Comparison of resin cement adhesion to Y-TZP ... - ResearchGate

decyl phosphoric acid (MDP) monomers. The dilemma for
the clinicians remains whether to follow the manufacturers’
instructions of the cements during cementing the FPDs
made of zirconia or modify the instructions and follow the
instructions of some manufacturers that suggest separate
surface-conditioning protocols.
Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate (1)
the bond strength of four resin materials with various chemical
compositions following the manufacturers’ instructions only
and (2) to test their durability under dry and thermally aged
conditions. The tested hypothesis was that thermocycling
would decrease the bond strength of all resins.
Materials and methods
Disc-shaped (diameter=15 mm, thickness=2 mm) Y-TZP
ceramics (LAVA, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) were
embedded in polyethylene molds using polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA; Condular AG, Wager, Switzerland) with
one side of the disc exposed for adhering the cement
(Fig. 1). They were ground finished up to 1,200-grit
silicone carbide abrasive under water cooling and ultrasonically
cleaned in distilled water for 3 min.
The discs were randomly divided into eight groups
depending on the cement type and the ageing condition to
be applied (N=80, n=10/per group; Table 1). Four types of
resin materials were chosen: a light-polymerized (Panavia F
2.0, Kuraray, Medical Inc., Osaka, Japan), self-adhering
(Multilink Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and
chemically polymerized cement (SuperBond, Sun Medical,
LTD, Tokyo, Japan) where the resin composite (Quadrant
Posterior Dense, Cavex, Harlem, The Netherlands) acted as
the control material.
Fig. 1 The Y-TZP disc specimen was embedded in the PMMA with
the cementation surface exposed. Cement was applied incrementally,
not exceeding 2 mm, to the surface using polyethylene molds (inner
diameter=3.6 mm, height=5 mm) and polymerized accordingly
Table 1 Testing groups considering the types of resin cements and
the storage conditions (dry vs thermocycling—TC)
Type of resin cement Storage condition a
Panavia F 2.0 b
Multilink c
Superbond d
Quadrant Posterior Dense e
Shear bond test
The specimens were placed in the jig of the universal
testing machine (Zwick ROELL Z2.5 MA 18-1-3/7 Ulm,
Germany), and load was applied to the adhesive interface
until failure occurred (crosshead speed=1.0 mm/min). The
maximum force to produce fracture was recorded (N/mm 2 =
MPa) using the corresponding software.
Statistical analysis
Dry Gr1
TC Gr2
Dry Gr3
TC Gr4
Dry Gr5
TC Gr6
Dry Gr7
TC Gr8
Clin Oral Invest
Testing groups
a Dry condition—Shear test was performed immediately after cementation;
TC condition—6,000 cycles between 5 and 55°C in deionized grade
3 water. The dwelling time at each temperature was 30 s, and the transfer
time from one bath to another was 2 s (Willytech, Gräfelfing, Germany).
b (1) Conditioning the ceramic using chair-side air-particle abrasion
device with 50 μm Al 2O 3 for 15 s making circular movements from a
distance of 10 mm; (2) rinsing the surface for 20 s with water and air
drying for 5 s; (3) mixing equal amounts of paste A and B from the
Panavia F 2.0 with a cement spatula for 20 s; (4) application of the
mixed cement in the polyethylene mould onto the ceramic surface
incrementally; (5) light polymerization (light output=500 mW/cm 2 )
of each increment for 20 s (Astralis ® 5, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan,
Liechtenstein).
c (1) Rinsing the surface for 20 s with water and air drying for 5 s; (2)
applying Monobond-S on the ceramic surface with a microbrush,
waiting 60 s and air drying; (3) application of the mixed cement in the
polyethylene mould onto the ceramic surface incrementally (Ivoclar
Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein).
d (1) Rinsing the surface for 20 s and air drying for 5 s; (2) applying
the Porcelain Liner M to the surface with a microbrush; (3) Mixing
four drops of Quick Monomer, one drop of Catalyst S and one small
scoop of the cement powder with a brush; (4) application of the mixed
cement in the polyethylene mould onto the ceramic surface incrementally;
(5) waiting for polymerization for 6 min (Sun Medical Co., LTD,
Moriyama, Japan).
e (1) Rinsing the surface for 20 s and air drying for 5 s; (2) application of
the mixed cement in the polyethylene mould onto the ceramic surface
incrementally; (3) light polymerization (light output=500 mW/cm 2 )of
each increment for 40 s (Astralis ® 5, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan,
Liechtenstein; Cavex, Haarlem, The Netherlands).
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc
multiple comparisons were used to analyze the data (SPSS
for Windows Version 10.05; SPSS, Chicago, IL) with the
shear bond strength as the dependent variable. p values less