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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options Oscillating Water Column devices generate electricity from the wave-induced rise and fall of a water column. The energy in this water column is normally extracted via a moving air column using an air turbine. The main disadvantage with onshore devices is that their construction is very dependent on local conditions and the available wave power is lower at the shoreline; the advantage is that power transmission and maintenance access are much simpler. The most developed example is Wavegen’s 500 kW LIMPET device operating since 2001. Near-shore devices that can often be built around existing breakwater structures include the Energetech device that uses a parabolic wall to focus wave energy onto the collector and a Dennis-Auld turbine. In general, near-shore devices have the advantage that they can access higher wave power without the need for extensive electricity transmission, however (as with onshore devices) their shoreline location may affect their adoption due to their visual appearance. Overtopping tapered channel (TAPCHAN) devices generate electricity using conventional low head hydropower turbines. A tapering channel concentrates and funnels waves up the channel and increases their height so that they then spill into the reservoir. As these are driven by water flowing from a reservoir back to the sea, this device produces a more stable power output. Onshore devices normally need a tidal range of less than 3 feet, deep water near the shore, and a reservoir location. There is a much greater diversity of offshore WECS. The most common offshore WECS are: 1) pneumatic devices, 2) overtopping devices, 3) float-based devices, 4) moving body devices. In general, offshore devices can access the highest wave power, but will require extensive power transmission as well as survivability/maintenance requirements based on a more extreme environment. Pneumatic devices generate electricity using air movement, often using a similar OWC concept to that of shore-based devices. Overtopping devices generate electricity using the same basic methodology as the shore-based versions. Float-based devices generate electricity using the vertical motion of a float rising and falling with each wave. The float motion is reacted against an anchor or other structure so that power can be extracted. Moving body devices use a solid body moving in response to wave action to generate electricity. Float-based devices are the most common of all proposed designs. The welldeveloped European designs that are still under development include the recent combination of the IPS Buoy and the Swedish Hose Pump as the AquaBuOY, for which a 1 MW demonstration plant consisting of four 250kW buoys is planned for 2006 at Makah Bay, WA. A fully submerged device is the Archimedes Wave Swing of which a 2 MW prototype was successfully installed in Portugal in May 2004 and is now undergoing 21 March 2005 3-52 Black & Veatch
Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative Renewable Energy Technology Assessments 3.0 Renewable Energy Technology Options trials. Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) is developing the PowerBuoy device, and the first 50 kW unit of a 1 MW demonstration system was installed in June 2004 off Marine Corps Base Hawaii at Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Another company that has shown interest in Hawaii is SeaVolt Technologies who have developed the Wave Rider device; this has yet to be demonstrated. Moving body devices use a solid body moving in response to wave action to generate electricity. These are the most complex and sophisticated devices. Several have been under development for many years but few appear close to deployment, with the exception of the Pelamis from Ocean Power Delivery (OPD). The Pelamis is a semisubmerged, articulated structure composed of cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. Power take-off is via hydraulic rams pumping high-pressure oil through hydraulic motors. A wide variety of tests have been performed including sea trials of a 1:7 model, and a full-scale prototype has been deployed for testing at the European Marine Energy Centre (Scotland). The AquaBuOY, Archimedes Wave Swing, PowerBuoy, and Pelamis devices are shown in Figure 3-12. Figure 3-12. AquaBuOY, Archimedes Wave Swing, PowerBuoy, and Pelamis devices. (Sources: AquaEnergy Group Ltd., AWS BV, Ocean Power Technologies, and Ocean Power Delivery). Costs and Performance Characteristics Since there has not been large-scale commercialization of any of these technologies, there is a very wide range of predicted costs which are based on theoretical calculations and are therefore highly uncertain. Most onshore devices are likely to be based on OWC technology. The costs of onshore OWC can be estimated from the commercial LIMPET device which has forecast electricity costs of around $100/MWh 21 March 2005 3-53 Black & Veatch
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Principal Investigators: Ryan Pletk
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Kaua’i Island Utility Cooperative
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