Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...

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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 4.0 Renewable Energy Technology Screening Table 4-3. Renewable Technologies Performance and Cost Summary, Three Year Timeframe. a Net Plant Capacity, MW Net Plant Heat Rate, Btu/kWh Capacity Factor Capital Cost, $/kW Fixed O&M, $/kW-yr Variable O&M, $/MWh Fuel Cost, $/MBtu Levelized Cost, $/MWh Direct Biomass 30 14,500 80 2,600-3,900 78 10 3 114-127 Cofired Biomass 1-50 9,000-12,000 70 100-800 7-26 3 39-64 Anaerobic Digestion 0.085 80 3,000-4,900 20 0 57-77 Landfill Gas 0.2-15 80 1,700-3,500 20 0 44-63 Ethanol Biodiesel b b 8,000 65 9,000 65 b b b b b b 19-23 206-249 15-19 183-232 MSW Mass Burn 7 17,500 70 6,500-9,100 260-455 20-33 -5 c 41-132 RDF 7 19,300 70 9,100-11,700 455-715 26-39 -5 c 110-215 Plasma Arc 6.6 19,000 70 7,200-9,100 260-455 20-33 -5 c 39-122 Hydro 0.5-10 50 1,700-5,700 14-29 3-6 36-109 OTEC (Off-shore) 100 90 3,300-6,500 17-33 53-103 Wave 10 40 4,600-5,900 59-78 173-225 Tidal 18-40 20 3,300-6,800 7-33 1-3 140-305 Solar PV (commercial) 0.050 20 8,300-10,500 26 30 397-563 Solar Thermal (trough) 100 47.5 5,200-6,500 33-39 133-164 Wind (wind farm) 10 35 1,200-1,600 30-35 2-3 44-57 Geothermal 30 80 3,300-5,200 260-390 84-128 IC Engine (spark) d 0.001-5 9,700 50 500-1,300 20-33 12 193-223 Comb. Turbine d 0.3-10 11,000 50 700-2,000 20-33 12 217-256 Microturbine d 0.015-0.06 12,200 50 1,100-2,000 13-26 12 234-266 Fuel Cell d Notes: 0.1-0.25 7,000-9,500 50 6,000-8,400 650-910 7-13 12 421-589 a Excludes incentives, subsidies, etc. b Fuel switch Assumed negligible incremental cost for integrating with existing infrastructure. c $50/ton tipping fee. d Multi-fuel technologies included for relative comparison. Generation cost is strongly linked to fuel cost, assumed $12/MBtu. 21 March 2005 4-6 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 4.0 Renewable Energy Technology Screening When comparing the levelized cost of energy produced by these systems, hydroelectric power, landfill gas, biomass cofiring, and geothermal energy all currently produce power at rates competitive with bulk power generation (note that geothermal is not viable on the island). Although these resources have high capital costs, low operating costs combined with high operating capacity factors reduce the overall life-cycle costs. Wind power costs are steadily falling and are significantly lower than costs a decade ago due to increases in wind turbine size and efficiency. Costs for other biomass technologies (direct combustion and anaerobic digestion) are higher given the relatively high capital and operating and maintenance cost of the plants. Direct combustion biomass plants are especially sensitive to fuel cost. This screening section assumes a fuel cost of $3/MBtu, which is higher than most waste biomass fuels (e.g., bagasse) but lower than energy crop fuels. Although waste to energy plants have very high capital costs, high tipping fees can make them economical. The $50/ton tipping fee assumed for this analysis is conservatively low. Ocean and solar technologies are currently expensive, and will likely be reserved for niche applications until costs drop further. Finally, despite requiring minimal incremental capital or operating costs, fuel substitution with ethanol or biodiesel will not be competitive until the costs of these fuels drop below that of their fossil fuel counterparts or adequate financial incentives are offered to cover the higher cost. Continued improvements will result in improvements in efficiency, capital cost, and operating and maintenance cost for several of the technologies. The technology areas where the levelized cost of power production should come down in the future are wind, photovoltaics, solar thermal, ocean, plasma arc, microturbines, fuel cells, and biofuels. Large improvements are expected for solar photovoltaics and wave energy, with relatively modest improvements in other technologies. These improvements have been included in the forecasts for technology costs beyond the three year timeframe. The technology specific assumptions and the economic assumptions in Table 4-3 were used to calculate the levelized cost of energy. The calculated average cost of energy for each technology for the next 3, 5, 10, and 20 years is shown in Figure 4-1. The range of costs for the three year timeframe is shown in Figure 4-2. The average levelized cost value was used to provide each technology with a score out of 100, with 100 being lower cost ($250/MWh). The results of the cost of energy screening are provided in Table 4-4. 21 March 2005 4-7 Black & Veatch
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