 9-5). These components receive rotational energy through a rotor to which typically three large blades are attached. Vertical axis wind turbines and other designs are no longer commonly used. 21 March 2005 9-12 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 9.0 Wind Nacelle Generator Rotor Blade Gearbox Rotor Diameter 21 March 2005 9-13 Black & Veatch Tower Transformer Foundation Yaw Mechanism Figure 9-5. Schematic Diagram of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. The power of a wind turbine is proportional to the swept area of its rotor, and at a typical site, about 500 W/m 2 intercepted by the rotor would be the upper limit of what could be expected from any conventional machine. Machines vary in size from 600-mm (2 ft) rotor diameter, rated at about 50 W, to 104-m (340 ft) rotor diameter, rated at about 3.6 MW. Today, typical wind turbines for commercial utility application range from 600 to 2,000 kW. The general trend is increasing size to capture economies of scale. Taller towers can be used to capture greater wind speeds, if the extra expense can be justified. Some of the largest machines have a ground-to-tip height of 130 meters (over 400 feet), making them very distinct features on the landscape. Wind turbines are typically designed to operate within a specified speed range of about 4 to 25 m/s. Three wind speeds within this range are significant. The rated wind speed is the speed at which the turbine reaches its maximum (rated) power. The cut-in and cut-out wind speeds are, respectively, the speed at which the turbine starts to produce positive net power and the speed at which it is shut down to prevent mechanical damage. The range of wind speeds over which the turbine will operate is an important factor because it directly affects the capacity factor. If the wind speed is below the cut-in speed or above the cut-out speed, the turbine is essentially shut down and no power is produced. Performance of a wind turbine is often depicted by the power curve, which shows the relationship between wind speed and turbine power output. Because of the variable Hub
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Kaua’i <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Utility</strong> Cooperative<br />
<strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Assessments</strong> 9.0 Wind<br />
turbines spread over a larger geographical area will present a smoother ramp up/down of<br />
collective power output easing the compensation dispatch requirements for the utility.<br />
Distributed generation can also provide voltage support for remote transmission lines if<br />
times of strong wind coincide with times of peak electric uses. Distributed generation<br />
also potentially allows for partnership with local energy users. Class 3 wind sites may be<br />
attractive if a large power user has an avoided cost equal to the retail rate for power.<br />
Such users could include: farming operations, manufacturers, hotels (green marketing),<br />
schools (education opportunity), and native communities. Furthermore, several sites with<br />
good wind but too small for a full 7 MW may be utilized, including: the point north of<br />
Kilauea, the ridgeline north of Hanamaulu, the small peninsula to the south west of<br />
Hanapepe and the Port Allen airport, and edges of the eleven described areas above.<br />
Potentially, turbine ownership could be mixed allowing power users, developers, and/or<br />
investors to own or partially own turbines, reducing the capital burden on KIUC.<br />
Central plant projects for both areas designated high priority (Kalaheo and<br />
Anahola) as well as one for Hanapepe will be described in 9.4.3 and 9.5. A more general<br />
description for the other moderate priority areas will be included as well as a distributed<br />
generation scheme at Kokee.<br />
9.4.2 Turbine Selection<br />
Wind turbines transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or<br />
electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use. The wind turbine design that is<br />
commonly in use today is the horizontal-axis turbine. These turbines are comprised of a<br />
gearbox and generator in a nacelle at the top of a large tower (see Figure 9-5). These<br />
components receive rotational energy through a rotor to which typically three large<br />
blades are attached. Vertical axis wind turbines and other designs are no longer<br />
commonly used.<br />
21 March 2005 9-12 Black & Veatch
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