Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...

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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments Table 3-31. Wind Technology Characteristics. 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Wind Farm Distributed Performance Typical Duty Cycle As Available As Available Net Plant Capacity, MW 10 0.6 Capacity Factor, percent Economics 34-36 20-30 Capital Cost, $/kW 1,200-1,600 1,800-2,600 Fixed O&M, $/kW-yr 30-35 35 Variable O&M, $/kW-yr 2-3 Levelized Cost, $/MWh 44-57 64-88 Technology Status Commercial Status Commercial Installed US Capacity, MW 6,352 Kauai Potential Good Capital costs for new onshore wind projects have remained relatively stable for the past few years. The greatest gains have been made by identifying and developing sites with better wind resources and improving turbine reliability. These both lead to improved capacity factors. The average capacity factor for all installed wind projects in the US has dramatically increased, from just 20 percent in 1998 to more than 30 percent in 2002. 41 Environmental Impacts Wind is a clean generation technology from the perspective of emissions. However, there are still environmental considerations associated with wind turbines. First, opponents of wind energy frequently cite visual impacts as a drawback. Turbines are approaching and exceeding 300 feet tall and for maximum production tend to be located on ridgelines and other elevated topography. Combining turbines of different type, manufacturer, color and rotation can increase the visual impact of turbine developments. Second, turbines can cause avian fatalities if they are located in areas populated by native birds or on migratory flyways. To some degree, these issues can be partially mitigated through proper siting, environmental review, and the involvement of the public during the planning process. 41 Based on annual wind generation and capacity data from the Energy Information Administration’s Renewable Energy Annual 2002. 21 March 2005 3-70 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Kauai Outlook Wind energy is a mature renewable energy technology providing competitively priced power. Wind resources on Kauai are moderate with some areas with very good wind regimes. Recently, detailed wind energy maps have been produced for the island showing wind class at a 200 meter resolution. Figure 3-19 is an adaptation of this data showing Class 3 and higher. Long term data has also been collected for several sites on the island. Generally, the best wind regimes, up to Class 7, are located on exposed ridgelines, particularly north of Hanapepe and Kalaheo in the south and around the Kalalau valley in the northwest. There is a large region of moderate Class 3-5 winds stretching in a band across the southern portion of the island from Port Allen to Poipu. Because site access is easier and visual impacts will be lower, these resources may be more readily developable than the ridgeline resources. There are also substantial off-shore wind resources in the oceans around Kauai. However, off-shore wind technology deployment is still in its early phases and focused on regions where ocean depth is shallower than the waters off Kauai. Based on an analysis of the wind class data shown in Figure 3-19, Black & Veatch has estimated the total wind potential available for Kauai. The estimate is made by analyzing the total land area for each of the wind classes, and assigning an assumed MW density per land area, see Table 3-32. The theoretical technical potential of wind on Kauai is generation of 2,450 GWh/yr, which would be produced from over 960 MW of nameplate capacity. This theoretical estimate assumes that all resources on the island could be developed without regard to existing land use, site access, visual impacts, etc. A more realistic long-term upper bound of developable potential is perhaps 20 percent of this number, or 490 GWh/yr. However, in the near term, due to its intermittency and potential grid impacts during low load periods, wind development is likely to be limited to less than 10 MW, which will provide about 30 GWh/yr of energy. More significant development will likely require future integration of additional flexible generation resources, energy storage, and advanced load management. 21 March 2005 3-71 Black & Veatch
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11401 Lamar Black & Veatch Corporat
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Principal Investigators: Ryan Pletk
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