Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...

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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 8.0 Hydro Flow (cfs) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Time Flow Equalled or Exceeded (%) Figure 8-10. Wainiha River Flow Duration Curve, 1952-2003 (Source: USGS). The additional data since the 1983 EIS does not change the basic shape of the curve, but probably lowers it slightly due to several dry years in the last twenty years. A RETScreen analysis was used to roughly evaluate the sizing and estimated energy production for the proposed Wainiha Powerplant. A net head of 357 feet was used from the EIS. The calculated turbine and assumed generator efficiencies were 90 percent and 98 percent, respectively. A two-week annual downtime for maintenance was also assumed. The plant capacity was calculated as 3.9 MW, which matches the 4.0 MW turbine capacity proposed. The annual generation was calculated as 16.9 GWh, which is about 23 percent less than the EIS figure of 22 GWh. The capacity factor calculates at 89 percent, which is in the upper range of the typical 40 percent to 95 percent for small hydroelectric projects. Further studies as recommended in Section 8.8 would be needed to verify these figures. 8.5.2 Operating Profile Hydro is an intermittent resource and output will vary with rainfall as described previously. 21 March 2005 8-16 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 8.0 Hydro 8.6 Cost of Energy This section presents information to calculate the generation cost of hydro projects including capital cost, O&M cost, and a discussion of applicable incentives. The capital and O&M cost estimates for each of the six projects is shown in Table 8-2. A description of how these values were determined or calculated is below. Table 8-2. Capital and O&M Costs (2005$) for Selected Hydro Projects. No. Capital Costs O&M Costs Project Name Incremental kW Incremental GWh/yr $M $/kW $k/yr $/kW-yr 1 Wainiha 4,000 22.5 18.0 4,496 270 67.46 2 Upper Lihue 300 1.8 2.2 7,248 30.5 101.82 3 Wailua 6,600 16.4 13.5 2,044 205 31.09 4 Waimea Mauka 2,900 3.9 3.5 1,213 80 27.65 5A Puu Lua- Kitano 5B Kitano- Waimea 2,970 15.8 17.6 5,933 266 89.64 4,078 17.1 16.1 3,955 251 61.62 8.6.1 Capital Costs A nationwide database of hydropower construction cost information per kW of capacity is available from the DOE. 95 In 2003, the nationwide average to develop a hydropower project ranged from about $500-6,000/kW, with a median about $2,700/kW for an undeveloped site, and $700/kW for upgrade projects at sites with existing generation. As would be expected, specific costs decrease with plant size and previous development of the site. Most of the selected projects fit within this range. Like wind and solar, capital costs for hydropower projects make up most of the overall costs since the “fuel” is “free” once the required infrastructure is in place. For hydropower projects, much of the cost is often off-site from the power plant in the diversion structures, penstock, and their associated access roads. The variability in project site requirements leads to broad ranges of potential costs. For this reason, it is difficult to develop generic estimates of project costs without detailed site studies, and past detailed estimates, despite their age, are preferred. 95 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, “Estimation of Economic Parameters of U.S. Hydropower Resources,” June 2003. 21 March 2005 8-17 Black & Veatch
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11401 Lamar Black & Veatch Corporat
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