Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ... Renewable Energy Technology Assessments - Kauai Island Utility ...
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options based on UK wave conditions; given Hawaii’s lower wave resource this would probably yield costs of over $200/MWh. Developers of off-shore devices quote costs as low as $30/MWh, but independent studies give likely costs for Hawaii of $150/MWh to $250/MWh. Table 3-23 provides an estimate for a hypothetical 10 MW wave energy plant. Table 3-23. Wave Energy Technology Characteristics. Performance Typical Duty Cycle Intermediate Net Plant Capacity, MW 10 Capacity Factor, percent 40 Economics Capital Cost, $/kW 4,600-5,900 Variable O&M, $/MWh 59-78 Levelized Cost, $/MWh 173-225 Technology Status Commercial Status Demonstration Installed World Capacity, MW ~1 Kauai Potential Moderate Environmental Impacts Wave energy devices are generally considered to be environmentally benign, however there are some concerns including degradation of marine habitat and adverse visual impacts. These concerns may be mitigated through careful siting of projects. Kauai Outlook There is currently a high level of development activity on these technologies in Hawaii and around the world. A few technologies are now at full-scale prototype deployment and could be ready for semi-commercial applications, within the next 1-3 years. The most complete wave energy resource assessment of Hawaii was performed in 1992 in the report entitled Wave Energy Resource and Economic Assessment for the State of Hawaii. 36 The study noted that the primary sources of wave energy in Hawaii are sea 36 SEASUN Power Systems, “Wave Energy Resource and Economic Assessment for the State of Hawaii”, available at http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wave92/wave92.html, June 1992. 21 March 2005 3-54 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options build-up from local trade winds and swell generated by extratropical storms in the north Pacific Ocean. There are additional wave producing forces that originate in the southern hemisphere, but these are a minor contribution to the wave energy resource. The analyses for this report found that the wave power density along the 80-m depth contour typically averages 10 to 15 kW/m. This is surprisingly low considering Hawaii’s location in the Pacific. The recently released EPRI Innovation Institute Survey and Characterization of Potential Offshore Wave Energy Sites in Hawaii notes that the wave energy resource on the northern shores of the Hawaiian Islands far exceeds the electricity demand for all islands, except Oahu. 37 Hawaii’s reasonable wave resource, centers of population close to the coast, and high electricity prices mean that wave energy may have potential for utilities in the near future (5-10 years). However, development will be limited by environmental constraints (particularly visual appearance and any potential or perceived effect on tourism), and utility constraints due to the variability of wave power output. Further, as the industry is still in its formative stages with a limited number of commercial products, potential is limited by the ability of the technology developers to supply the necessary equipment. Based on these considerations, the following table summarizes the potential for OTEC in Kauai over the next 20 years. Year Energy, GWh Table 3-24. Developable Potential from Wave Energy. Capacity, MW 3 3.5 1 5 17.5 5 Notes Constrained by technology supplier ability to provide product 10 175 50 20 > 500 > 140 Sufficient potential to supply all of Kauai’s electricity 3.6.3 Ocean Tidal The generation of electrical power from ocean tides is very similar to traditional hydroelectric generation. A tidal power plant consists of a tidal pond created by a dam, a powerhouse in the dam containing a turbo generator, and a sluice gate in the dam to allow the tidal flow to enter and leave. By opening the sluice gate in the dam, the rising tidal waters are allowed to fill the tidal basin. At high tide these gates are closed and the tidal 37 Electricity Innovation Institute and EPRI “Survey and Characterization of Potential Offshore Wave Energy Sites in Hawaii”, available at: http://www.e2i.org/e2i/docs/003_Hawaii_Site_Report.pdf, June 2004. 21 March 2005 3-55 Black & Veatch
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Kaua’i <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Utility</strong> Cooperative<br />
<strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> <strong>Assessments</strong><br />
3.0 <strong>Renewable</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong><br />
Options<br />
based on UK wave conditions; given Hawaii’s lower wave resource this would probably<br />
yield costs of over $200/MWh. Developers of off-shore devices quote costs as low as<br />
$30/MWh, but independent studies give likely costs for Hawaii of $150/MWh to<br />
$250/MWh. Table 3-23 provides an estimate for a hypothetical 10 MW wave energy<br />
plant.<br />
Table 3-23. Wave <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> Characteristics.<br />
Performance<br />
Typical Duty Cycle Intermediate<br />
Net Plant Capacity, MW 10<br />
Capacity Factor, percent 40<br />
Economics<br />
Capital Cost, $/kW 4,600-5,900<br />
Variable O&M, $/MWh 59-78<br />
Levelized Cost, $/MWh 173-225<br />
<strong>Technology</strong> Status<br />
Commercial Status Demonstration<br />
Installed World Capacity, MW ~1<br />
<strong>Kauai</strong> Potential Moderate<br />
Environmental Impacts<br />
Wave energy devices are generally considered to be environmentally benign,<br />
however there are some concerns including degradation of marine habitat and adverse<br />
visual impacts. These concerns may be mitigated through careful siting of projects.<br />
<strong>Kauai</strong> Outlook<br />
There is currently a high level of development activity on these technologies in<br />
Hawaii and around the world. A few technologies are now at full-scale prototype<br />
deployment and could be ready for semi-commercial applications, within the next 1-3<br />
years.<br />
The most complete wave energy resource assessment of Hawaii was performed in<br />
1992 in the report entitled Wave <strong>Energy</strong> Resource and Economic Assessment for the State<br />
of Hawaii. 36 The study noted that the primary sources of wave energy in Hawaii are sea<br />
36 SEASUN Power Systems, “Wave <strong>Energy</strong> Resource and Economic Assessment for the State of Hawaii”,<br />
available at http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wave92/wave92.html, June 1992.<br />
21 March 2005 3-54 Black & Veatch
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