Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...

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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 7.0 Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste Plant Input Data Economic Input Data Rate Escalation Capital Cost ($1,000) 93,082 First Year Fixed O&M ($1,000) 2,346.94 3.0% Total Net Capacity (MW) 7.29 First Year Variable O&M ($1,000) 1,164.40 3.0% Capacity Factor 70% Fuel Rate ($/MWh) -9.21 3.0% Full Load Heat Rate, Btu/kWh (HHV) 18,744.00 Debt Term 25 Project Life 25 Present Worth Discount Rate 5.0% Hours per Year Annual 8,760 Levelized Fixed Charge Rate 7.10% Avoided Avoided Capital Variable PW Total Capacity Energy Cost Fixed O&M O&M Fuel Rate Fuel Cost Total Cost Cost Busbar Cost PW Cost Cost Cost Year ($1,000) ($1,000) ($1,000) ($/MBtu) ($1,000) ($1,000) ($1,000) ($/MWh) ($/MWh) ($/kW) ($/MWh) 2009 6,604 2,347 1,164 (9.21) (7,715) 2,400 2,286 53.69 51.13 0.00 111.89 2010 6,604 2,417 1,199 (9.48) (7,947) 2,274 2,063 50.87 46.14 0.00 121.46 2011 6,604 2,490 1,235 (9.77) (8,185) 2,144 1,852 47.96 41.43 0.00 131.10 2012 6,604 2,565 1,272 (10.06) (8,431) 2,011 1,654 44.97 37.00 0.00 133.40 2013 6,604 2,642 1,311 (10.36) (8,684) 1,873 1,467 41.89 32.82 0.00 139.93 2014 6,604 2,721 1,350 (10.67) (8,944) 1,731 1,292 38.71 28.89 160.34 146.48 2015 6,604 2,802 1,390 (10.99) (9,212) 1,585 1,126 35.44 25.19 162.00 155.09 2016 6,604 2,886 1,432 (11.32) (9,489) 1,434 971 32.07 21.71 160.15 159.54 2017 6,604 2,973 1,475 (11.66) (9,774) 1,279 824 28.61 18.44 192.08 155.25 2018 6,604 3,062 1,519 (12.01) (10,067) 1,119 687 25.03 15.37 192.80 164.57 2019 6,604 3,154 1,565 (12.37) (10,369) 955 558 21.35 12.48 192.35 168.47 2020 6,604 3,249 1,612 (12.74) (10,680) 785 437 17.56 9.78 183.14 166.80 2021 6,604 3,346 1,660 (13.13) (11,000) 611 324 13.66 7.24 203.74 163.22 2022 6,604 3,447 1,710 (13.52) (11,330) 431 218 9.63 4.87 200.11 168.86 2023 6,604 3,550 1,761 (13.93) (11,670) 245 118 5.49 2.64 196.32 159.73 2024 6,604 3,656 1,814 (14.34) (12,020) 55 25 1.22 0.56 214.88 164.41 2025 6,604 3,766 1,869 (14.77) (12,381) (142) (62) -3.17 -1.38 202.03 166.83 2026 6,604 3,879 1,925 (15.22) (12,752) (344) (143) -7.70 -3.20 206.07 170.16 2027 6,604 3,996 1,982 (15.67) (13,135) (553) (219) -12.36 -4.89 210.19 173.57 2028 6,604 4,115 2,042 (16.14) (13,529) (767) (289) -17.16 -6.47 214.40 177.04 2029 6,604 4,239 2,103 (16.63) (13,935) (988) (355) -22.11 -7.94 218.68 180.58 2030 6,604 4,366 2,166 (17.13) (14,353) (1,216) (416) -27.20 -9.30 223.06 184.19 2031 6,604 4,497 2,231 (17.64) (14,783) (1,451) (472) -32.45 -10.57 227.52 187.87 2032 6,604 4,632 2,298 (18.17) (15,227) (1,693) (525) -37.86 -11.74 232.07 191.63 2033 6,604 4,771 2,367 (18.72) (15,684) (1,941) (573) -43.42 -12.82 236.71 195.46 Levelized Bus-bar Cost, $/MWh Net Levelized Cost ($1,000) MSW Plant (High Tipping Fee) MSW 20.39 911.62 Levelized Avoided Capacity Cost, $/MWh 22.10 Levelized Avoided Energy Cost, $/MWh 154.56 Levelized Cost Premium, $/MWh (156.27) Figure 7-8. MSW Plant 25-Year Busbar Cost Calculation. 7.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.7.1 Fit to KIUC Needs Biomass and MSW do not fit well with KIUC’s current needs. They are both larger capacity, baseloaded technologies. In the longer term, either one could fit well with KIUC’s capacity expansion needs. 7.7.2 Environmental Impact The solid-fuel biomass industry provides substantial environmental and social benefits associated with its collection and tightly controlled combustion of biomass, thereby avoiding the environmentally less desirable disposal alternatives (such as open- 21 March 2005 7-20 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 7.0 Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste field burning of cane trash). As primarily a waste management industry that generates electricity almost as a by-product, the biomass industry provides numerous environmental and social benefits. However, biomass power costs more to generate than conventionally fueled power as a result of the smaller plant sizes required, and the additional costs associated with collecting, processing, and transporting the fuel. The environmental benefits provided by the biomass industry are a public good, which is seldom if ever paid for by individual citizens. The support for public good projects is a policy issue, and is usually implemented by the government. The biomass industry benefits to the environment are: • Air Quality and Acid Precipitation – Fossil fuel and biomass combustion both result in sulfur and nitrogen emissions that can contribute to acid deposition, reduced visibility due to haze, and ground level ozone formation. However, biomass feedstocks contain relatively little sulfur and varying amounts of nitrogen. Sulfur emissions from biomass-fired facilities without sulfur emissions controls are similar to those from fossil fuel facilities that have such controls. Nitrogen emissions from biomass-fired facilities depend on the conversion process and the nitrogen content of the biomass. Except for some feedstocks from the waste stream that are contaminated with paints and preservatives, biomass feedstocks contain relatively low levels of toxic metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead. The proposed facility is planning on using clean biomass; therefore, toxic metals should not be released. • Global Climate Change – Biomass power is viewed as a carbon-neutral power generation option. While carbon dioxide is emitted during biomass combustion, an equal amount of carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere during the biomass growth phase. Thus, biomass fuels “recycle” atmospheric carbon, minimizing global warming impacts. • Reduction in Landfill Needs – Reduction in waste management costs as a result of lessened load on landfills and reduced requirement for new landfill development. Generation of greenhouse gases from decomposition, particularly methane, is reduced. The implementation of new USEPA standards to control emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has increased the cost and difficulty of adding new landfill capacity in the United States. Tipping fees have increased, and to conserve existing landfill capacity many landfill operators no longer accept wood, leaves, or grass clippings. • Less Ash – Biomass combustion results in less ash per Btu than coal, reducing ash disposal costs and landfill space requirements. Depending on local 21 March 2005 7-21 Black & Veatch
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