Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
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Kaua’i <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Utility</strong> Cooperative<br />
<strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Assessments</strong> 3.0 <strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> Options<br />
can maintain guaranteed emission rates down to approximately 25 percent load, thus<br />
providing superior part-load performance. Typical startup times for larger reciprocating<br />
engines are on the order of 15 minutes. However, some engines can be configured to<br />
start up and be completely operational within 10 seconds for use as emergency backup<br />
power.<br />
Fuel Flexibility<br />
Spark ignition and compression ignition engine generator sets can burn a wide<br />
variety of fuels. This list includes diesel, natural gas, biogas, landfill gas, ethanol,<br />
propane, naphtha, and biodiesel. Because they have such flexibility, engine generators<br />
are well-suited for use as conventional or renewable power generation.<br />
Performance and Cost Characteristics<br />
Table 3-35 provides estimates of performance and costs for a reciprocating engine<br />
power station. For reference, the price of fuel is assumed to be $12/MBtu, which is<br />
equivalent to diesel at $1.66/gallon.<br />
Table 3-35. Reciprocating Engine <strong>Technology</strong> Characteristics<br />
Engine Type Spark Ignition<br />
Compression<br />
Ignition (Diesel)<br />
Commercial Status<br />
Performance<br />
Commercial Commercial<br />
Net Plant Capacity, kW 1-5,000 1-10,000<br />
Net Plant Heat Rate, Btu/kWh 9,700 7,800<br />
Capacity Factor, percent<br />
Economics<br />
30-70 30-70<br />
Capital Cost, $/kW 500-1,300 400-1,000<br />
Variable O&M, $/MWh 20-33 20-33<br />
Levelized Cost, $12/MBtu Fuel, $/MWh 193-223 160-188<br />
<strong>Kauai</strong> Outlook<br />
The reciprocating engine is a proven technology that has been successfully<br />
demonstrated in renewable fuels applications. Reciprocating engines are used in nearly<br />
all landfill gas and digester gas power generation applications because of the low capital<br />
cost, efficiency, and ease of operations and maintenance. There are many potential<br />
applications for reciprocating engines with renewable fuels in <strong>Kauai</strong>.<br />
21 March 2005 3-78 Black & Veatch
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