LIBERIA : NIMBA COUNTY RL'F.&Z. TECHXOLOGY OPG with ...

LIBERIA :
NIMBA COUNTY RL'F.&Z. TECHXOLOGY
OPG with PARTNERSHIP for PRODUCTIVITY
PROJECT No. 669-0154

A. FUUOING SOURCE
FIRST FY I L~FE OF DsOJEC-
f 1. 00CzYE'
I COCE
C. F 1 I C - C I 3. -0T.L I C El 1 r L t i. r3-ri
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ExqcUTIVE SUMMARY
of ~f~/~iberia OPG Proposal
The proposed grant is designed to increase the income, economic po-
tential, and s.tandtrd of living of rural and urban poor in Upper Nimba
.. . . .. . co-ty,:hy., ef f ering, :t+e< .appropriate training and development tools that will
. .enab&~~,$h+.,tpr achieve lasting benefits, and to become self-sufficient
.. . .. - -.
,;l-.by: . . -the, yean,.ZQ22,+n the LAMCO iron ore deposits will be exhausted.
In-aetipn, +s&ng_the .present project as a base, the program will be ex-
,p+cfed :to:an.in:tegrated economic development program by (1) accelerating
: agricultur-e and, -rura&.development , (2) Liberianizing industrial and com-
mercial development-,:. andr (3) diversifying the economic base of the project
area..:. Preparatian.wil1 also be made to link up with the proposed German
Wtegra-tedRura1 Development Programme for Central Nimba County.
. _ .. Inorder t@:accomplish the above, it is proposed that a grant of
.
$3,.258,.70Q- be: made..to. Partnership for Productivity Foundation/~iberia over
.- a period, of .five_-ye*- ,&arting in FY 1980 to plan and implement an inte-
,-grated: developmen%-program in the Yarmein, Zor and Sehyi clans of Upper
Nimba County.. Total estimated costs of the program is $4,590,300. b d -
ing from: 0-ther . sources- in support of the program would approximate $1,300,000
over;.the. five-year- period. Assistance would be provided for programs in
the fol-low-ing general.:-areas: agricultural production, appropriate tech-
.nology (har*are and software), low-cost, self-help construction, commercial
andindustrial en,terprise development, and credit. As phase two of an on-
.going.program, the grant will enable PfP to *engthen and expand the ap-
propriate technical assistance and credit program to enterprises in Upper
Nimba County.. The expansion will concentrate primarily on producers in

:.
- agriculture, small industry, manufacturing and construction, and the
creation of linkages between rural and urban areas. The program will es-
tablish an integrated economic development approach in the project area
which will include (1) appropriate credit both as an economic facilitator
;. ..- and. :as;. a. develppmental device; ' (2) management and technical assistance;
: :.,i-,c . (3:).. the..necegs.ary economic linkages between rural and urban areas, pro-
- *
'i. . . .: : .duc.ez:. and- wrket,~
w&.l.esaler and re tailer, supplier and distributor , and
:i..: . ..each: le-ye& .with... -the, nw+. level, all the way . through
. the export level, both
within and outside the country.
.. . . -.. .
. ..: 1.-Active-participation from the beginning by all beneficiaries is basic
to the success of the project. Initial, and all subsequent decision-
_.= - : .making and: activity must include the. beneficiaries in order to assure
-. their personal commitment (and development), without which the viability
; . of She. comnruniitp cannot. evolve. Such self-help participation is the only
:: :I: assurance; 10:f:- pe?manent- pxoduc'tive results. In institutionalizing develop-
- .: - , : -men&. in=:the:.are&.,: PfP will cooperate, coordinate and strengthen relation-
.. ,... . .-ph%ps,- wi-th. o-ther de~elopmental- activities and organizations, i. e. GOL
;.; ..,ministries, ,and. organiz&tians, particularly the Rural Development Task Force,
L. 3..internationa1.developmen&..agencies such as AID and UNDP, economic concession-
. . - - .
. . . - ariss~ such: as;- LAMCOi private volunta&y agencies such as PACT (private
. . ; Agencies~~ollabora,~: 'Together) -and World Education and most importantly,
the people of the program area.
>. . . . ... . .. ,. .L i As? an orgaqizati-on. ~f~/~iberia will expand and become stronger and
, .,~ . , more,ind5genou~. :. As. .an area-wide organization, it will aim to have all .
, :: -. - parts=. crf~ th.e area represented on its board of directors and on its operating
staff.. PfP has already been established by act of the Liberian Congress.
1t.wilL aim at indigenous self-sufficiency for itself and for the area it
.
i

. .currently assists toward that end. Over the five-year period of the pro-
posal, .~ ~. ~fP/~iberia and P~P/usA will continually evaluate their effective-
ness in offering developmental
, -. opportunities to people who most need such
opportunities, and in their effectiveness in gradually moving the Yekepa
area .. toward self-sufficiency by the target date - 2022. Ongoing evalua-
tio~ will indicate failures and successes and will lead~to pertinent revi-
. - . . sions to be implemented in the ongoing operation.
.5
- . . . .. ~.
. .
. .~
. .
. .
Targets for the end of the grant period are:, ,
. . .---- . . 50% of- .the small farmers in the project area will be using
-. ,
highel- yielding rice varieties . .
_.-,- 1,500.acres of undeveloped. swamp and flood plain will be
brought into cultivation of rice
. . . --42%
~ of
farmers
.~ . currently growing traditional swamp rice will
. be trained in improving swamp rice cultivation
-~. -- impro-vgdvarieties and cultivation practices for coffee and
~- -.
. . . cocoa.will.be used-by farmers already growing these crops and 500 new
farmers.wil1 have been introduced into tree crop production
. .
-- dry season crops and vegetables most suited to the project
-
area will have been determined by variety trials and 250 farmers will be
receiving training annually at the demonstration farm
.. . -- -. approximately 1,500 jobs will have been created and annual
non-mining sales will have increased from the c vent $3,300,000 level to
approximately $10,000,000.

OPG Proposal
for
Liberia

Project Purpose
Project Background
Host Country Activities
Economic Effects
Technology
REES
RMLS
SDP
Appropriate Management for -
Appropriate Technology
Sociocultural Factors and ImplementFng
Agency Environment
Location and Organization
Guidelines Governing Funding for Private and
Voluntary Organization in Connection
with Development Assistance Under the
Foreign Assistance Program
Poorest Majority
Ins ti tutionalizati on
The Viable ~ conodc Community Model
MNC Involvement
The Program
The Basic Model
Project Implementation
Agriculture Development
Appropriate Technology
Lou-cost Construction
Industrial and Commercial Enterprise
Development
Credit
Implementation Plan
Imp1emen:ation Schedule
Evaluation
Logical Framework Summary
Waivers
Budget

APPENDICES
Realizing the Development Opportunity Created
by a n Iron Ore Concession in Liberia:
The Yekepa Model
Progress Report 1978
Map References
Economic References from German Study
Farmer Preferences from German Study
Letter from U s t r y of Finance
The Principal Elements ofsthe Yekepa Model
and Their Interrelationship (tetrahedron)
Farm Production
Low-costaousing
GOL Rural Task Force
GOL Policy Paper on Small Business Dewelopment
German Study reference to PfP
The Swedish Approach to Hining
Initial Environmental Examination
Environmental Assessment of Pesticide Use
Credit Plan
Linkages Between ~f~/~iberia
and Related
Agricultural Projects

i
Pr,j-ct Title:
Project Location:
PVO Name & Location:
Central Headquarters:
Contact Person:
Date of Submission:
Pro.iect Furuose --. -
PfP/~il,eria
Nimba County, Liberia
Partnership for Productivity
2311 18th St., N.U., Washington, D.C.
Andrew Oerke
*Y .23, 1979
The proposed grant is designed to increase the income, economic poten-
- . .
tial, and standard of li- of rural and urban poor in Upper Ximba County
by offering the appropriate tr- and development tools that wili enable
them to achieve lasting benefits as a result of the iron ore mining opera-
tions of the multinational corporation, LAHCO, and to become self-sufficient
by the year 2022 when the ;tmn ore will be exhausted. In addition, wing
the present project as a base, it will be expanded to an integrated econo-
mic development program by (1) acceleraizhg agriculture and rural develop-
ment, (2) LiberianiziPg industrial and commercial development, and (3)
diversif- the economic base of the proposed project area. Preparation
will also be made to l3n.k up with the proposed German Integrated Ruraf
Development Programme for Central Nimba County.
In order to accomplish the above, it is proposed that a @ant of
93,258,700 be made to Partnership for Productivity ~ormdatian/~iberfa over
a period of five' years starting ia FY i980 to plan and jsplernent an iate-
grated development program in the Yarn~eiin, Zor aad S w
clans of Upper
Wimba County. Totat estimate costs of the pmgrram w ill be j/4,590,300.
Otfler frmding sources in support ob the pro- would appro-te $1,300,000
over the five-year perfod. Assistance wodd be provided to assist
in the folloniag general areas: agricultval production, appropriate tech-
nology (hardware and software), low cost, sell-help construction, commercial
and industrid entarprise development, and uedlt. AS phase fvo of an on-
appropriate tecSIIlical assistaoce and credit. pr- to enterprises i;r
1

. .
Gpper Nimba County. The expansion will concentrate primarily on produ-
cers in agriculture, small industry, maaufactLuing and construction,
and the creation of liPkages between rural aad urban areas. The program
will establish an integrated economic development approach in the pro-
ject area which will ioclude (1) access to cred~t at compatible levels,
(2) mazagernent assistance, azld (3) the necessary economic Linkages between,
rural and urbaa areas, producer and market, wholesaler and retailer, sup-
plier and distributor, and each level with the next level, all the way
through the export level, both -thin and outside the country.
The evolution of such l-es is the process of moviPg from a
subsistence economy. into an exchappa economy vbich cap more fully serve
the growing needs of the local population. In such an evoiution, PfP
offers tec3mical assistance, i.e. deveiopment help in appropriate m g e -
ment at several levels, the development and application of appropriate
technology, and appropriate credit both as a. economic facilitator a d
as a developmezrtdl device. All such tec-cal assistance emphasizes the
importance of individual and gr~up decisioa-making, participation, and
self-help as the basis for development of the people of the Yekepa area.
Active participation from the begipning by all beneficiaries is
basic to the success of the project. Initial, and a U subsequent, deci-
sion-mAing. and activity must include the beneficiaries, in order to
assure their personal commitment .(and development), -thou% which the
viability of the cormmvlity cannot evolve. Such self-help participation
is the only assurance of permanant productive results. In institution-
a J i w development fm the area, PS will cooperate, coordinate and - -
s bengthea relationships , xith other developmantdl
activities a d organLzations, i.e. GOL ministries and organizations,
particularly the Rural Developnent Task Force, Fnternatiod development
agencies such as AID and UNDP, economic concessiowies scch as -0,

&d prikte voluntary agencies . such as PACT (Pr-vate Agencies Collab'6fatFng
Together) and World Education and the people of the program area.
As an organization, PfP/~iberia must continue to expand and become
stronger and more indig*nous. As an area-wide organization, if will aim
to have all parts of the area represented on its board of &-ectors aad
on its operating staff. PfP has already been established by act of the
Liberian Congress. It will aim at indigenous self-sufficiency for itself
and the area it currently assists toward that end. Over tfie five-year
. . .
period of the proposal, PfP/Liberia and ~fF/USA'will contirmdlly evaluate
their effectiveness in offering devdopmentdL opportrmitkes to people
who most need such opportunities, and in their effectiveness ia gradually
mo& the Yekepa area toward self-sufficiency by the target date - 2022.
As evaluation. indicates failures and successes, pertinent revisions will
be implementedin the ongoing operation.
The t'.llowir,5 conditions are expected at the end of rhe grant period.
Fifty per cent of the small farmers in the project area will be as*
higher yielding rice varieties. One thuusand five hd-ed acres of uudeve-
loped swamp and flood plain will be brought h to culzivation of rice. The 4296
of farmers currently growing traditional swamp rice will be trained in
-roving swaq rice cultivation. Improved varieties and cultivation
practices for coffee and cocoa will be used by f-ers already 6g0vFng
these crops and 500 new farmers will have been introduced into tree crop
production. Dry season crops and vegetables most suited to '*ha project
area will have been determined by variety trials and 250 farmers will be
receiviag ta-a- annually at the demonstration farm. Appro-tely 1500
jobs will have been created aad annual non-mining sales will: have increas&d-
from the current $3,300,00 level to approximately $10,000,000.
Pr0.i ect BaclcPround
Partnership for Productivity, the Govetnment of Liberia and the
Liberian American Swedish 'Xiniug Company ( UCO) and zhe local people
-
>

: &e currently collaborating to create lasting and sustainable benefits
as a result of the iron ore concession in Upper Nimba County. While
concessions frequently bring short-term benefits in the form of employ-
ment, skill acquisition, housing, education, and medical care to resi-
dents of the concession area, the continuation of these benefits is
typically dependent on the continued operation of the concession. If
for some reason, the concession abandons the project,\the people attracted
to the region by employment opportunities are left with few alternative
means of support, and have often been separated from their traditional
support mechanisms.' This is especially disturbing in situations where the
local residents might have achieved more sustainable development had
their progress pro~eeded at its own pace rather than at the accelerated
rate generated by the outside concession.
Xnowing that the life of its operation was limited by the size of
the ore body, LAMCO set out in 1973 to 1-7 its dominant impact on the
conmatnity aad to develop the initiative and self-reliance of the local
oztizens. Since 1964 the residents of the Yekepa azea had been almost
totally dependent on LAMCO for economic sunival. PfP was selected by
LAMCO, after company officials obsex-red the PfP/~enya program, as the
agency best qualified to participate with UYCO in a joint conmrunity
viability effort. Initial efforts of U C O and PfP to spin-off from
rhe concession a variety of non-mining business enterprises and to sti-
mulate formation of new agricultural, mufactwring, and commercial
enterprises encouraged local residents to take advantage of other re-
sources available in the concession area. In 1978, when LAMCO was struck
-
by a severe recession ip the world marker for iron ore, residents of -
Nimba County, aware by this time that dependence on mixing was precarious,
turned, ia large numbers, to PfT for assistace in realizing other oppor-
tunities. This grassroots upsurge in non-mining economic activity is

-
be- encouraged, channeled and assisted. PfP, *-A the avowed purpose
of broadening and diversifying the economic base of the concession
area, is in the righz place at the right time to encourage, guide and
assist residents
ment goals.
in realizing their own potenzial to reach their develop-
~f P/~iberi.a was created as a non-profit, Liberian development fouadation
by act of the legislature signed by the president iil July 1974.
. -
It uas the result of a recommendation by a coPsultanz, 'he present Ge-
neral .Xanager of Pf~/Liberia, that a Liberian non-profit agency would
be the best organization fonn to implement a program aimed at preventing
the UYCO Concession from becoming a ghost toun den zhe ore
bodies approach depletion at the turn of the cenrt.
All facets of the development process have been mzerdepeadent - in accor-
dance vizh the objective of a viable economic commrmity. In late 1977,
it became clear that PfP szaff and budget were inadequate, and that the
program was spread so thin as to impair its impact. 'The Upited SA&tes
Government, via ~ W/~iberla f'unds and assignment of Peace Corps volm-
teers, strengzhened Pfl dviag 1978. Tbis JSA assistance will c2fl-y over
znrough October 1979. At chat time, ~fP/~iberia rrill be prepared to em-
bark on a five-year program with adequate staff and fbdnce. The m o u s
functaons of PfP can then be properly coordinated wi-a the work of other
agencies and integated into Wberia's county and national aeveloprnanz
Four and a hdf years of PfP activity have creazed a solid base
-
on which the program outlined later here- vill build, PfP izself -
presently manages and operares:
-a mixed d emonstration/tw farm
--a farmer tr- center with low- for ten
--an agriculnral. exzension service

--a related integrated mral development program
--a farm tool, equipment, seed, chemical and fertilizer
distribution center
-- a par-cly equipped appropriate Technology center
--an intensxve Liberian contractor training effort
--an industrial, commercial and agricultural revolving .
loan fund
PfP has been the ptimary force in creating enterprises owned and
managed by Liberians including:
--a multi-purpose farmers' cooperative with 81 members
--a farm supply store and rice'mill
--a piggery
--a pouitry farm (broilers and eggs)
--fifteen fanns (primarily irrigated rice with other mixed
crops )
--thirteen rural school agricultural programs with demon-
stration and producing plots (either 4H, Young Farmers
or Future Farmers Clubs)
--a sawmilling and forestry enterprise
--an automotive mechanical repair and machiae. shop (Austrian-
Liberian partnership)
--a brick marmfacturiPg enterprise
-a charcoal, production enterprise
-a cinema
--a handicraft production workshop
-an electrical contractor
--four low-cost building construction contractors
--a rural provision store
--two restaurants

PfP assistance has helped to improve the viability, or stimulated
the growth of enterprises which were i9 existence prior to mid 1974
including:
--%-do fiirniture manufac- and lumber sillwork CompaaLes
--a transport company
--a Liberian-Swedish forestation. joint venture
--a supermarket
--a contract tailoring epterprise
--a hotel-bar-restaurant
XlreadY organized and established by PfP are student intern
(practical experience) programs with Cuttington College, the GniversiOf
of Liberia, aad Booker Uashington Institute.
The report, "Realizing the Development Opportunity Created by a
Iron-Ore Mining Concession in Liberia: The Yekepa Xodel," and the end
of 1978 progress report, both attached hereto, detail the successes and
failures encormtared by ~fP/Liberia sufficiently to Fndicate the pro-
blems which are typical of the concession-dominated apvLroplnent in wbich
PfP works. (see Appendices A and B. )
Host: Countrv Activities . . -. -. --
LP the past there have been virtually no other o ~ a t i o o beaidee s
PfP/Liberia in Liberia m lved in the rural Mtwtrp and appropriate
technology sector. The Goverpmat of Liberia has oPly recantly -signed
the responsibility for this sector to the Liberiaa Devalopmant Corporatiorr
(LDC). LP the past the LDC has bean pzd.marUy ipvol~ad b major project8
and izmestma~t attraction in the urban areas, and it will take s e v k
y a m for thls orgsaization to "tool up" anl morieat its pro- to
have any major impact on the rUral L-eas.
At the same t ae we feel that
-

-
. ?f?Is past experience, both positive and negative, will be of great value
to LDC as they reshape their organization and policies to address the*
new role and dasion.
In the past, the only area in Uben.a's "ferdle crescentn not
covered by an existing or planned iategratad rural development project
was Nimba County. The Government of Liberia is just be- to become
involved in this area; they have appointed a County Development Officer
for Nimba County.
In the future we erpect even more gova&mnt participation in the
project araa. There are plans for the gov-%nt to open a crad+t Fruti-
tution in -queue, W b a CousWf.
Linkages between PfP/~iberia and related agricultural projects are
discussed in Appendix 4. Other factors which impinge on the selection of
the project's location and a~2roaches are discussed as follows.
Econ-mic Effects -- Prior to the LciMCO I- operation, the Upper
Nimba County area was substaptidlly a subsistenca economy. Now, about a
decade later, with 4,000 cash wage earners, 3,000 of which are LAMCO
employees, the area is in traition toward a market economy. But there
are still large subsisterrca aspects, mostly in the rural areas *ere
subsistence agr!iculture domkrates. The god is to have a self-supportipg
area economy by 2022, largely using local raw materials other than iron
ore. The major available resource is unused local labor - nuuderemploymant."
RecogPitio~ of this fact does not automatically mean that wemploymantw in
wage-pa- jobs is the inevitable future of the area. Wage-pa* jobs
result from capitd inosstmtme and market organization. As the employment
by LIHCO'is raduced - we hope slowly - it is unlikely * At mudl of the
underlying in-vestmenl can be shifted to other productive and .j~b-~rociac&- -
invesaents. ?resumably, LAl4CO rill havo deprecaatad a e investment on
its ovn books, and soma social infrastructure investment such as roada
and houses vill continue to be usable.

"
.
However, the goal of this project is the evolution of an economy
which fits comfor-cably into the local context - economic, social and po-
litical. Hence, as Nimba Councy moves through zransition toa-d a aew
form of regional subsistence, in contrast to family or village subsistence,
evoluzion should provide for retention of -he local value systems, cus-
toms, and organizational structures, except as people may decide to change
them-for their owl purposes. PfP's development offeriPgs - management
assistance, other technical assistance as requested, and creciit - are
useful to whatever local social and orgddizational stmcture the people
want. It is within this framework of +Abkiag tbt PfP approaches the
e&nomic aspects of the project.
The long-range economic objective, seen as necessary for the conmru-
nity to attain self-sufficiency, is to create n o n - W g employment for
5,000 persons and enterprises with aggregate annual sales of $50,000,000
by the time the iron ore m3siag ceases in Upper Nimba Cormtp. Since the
beginning of PfP's invovement 4+ years ago, the community has reached ap-
proximately 75 of that long-range objective. As a result of PfPts acti-
vities, there have been approximately 420 non-minin.7 jobs created and
approximately $3,300,000 of annual ~terprise sales. The proposed pant
activities will result in a total of 1,100 jobs created and annual enter-
prise sales of P10,000,000 by 1984.
The target group is a31 the- indigenous people in the program area,
but particularly the 5,000 subsistence farm families and the 10,000 up-
employed. or underemployed people in and around the concession area. It
-
will include the non-salaried and casual laborers vho reside in Camp 4 -
and who have. the worst of two possible worlds - the overcrowdiPg and sub-
standard housing of urban slums - and none of -he posizive benefizs of
an urban society. A large percentage, 70-805, of the popuLation or' uhe
program area, are dependent on semi-subsistence -culnue wbich uses a

'wide variety of production patterns. The land is used for shifting cul-
tivation of upland rice with long fallow periods, some subsidiary crops,
cassava and greens, and a few cash crops such as cocoa and coffee. P~P/
Liberia has begun to assist agricultural entrepreneurs, small farmers, wizh
appropriate management and technical training to promote mixed farms
ranging from 2 to 20 acres, particularly concenzrating on the product~on
of natural swamp and flood plain rice. One acre of upland rice in Upper
flood plain rice can produce 3 tons an acre valued at $1,500. Liberia's
rice deficit is 33,OuO tons annually, 5,000 tons in Nimba County alone.
The present political disturbances underscore the importance to Liberia
of reducing the dependence on imported rice and PfP aims to promote and
assist local farmers to produce approximately 2,000 tons by 1983 wbich wzll
be valued at $500 per ton or $1,000,000. The project will
attempt to introduce 500 new farmers into tree crop production (coffee and
cocoa) and 250 farmers will receive training in cultivatzon of dry season
crops and vegetables. The intensive nature of flood plain rice cultiva-
t~on will necessitate the partLcipation of a greater number of farmers,
members of their families, and additional hired workers. This iacreased
participation will utilize more of the unemployed or largely underemployed
labor pool in the rural areas around YBkepa. Evidence of the labor pro-
blem in the rural area is the migration of a large number of rural poor
to the U C O concession area ia search of employment. Camp 4 is a shanty
town near Yekepathathas 11,000 of these migrants. It is expected tbat
500 farm jobs w ill be created by PfP.over the 5-year grant period whlch
will have a direct impact on at least 2,00b people in the rural area
around Yekepa. In addition, a direct seed exchange program will introduce
509 of the farmers (2,500 fanners) in the project area to improved LAC-23
seed whach wall increase agricultural yields, and hence incomes.
-

h a promotion of, and assistance to induszrial and conrmercial en-
terprises will result in increased no=-- production, incomes, and
employment in rhe rural areas as well as in and around Yekepa. Ippro-
xirnately 100 small businesspersons will receive assiszance uncier -as
project. Parz of the integration of the Appropriate Technology Center
into the local economy and society will be to briag local smali-scale
entrepreneurs, including artisans, into the Center to receive training
. in business and. in the technical aspects - software as well as hardvare -
of -1 industries. There are also a large d e r
of young hi@ school
graduates who have benefitted from the educational ad-tages of grovFng
up in the concession. Unfortunately, *ere are insufficient jobs to
absorb them and a special effort will be made to reach these gzaduates
and to use their educational training in aeveloping rural-based business
enterprises. The number of new businesses to be started by -he end of
rhe grant period will be approximarely 20 wbich will annually poduce
about 8145,000 of goods and services, and employ up zo 200 people. Also,
4 additional construction contraczar businesses will be created with the
owner/operators trained in the technical and business aspects of contruc-
tion. The need for low-cost housing and other construction opponunities
in and around the Yekepa conrmuPizy should provide aple room for growth
of these businesses to an annual volume of $400,000 by zhe fif'A year of
the grant.
PfP is cmently supportjng a program to train women in cloth p a -
ting and dressmaking. In the past they have provided considerable assis-
tance to women entrepreneurs (See Appezidix A, p.38) ~flis assistance
be continued and special courses will be carried out for woman at the
farmer training center.

Sance its inception, PfP/~iberia has worked towards developing its
indigenous staff. Under the proposed grant, there will be sufficient
counterparts to replace mosc of the expatriate staff, thus leaving a
Liberaan-staffed organization at the end of the grant period.
The macroeconormc effects of the pro~am are inrended to closely
follow the National Socio-Economic Developmenr, Plan (1976-1980) and the re-
cently issued Execut~ve Order #1. The Development Plan's major objectives
are to (1) raise the standard of living tbroughout Liberia; (2) diversify
production; (3) disperse sustaFpable socio-economic activities throughout
the country; (4) totally involve the entire populatjon ia the development
effort; and (5) distribute the benefits of economic growth and diversifi-
cation equitably. The activities of PfP address all. of these objectives.
The concept of a viable Nimba society in 2022 will dormnate the eco-
nomic approach of Pf~/Liberia. In addition to the actieties set forth
already in this section, this means a continuing search for linkages a-
mong the various parts of the economy, and a contiauous effort to strengthen
chose linkages, particularly those wbich lead away from, or are outside
of the LAMCO operation. However, this must be done without completely
destroying the traditional subsistence economy. Porty years is a short
Time in the development process, and conscious preservation of a subsis-
tence base for the bulk of the people is essential. Linkages wbich
effectively replace subsistence evolve only over time.
Technoloq -- In computer terms, the technology used, and useful
in the project is largely "software" rather than "hardwara." The emphasis
is, and will continue to be, on traFPzng . . and organization; and the support-
of activities leading to a self-reliant community, particularly those of
small independent entrepreneurs and grass-roots, self-help corm~~nLty gToups.
In this capacity, technological devices become a secondary consideration,
useful if they e a c e peoples' abilities to meec zheir own needs, borh
as individuals and as groups.
12

As already indicated, the Appropriate Technology Cenzer (A%) vill
actively stimulate the people of the entire project area to develop ap-
propriate and feasible technical solutions to problems whia arise in -&eir
darrly activities, and then to work ~ 5th them in fLndj=kg ways to satisfy
the expressed needs. Increased emphasis will be placed on fLaw Local
technological solutions to local problems. In simations where imporced
technology may have been used, the project proposes to move toward added
. emphasis on labor intensive and less exotic technologies.
In its programs in Xenya, Liberia, Botswana, Upper Volta and W avi,
PfP has developed a variety of approaches, all aFmed at ePhancing small
ente-rise development with appropriate techniques. All of these approaches
will be utilized in the present program. F o l l o is ~ a brief description
of the technologies that have been developed by PfP which will be drawn
upon and adapted in this project:
-
REES (~ural Enterprise Extension service) -- XEES recruits
and trains local personnel to become d l
business field advi,sors. These
advisors work with clients in the places of business to traia them in
management skills looking. toward self-sufficiency of the entreprezIeur.
REES was first developed in Kenya, modified for use in Botswana, and is
berag adapted to conditions in Liberia, Upper Volta and .Halaw'-.
-
RiS (Rural Market Loan scheme) -- BHLS comprises small re-
vol- loan funds a-stered by local market commitr;eesl It MS first
developed in Kenya to complement training in managerid skills. Small
loans are extended to local entrepreneurs who are clients of REES, by a
loan comfittee made up of local btfsinesspeople. Peer pressure is used -
as an Mluence effecting loan repawenti. RMW 2rovide.s r d
business-
people with their only source of reasonable credit and provides the train-
ing and experience necessary for the small businessperson to oarticipaTe
in broader economic activity.

The scheme is also being used in Botswana andhasbeen adapted for use
in Upper Volta. in Botswana, Barclays Bank makes loans to small Batswana
enzrepreneurs, the loans berng contingent upon the borrower becomrng a
P ~ P zrauung cl~enz.
-
SDP (self-Developmenz Projeczs) -- PfP has e.xpenmented
m managemenr adnsory servlces for Self-Development Village Projects .
such as cottage iadustnes, cooperatives, and women's production socie-
ties engaged in handicrafts, food presemation, vegetable production and .
vocational skills training. The training and skills development PfP has
tested include product design, quality control, costing, marketing, book-
keeping, budgeting and plssnint,~. The local people choose their own goals
and PfP helps them in creating a profiz-*oriented project in order to achieve
these goals.
Based on self-dezermination, the program gradually adds community
development and a marketing focus to a rural quasi-subsistence economy
wxthout sudden jolts to traditional w ap of life.
AP~ro~ria+.e Management for Aourouriate Technologll -- PfP is ex-
perimenting with adapting management practices to the local producers'
limited level of experience. Too often technology and technical skills
are not accompanied by the right level of management. m e small manu-
facturer who is manager, technician and businessperson, and who may also
be non-literate, needs specialized assistance in developing appropriate
management tools.
PfF has an eight-year history of developiag business management
techniques appropriate to the lev& of beneficiary need, partacularly at- -
the lower end of the economic scale and in rural areas. PfP has noticed
that investments in agriculture, manufacture, and the wholesale and retail

-
trades often fail because, no matter how appropriate, only the hardware
aspects of technology are being utilized. It has become apparent a t
however well-trained in, and equipped with hardware, il' the enrrepreneur
does noz know how to make a business of such assecs, he or she hill fail.
The rechnological soft-mre that PfP proposes is approprLaze saaag-nent.
In che agriculzural sector the project will use the proven se-&tz&cal
packages developed under the Lofa County Project and otaer development
i projects.
Sociocultural Factors and lmolementine Aesncv Environment - - - . - - - -
Location -- Physically, PfP will be managed from
its present Yekepa headquarters office. It will operate a indusrrial
estate including a mechanicdl mabit-ce and repair vorkshop in Yekepa.
Also in Yekepa, PfP will build and supervise a low-cost construction con-
tractors' tr- center, headquarters office, storage warehouse, and
equipment yard. At-Grassfields ( 1 miles ~ from Yekepa), ?S will operage
a Famer's Training Center, ~emonstr.ation/~rahing Fasm and an Approgriate
T.ecfmologp Training Center. In Unification Town, a town of ll,000 popu-
lation, 2 miles from Yekepa, PfP rrill operate a small business advisory
office.
The territory covered by PfP development programs and s ehces
can be generally- described as Upper Ximba Coun-cy including +&e Yarmein
and Sehyi Edan areas designated as 7, 28 and 27 on map #3 ja Appendix C.
It is estimated that this area is 1,800 square kilometers and ?.at it in-
cludes 60 villages, 3 major towns (Yekepa, Sanniquellie, WEicatioa TO-) -
and a population of approximately 90,000 people.
Xore than half of the people in the area are small holder farse-rs,
though the degree of urbanization is high, especially with the large
conrmnity in Yekepa (22,600, of which 1,200 are ex-paeots), Sarmiquellie
. ..
(6,700 in 1974) and Unification Town (11,000),
. .
-

A major objective of the GOL rural development program is to create
a broader distributxon of income by increasing the per Capita income of
che rural poor. The G eman study for Ximba County reports a per capita
income of about $42 among the rural poor target group, the estimate
belng based on annual earnings for the small-scale farmers of abouz $32;
and an average family size of 7.7.
The favorable family economic impact would be appreciable; iacrease
would be from about $325 to about $1,200 for a representative farmer with
4.5 acres, to about $5,000 for the largest scale fanners, employing 5
laborers from outside the family and each with 25 acres of mixed farm.
Expansion and diversification of agriculture, while based on exiszing -
subsistence farming, will provide more nutritious diets for the rural
poor and through the larger market, the urban population will have avail-
able a wider varaety of food at lower costs. PfP stresses the role of
women in agriculture, especially since they, traditionally, supply much
of the productive labor involved. PfP training programs and facilit~es
place the participation and developmenz of women on an equal footing
with the men.
A large proportion of the people PfP works vith are either rural
or recent immigranzs to urban life. These people are traditional in
outlook and PfP takes every precaution to preserve and work through the
traditional way of life. In collaboration with World Education, PfP is
presently designing methodologies for enhancing participation on the part
of the beneficiaries. These methodologies will be descriptave and ex-
perimental rather than proscriptive and rigid, even nth respect to tra:-
ditional coinmuual and tribal values, for ia the interchange between the
rural and urban, traditional and modern, and immigrants and town areas,
we may find that new values are emerging which must also be taken into
account.

*
The emphasis on integrated economic development will resul: not
only in greater ner: employment and purchasing power through increased
production and more efficient process* and markezjng of a w%der varieq-
of foods, bur: also the increase in cash purchasing power w ill lead to
an increase in the quality of life wich respecc to education, health,
transportation, and water and energy supply. In addition, there -dl1
* be a significant increase in the skill level of farmers and small busi-
nesspersons. PfP's experience in the area and tfle Ge- Study survey of
fanners preferences strongly support this contention (see Axendix E ) .
Guidelines Governina b d i for ~ Priivate and Voluntarv Orzanization in . -.
Conneczion wich Develoument Assistance Gnder the Foreisrn Assiszance Pro-
Poorest Xaioritv -- Historically, the PfP Viable Comnnmitp program
began at the top, with an infusion of fiPaPcing and technical know-how
from W CO, zhe la.fge iron-ore mininp venture ia Yekepa. The mediate
need during the first phase was to develop the business iafrastz=c~e
that could support the new town and mining activity and turn as much of
thisinfrastructure as possible over to the Liberians. aut PfP realized
from the beginning that it had also to work at &eating
on a broader base to include the poorest majority.
enterp- rise and
To pursue these. objectives, several years ago PfP began to work
with farmers vim a thirty-die radius of Yekepa to creace Li3lcs berxeen
the rural and urban areas. Since Yekepa was not capable of raising its
ova food, this was a reasonable area in which to begin. 9y settizlg up
an Appropriate ~ l e c f i n o l o ~ / ~ ~ ~ r o Center ~ r i ia ~ t cor&Ltct~oa ~ ~ ~ e a ~ - -
with a demoastation farm, PfP was able to combine agriculture, maaufac-
ture, technology, management and market- in one operation. By i nclua

subs~stence agrzculture that expands to cash crop agriculture, Pfl is
able to have a human as well as an econormc impact wi~h its programs.
Ins titutionalization
Alrrvdy more ~han half of the PfP staff of ~f~/~iberia, including
the deputy, is Liberian. Promising Liberians have been, a d are being
recruited as the program expands, are being trained and given experience
0; the job, and are promoted accord- to their performance. ~f~/~iberia
exists as a private Liberiaa corporation that was created by a special
act of the Liberian Congress. The U s t e r of Agriculture is the Chair-
man of the PfP Governing Council that includes UYCO officials as well as
LLSerian Government officials and businesspersons.
~fP/Liberia is the institutional mechanism already in place. It
is a legally rncorporated Liberian entity. It is being guided by Liberians
on its Governirrg Council and its staff is gradually becoming Liberianized.
It has an additional advantage in that it enjoys the support of the Go-
vernment of Liberia and at the same time, preserres a measure of independ-
dace as an administrative unit. m e Ministry of Agriculture has contri-
buted regularly in-kind to the progxam. The President of Liberia recently
visited the Pf'P program, and warmly praised it; he has suggested direct
GOL financial support for the program (see Appendix F for letter to
the Deputy Minister of Finance for Fiscal Affairs.)
Pf'P, as stated, is meationed in the Government plans both for rural
development and small-scale enterprise development and in zhe Governmant's
-
.
Lower N W a County integrated aal development plans. While PfF expects -
-
to fully cooperate with all of these efforts, it will preserve its own
identity as PfP/Liberia. It: will strengiaen its own operational capa-
bilities during the course of the grant by (a) hiring and trauzing more
Liberian staff; (b) chargiag for its servzces so that approximately $100,000
W a l l be raised - dly at the endof the project; (c) contuwag its pre-
18

'sent relationship with WMCO and enjoyiag ongoing support from 'chat source;
(d) adding zhe Government of Liberia and other aZerss~ea donors such as
zhe 'Jorld Bank, the German Goverament to its lisz of financial supporters.
All of the above strategies will combine to jrovide ?f?/iiber;-a
wizh a strong base of supporz to carry on its development acrivi,=ies. Iz
will be up to PfP zo determine by the end of the grsncperiod a% wtrac lsvel
.
of activity the funding and the capability of the organization will rea-
listically merge. We will not be able to finish.the task ahead in five
. .
years, Fortunately, the estimated life of the ore bo y extends beyond
$
five years, and is building the kind of diversified economy that will
not be dependent in the long nm on UCO. PfP is also pursuing macro-
investments for the area with Swedish investors in a large forestation
scheme, and w%th an American agribusiness company investigazing the via-
bility of a large-scale rice project.
Duriag the grant period, PfP will have made a dgnSica~t contri-
bution to eliminating the rice deficit, will have substantially increased
production in agriculture and small industry, and will have created the
basis for a diversified economy and its infrastructure and linkages a t
will be able to continue even without a large invesmenr; compooent.
7 3 Viable E onoaric Co -
Historically, in Liberia, PfP1 s developmen$ efforts have been ?nade
possible by the financial contributiops of UCO, among o*&en. Because
UYCO's involvement has been beneficial, the model, thou& unique, re-
presents tremendous potential for ?=eplicability. It can serve to d aw - -
the privatesector directly into supporting development work and improve
the psychological climate bet#een thmelves, the host goverullets and
the local population. Ye vill describe the XNC brvolvemenr fi-st and
separately as "WC Involvementn. However, it must be kept i;l miad '*hat
the basic model of a viable economic cormrmnicy, '&ouglr an incegrazed

eFonomic development approach, is noc at all dependent on a multinational.
A donor agency could easily substitute for, or work with the multinational.
The concept or the basic model will be described under "The Basic Xodel"
in this seczion.
XNC Involvement -- The impact of the aczivities of multinational
corporations (~cs) on develop- areas is a SubjeCZ of great current
interest. The operation of a high-technology, fully-monetized sophisti-
cated project in a low-technology, partly-monetized, traditional setting
creates profound social and economic effects. The capacity of all concerned
to cons%nzctively govern these effects may well determine the fate of
future MNC operations in developing countries.
The world economy needs to develop its resources and to construc-
tively utilize capital. There are, at present, psychological factors of
suspicion, hostility and f~llty communicatron, deeply rooted in painful
history, on both sides. On rhe one hand there is the fear of expropria-
tion and nationalization; on the other hand, the fear of exploitation and
manipulation.
Colonial histon provides many examples of exploitation. An ex-
traction operataon, after a limited period, may abandon its activity
leaving the affected area with its expectations raised and its means of
fulfilling them lowered. A manufacmrcing or agribusiness operation may
continue indefbitely, crystallizing social disruption into a permanent
pattern. Modern history abounds with cases of appropriatiozr or nation-
alization of large MNC operations by governments of developing countries
without adequate compensation. Is'there any framework in wflich MNCs -
can operate in developing areas with lasting positive benefits among the
interested parties: the HNC, the host government and the affected popu-
lation? PfP believes the answer is affirmative. Although PIP is moving
away from rts dependence on WCO, UMCO has played such a dominant role

in the pasc, thazwe feel it is useful to document that element which has
provided the base for the present expansion. In %he ?fP Viable C o m t y
Model in Liberia, a process is takLng place which poiilzs cite way zo an
acceptable, posicive see of relationships.
'be h-oeram -- In an isolaced rural siruazion, UXO, an XiC
owned by the Liberian Government, Swedish intereszs, and the aethlehem
Steel Corporation, started minillp iron ore in the 'sixzies in Liber'La on
the Guinea border. LAMCO built, organized and operated a commurrity for
che local employees, but in 1973 decided that such a ctinty was more appro-
priate for a non-minjng organization. PfP was chosen to zake over me
various established small enteqrises in 1974, so, the Yakepa prodecz
is now about five years old.
In its actions, UYCO was motivated to build a more desi,rable,
effective and profitable set of relatiollships among the YXC, the hosz
government and the people directly affected by the projecz. he projecz
offers to che local people of the developing area a w c e zo LmPmve *air
lifestyle in accordance wich their own perceptions.
UYCO also obviously felt that the effort to establish a new set
oS relationships would be helpxf to it, since it supported-and sfill *up-
ports-the PfP operation financially. UYCO is demonstrating its commit-
ment, on a continuing basis, to the people of Yekepa and izs envk-ons Ln
supporting their efforts to construct an ongoing, self-relianz cow~~un%ty.
The balance of the cost is being me= by the host govemet and by inter-
national donors from both Europe and the United States.
Pf? has learned a number of significanz lessons in its four pears -
of experience in the Viable Comrmmity project. It is increwingly avid-t
thaz people will actively participate in their own development and chat
of their community to the extent thaz *Aey are bluded in *e decision-
making abouz their own development activities. The close lidcages bemeen

'tbe develdpment of people in a town and the development of people in the
surrounding rural area are becoming a major part of the PfP approach. We
are assuming an increasingly critical attitude toward the initiation of
specific developmencal activities. They should fit the existing local
economic, social, political, cultural, and developmental programs. Having
started with the emphasis on management training as a form of technical
assistance to small rural enterprises, PfP is increasingly convinced that
there must be an accompanying component of credit availability, not only
as a support to business, but also as a LeeJning device for people who
have had limited experience in financial matters.
It is inevitable that the learning process for PfP will continue,
as the learning process expands for UYCO, GOL, and the affected popu-
lation. But it is now clear that the insertion of a "neutral" operating
entity - PfP - has strengthened and expanded a development process which
promises continuing advantages to a11 the interested parties. Success
will not be unremitting, but a process has been established which, with
adequate financing, is creazing a new and helpful re1ar;ionsbap among the
WC, the host government and the affected population.
'The major elements of the PfT strateay for cooperating with MXCs
in a developing area are listed in Appendir G and are based on identifying and
then fusing together the primary concerns of the interested parties. Each
party brings to the program: (1) a set of fairly well-defined goals; (2)
some more or less explicit expectat~ons; and (3) many asswqtions about the
overall operataon and the role of the other parties. Each party also pro-
vides partrcular Fnputs, and this necessitates an appropriate blending -
thereof. In the past, all too often, the validsty of each party's needs -
and contributions have not been N l y ackncwledged. Consequently, fric-
tion and misunderstandjngs have resulted to the detriment of all pasr;ies.
It is only by working closely together that all concerned will be in a
position to make a significant contributron to the pressing issues of
development.
22

underlying the viable economic community model are:
-- zechnical assistance
-- credit
-- an integrated approach creating l u g e s at e vev level
-- char- the most successrW clients for serrrices and re-
cycling that contribution in the form of continuing tech-
nical assistance to those at the boctom of the ladder.
-- creating surplus over subsistence.producti0n uizhin af-
fected area whiJ.0 relying on self-help
-- maximum involvement, socially, culturally, financially on
the beneficiaries
-- institutionalization of the program as much as possible
through self-sustainhg a d self-supporting mechanisms
Perbaps the concept should be subtitled, "A Ladder of Oppo,--tunityn
rather than "A Meld of Opp~r.sunity,~ in that %&e model closely appro-
ximates the double ladder in the DNA double helix molecule- The a s c w
ladder, or staircase, represents the ladder of opportunity. Economic
opportunities, through technicd assistance and credit, are offered ac
every level of group or individual capability wizhln the sociev, fzom
subsistence to the creation of larger businesses and bdustri-as. T&e
desc~dirrg ladder represents the recycling, through direct charges and
membership fees and activities, of the anergies of the more successful
enterprises, through the developipg agent (in th+s case, ?fF/Lii?aer"-a) to
the people at the base aad lower nings of the ladder. The modal is flex^ -
ible and adaptable to political and soCial zkeBds. -
Basic to the model are the cmcepts of appropriacaress and l hkage.
The zechaical assistance is offered at the level a?propr;-ate zo 'he ab-
sorptive capacity of the people and their enT2onment. Then -es

are created from the smallest rural area to village to regional head-
quarters to capital city to external markets rf necessary. Linkages are
also formed between producers, supplrers, and consumers. An effort is
thus made to integrate the Total productive capacity of an area, horizon-
rally and vertically, so That the entire area operates together as an
orgaruc system.
The proposal is tunely in that the Government of Liberia has re-
cently taken steps to encourage both rural development and small-scale
enzerprise development. The GOL Rural Development Task Force, the GOL
Policy Paper on the Development of Small-Scale Enterprises in Liberia,
and the new large-scale G e m
project for rural development in Nimba
County, all mention PfP as one of the implementing agencies in their plans
for rural and small-scale enterprise development. (See Appendices J, K,
and L.)
The Am Missaon in Laberia has expressed a strong interest in see-
the Viable Community Model replicated m other areas in Liberia. Green-
ville, Harper and several other sites have been suggested. As detaled in
the proposal, the Viable Community Model describes a general approach to
xnzegrated aconormc development and can use, but is not dependent on, a
multraational for its development. As in the Harper area, with its ply-
wood factory, a n external lavestment may be helpful, but if not present,
attention is focused on strxctly increased productivity of local resources,
partacularly agriculture. Smce the model works from the bottom up as well
as from the top down, even trith investment from the top the overall eco-
noatac drastructuse is developed'as the people are able to absorb tram-
- -
and dete-e the directions of thorr own development.

Project Implementation
The major program areas during the five years will be agricultural
production, appropriate technology (hardware and sofrware), 10s-cost
self-help construction, commercial and industrial enterprise development,
and an appropriate revolving loan fund credit source. These five areas
are intimately interwoven, but each can be given some separate considera-
tion.
Apriculture Develo~ment -- A large number of quasi-subsistence
peasants and smaller numbers of more sophisticated farmers comprise the
. .
agricultural population. PfP will maintain wide flexibility in assisting
in the agriculture sector. A start has already been made in direct help
to rural villages, in the establishment of a demonstration farm and in
the initiation of an agriculture extension service.
The operation and management of the demonstration farm, farmer
training at the farm, theextension service and schools, garden clubs,
4H and Young Farmers Clubs are closely related. Consequently, two senior
agricultural advisors, one of whom will be an expatriate agronomist, will
have overall responsibility with three Liberian counterparts, each con-
centrating upon one of the three divisions. At the outset, the senior advisor
will devote a considerable portion of his time to their intensive on-the-job
training to complement their background in indigenous agricultural traditions
and practices. In addition, the Liberian Senior Agriculture Advisor will
attend an intensive course in Integrated Pest Management.
Although the demo farm has a number of allied functions, its pri-
mary purpose is to provide farmers with exposure to mixed farm management
through practical experience and training. The demo farm is already con-
structed, a curriculum to include visual aids in the local dialects is in
the planning stages and considerable crop research and variety trials have
been conducted. The mixed farm crops at the demo farm include upland rice,
irrigated rice, tree crops and nursery, fish ponds, animal feed crops,
vegetables, tubers and seed beds. Continued experimentation
25

vzll focus on develop~lg better varieties of locally produced and consumed
food staples such as cassava, collard greens and sweet potatoes in con-
junction with other outside varietzes that could improve the nutrition in
the local dlet. here is some reluctace on the part of local faxzers
to accept unfarmliar varieties of crops such as garden vegatables and they
say not find an immediate market in the Yekepa area. herefore, experi-
ments will test the economic feasibility of maxketing the crops in the
large urban centers of ~onrovia/Euchanan and the viable spinning-off of
the enterprise to a Idbarfan entrepreneur. In its initial stages, Chis
project would create revenue to help defray operating costs of the farm,
and would provide seeds for the farm supply store.
Villagers wanting to obtain assistance are called to PfP's atten-
tion by others already receiving assistance. Often the first contact
and subsequent follow-up visits are the responsibality of the extension
aids. They visit rural subsistence farmers and introduce them to a va-
riety of methods forobt- higher yields. They will concentrate on
encouraging farmers to use the many small swamps in Upper Nimba County
for at least a portion of their total rice production, and identifying
farmers interested in cultivating larger scale (4 or 5 acres), higher-
yielding flood plain rice. They will assist tree crop farmers to plan
tree stand locations and to obtain and plant seedlings. There will be
one person who will concentrate on organizfPg and assisting school and
agriculture clubs. These activities 6 1
be expanded and straagthan
considerably by the addition of eight extension aides, brFaging the total
to ten, five for Nimba East and fiye for Nimba Vest. PfP recognizes that
part of the success of any extension s-ce stems from r eme, timely
visits by the aides, together with a good level of comnuaAcation with the
villagers thamselves. The aides will try to identify a few iadiriduals
ra each village to reinforce the aide's efforts by expl- and assis-
- -

ting ocher farmers in applying the new techniques. Women perform the buT-L
of the work in the fields and they will have every oppor~unicy to parti-
cxpate in the village togerher n th the extension aides.
Eighvlocal farmers have established, n ch Pf? assiszace, tfle
Laake Multi-Purpose Farmers Cooperazive. It is sho- early signs of
. success in spite of deficiencies in the area of finacial management, pro-
cedures and g ened organization and offers room for improvamenz and ex-
pansion. Part of the overall strategy vilZ be to work prim far~ers through
the cooperative using theco- spto distribute famu inputs, provide loans
for suck inputs, collecting payments a= harvest time when the f mers sell
their produce through the coop marketing system. As uizh all credit
sch&es, there is the problem of ensuring repayment of zhe loans. Working
only with farmers who are members of the coop provides coasiderably more
leverage upon individuals to repay. Peer pressure, the use of sanctions
where applicable, the cuzting off of loans to other members mil repay-
ment is made are all well-tested methods. Co-op specialists vill be added
zo Strengthen and assist tfris existing co-op to btegrate the PfP traia-
ing operation into their activities, c oowte with the cradit officer in
loan procedures and encourage the growth of a similar co-0p.k Yimba Easr;.
An indigenous counterpart will be trained and it is hoped - at Zbe coun-
tespa8.r: will help in the adaptation of the co-op to utilize =he local co-
operative work practices such as eest for uplaPd.rice clearing. The
co-op specialist and coaterpart willtrain local co-op mapagers and vi-
talize the members and board and generally strengthen zhe concept and
operation. of cooperatives. -
Part of the first phase of the Pf'P operation has been to assist rural-
villagers. Villagers often think in tern of community projects as a
first priority, i.e. roads, schools, wells, market areas. Zbis is natural
for a semi-subsistence society and such projects are helped as a par= of

the process of learning management techruques. The villagers indicate
their seriousness by fo- a village development committee to organzze
self-help labor participatzon, set and realize a village fundraiszng
goal, and work out a plan of operatron and follow-up with PfF advisors.
(Concurrently, income-geoeratutg projects are promoted, partacularly
rrce producticn, as part of the program target of increasing local rice
production by 1,500 - 2,000 tons and lessen the 5,000 ton deficit of
Nimba County.) A senior nllage development advisor will:supervise this
operation assisted by a Local counterpart to be trained in the locatxon
of suitable agricultural land, surveying, and land clearing.
Assistance to animal husbandry enterprises and larger-scale farms
(5-20 acres) rests with the Liberian senior agricultural advisor/deputy
general manager who has overall responsibility for the agricultural arm
of the program. PfP will. assist in the expansion of the already esta-
blished enterprises sucfl as poultry and piggery enterprises to supply
I
from local sources sufficient supplies for the Upper Nimba County market
and earn a reasonable profit in the process.
The creation of all sizes and mixes of farms, e.g. one-acre, three-
acre, five-acre plots, up to about 20 acres comprised of flood plab
rice, cash tree crops, vegetables, fish ponds will be promoted depending
on the ability of a e individual or group concerned. Traditional rice
production has been in tbe uplands using shifting cultivation giving
low yields and contributing to leaclung and erosion. Every effort will
be made to demonstrate the considerable advantages in flood plain and
natural swamp cultivation. Floodplain rice can give two yields per - -
aanum averaging at 2 to 3 tons per acre. Natural swamp provides one
yield per annum but this is still greater than the 3/4 ton per acre from
uplands without subsequent ecological damage. The emphasis will be

--
.placed on increasing rice production vhile o ffea levels of choice to
accomplish this purpose. Not all farmers, of course, are suited to the
larger u ndertw but PfP can already identify a number of fazzers who
are ready to begin to develop farms of this kind. B e PfP cont,ibution
comprises of identi- suitable lazid, clear- the land &d discussing
and arranging repayment of the cost of this operation with the farmers.
The land clearing can be done ia a number of ways and PfT is proposing
to dispense with mechaalzed equipkt such as caterpillars and tractors
. .
as much as possible and instead apply more labor-intensive tecflniques by
utilizing t h unemployed persons in damp Four as contract labor. These
people have migrated from the rural areas to work as day laborers in the
mine where there is insufficient emplopent. By organizing them on a
daily basis into land clearing groups, PfP can offer the farper a cheaper
alternative to the use of heayr equipmet and -increase the incomes of the
unemployed and unskilled and possibly reintroduce some of these migZaS%ts
to a farming livelihood. ~ppropkate mechanized equipmeat 3uc3 as the
roto-tiller w ill be available for rental on a daily basis for tke far-
mer. The projections for the revenue from the hire of appropriate tech-
nical equipmet and land clearing operations can be found in Appendix H .
Other personnel needed are: one farm tractor operator, a caterpil-
lar operator, a farm me-c, one roto-tiller operator, demonsrration
farm workers and watchmen.
Commodity purchases include four roto-tillers
which will be the bighest lev& of technological mechanization of rlce
production, three pick-up vahicles, tan motorcycles, assorted equipmant
for land clearing and preparation, .water pumps, soil-testa, -eying - -
and radio and connmmication equipment.
A~~rooriate Teehnoloa -- The appropriate technology P r o m will
require strengthening the edstipg AT Canter, both in physical equipmet
and in its small enterprise trabiag aspects. The center mas begun k

1978 and is located at the ~f~/~iberrra Small-Scale Industrial Estate in
Yekepa. The objectives were and are: (1) to create a mechanical workshop
to produce experimental appropriate technology devices for sale or bire
to farmers, contractors, and rural industrialists; (2) to provide an ex-
tension outreach capable of extend* into the rural area and assist-
these people to become famaliar with AT devices and methods; (3) to
create a worhhop to maintain and repair all of PfP macbiaery equipment
and AT tools; and (4) to provide mechanical and AT trajning to Liberian
trainees and apprentices. Good progress has been made towards these ob-
jectives. The workshop is on the way to completion, needing additional
machine and hand tools and equipment such as arc welders, drill pressers
and'others. The Center has produced cinvaram block devices which are
used by the Liberian low-cost housing contractors, as well as rakes, r im
threshers, cultivators, charcoal and brick kilns and poultry brooders.
The A'M: has an expatriate senior advisor in place and two apprentice
AT trainers working on metal cutting welding and mechanical repair. Two shop
foremen/trainers will be added, one for the AT side and one for the maintenanc
side. A Liberian AT assistant will. be employed addition to a vehical and
equipment maiat-ce supenrfsor assisted by a field maiatenance mechanic to
conduct repairs on the spot in the nual areas. Two extension aides are
to be employed, with the necessary transport (2 motorcycles), to reach
out to the rural areas to i.dantify entrepreneurs for t-raining at the AT
Center, to work on field se-ce problems and to promote the spread and
use of AT tools. The long-term objective is to create a cadre of agri-
zriLtural and AT extension aides rho, with the support of the A m, can -
stimulate rural people to organize, plap and undertake a wide variety of -
income-generating and conmamity projects.

-
Low-cost Construction- Trainiw and Develonrnent -- Initial
attempts by U YCO to "spin-off" Liberian-owned and managed construction
firms proved unsuccessful due to the inexperience of t&e v e r s a d
the sporadic volume of contracts. PfP used a different approach, be-
lie* that it would be more realistic to assist in the establishment
of successful small sub-contractors vho might, in time, develop into
general contractors. To this end, PfP conducted evening courses in the
rudiments of estimatiPg, bidding, work planning and job and financial
management. T&e course also served to identify several contractors vith
the basic desire and capacity to grow. PfP obtained +he s-ces of a
Peace Corps construction specialist who assisted in getting and carry5-i
out larger contracts,
Sfncs the start of the program, considerable experimentation has
been conducted b ed at reducing the cast per unit of low-cost busing
to the point where it is affordable and liveable and consfructed w ith
local materials as much as possible. .Xucb progress b s been made; much
more remains to be dane. Tbe coat &as to be further reduced so as to be
within the rea;:b of people lower dovn t&e social and ecanomic scale.
Ways of bcreasiag the degree of self-help participation are ta be fur-
ther explored and implamentad, as are nev AT devices sucb as an increase
the use of local materials, all of vhicb will be of help in further
reducing the cost. The contractors, already progressing we=, w i l l con-
tinue to receive advice and assistance as appropdatkvhile new contrac-
tors, who can organize a successful operation, VFU be idantifid, trained
and assisted in all aspects of low~coat hawing construction. - -
The 11,-r- .;.st construction portion of the Appropriate Tecbaology
Development m ill identify liksly antrepraneurs for on-the-job/clasrroom
t w and train and assist them in e5tabliahin.g *&emselves as sub

general contractors, and explore and adapt the concept of low-cost housing
constructaon along the lines of the cnzeria mentaoned above. m e Con-
structzon Trarning Officer, an expatrrate, will recru~t and intensively traln
two Lrberian counterparts. The intention is chat one of the two kill be able
t> become the eventual re~lacement for the expatrrate advisor. The expansioz;
of the constructaon program will require a bookkeeper/office clerk and a
vehicle driver. As the prime function of the Pf? staff is management and
technical assistance, the comodity inputs required are one light pick-up
truck, office supplies plus some secondary equipment - hand tools, sur-
veying and drafting materials and other training aids.
.To,, e~f-rt: low-cost housing projects turn out to be too expensiva for
low income people to afford or b d s to finance. And often, without the
participation of the people themselves, they turn into uncared-for slums.
The PfP scheme reduces the cost to about $1,200 per unit and includes the
beneficiaries in the planxchg process. See Appendix I for costs and
designs.
A new function of the Appropriate Technology Center nll be to bring
in artisans and upgzada their teobpical skills while teaching them busi-
ness skills. The Liberian artisan wall be trained in the entire tecbnolo-
gy including business. skills. This will include: (1) design; (2) tools
and equipment; (3) technical t r u ; (4) bookkeeping and accounting;
(5) marketing. Emphasis will be placed on recruiting already-operat*
Liberian artisans who exprasspn interest in, and a need for additional
tra3ning. It is planaed to traia these potential entrepreneurs so that
each will be capable of operating & aspects of a d l
enterprise. Th-
credit, via the revolving loan fund, will. be available, as needed, by able
frainees in their own businesses. The Liberian artisan will pay back the
?fP investment over approximately a five-year period through one' or a com-
bination of the folloring: (1) down payment prior to t r w
(with or

kLthouz credit); (2) installment payments; (3) percentage of soss sales;
(4)labor contributed to the Center or the employment of apprentices f,wm
the Center in the artisan's business.
such activity could be carried out in steps: szart by ck-g- for
materials, then for use of equipment, then for consultation and other
labor, and finally for the establishment of a new produczion unic under
indigenous control, with continuing consultation. Durjng such an evolution,
~f~/~iberia will work out a method of s m . & the profitability of the
projects in order to establish iZseLf as a.self-sustaixbg iastitution.
An equity position, percentage of gross sales or contribution of apprentice
train* . . are among possibilities being considered. It will be necessary
to maintain great flexibility in implement* this program, e.g., tmder-
standing and identifying the needs of under-privileged k&diuiduais aizd
groups, avoiding the imposition of Western ideas and teclmiques, adapting
the speed of impl-tation to the abilities of the recipients.
Industrial and Commercial Enternrise Develoomenz -- In order zo
develop employment opportrmity and income generation in Yekepa whicfl will
be 'independent of iron ore ininjng and be able to use che -rastructure
development (i. e. railroad, roads, housing, workshops, elececiCy, water
system, etc.) which might eventually be abandoned, PfP encourages the de-
velopment of industrid and commercial enterprises using locally available
materids and s e w
other markets as well as Yekepa. Host promising
for long-term viability are the forestry, savmilliz2g, and aroodwor?cing
enterprises.
-
Another category of anterprise encouraged by PfT are those which -
sene the W O
comuunity market primarily but can gradually become less
and less dependenz on that marke t and finally a deve independence. Sood
process-, mechanical serpices, transportation, metal workkg, hotels,
restaurants, tailoring, handcrafts and some semice and retaLl enzeqrises
belong in that category. Even though the enzerprise mig3z d epd for some
33

time on the LAMCO-created community purchasing power, PfP regards it as
worth encouraging because of the entrepreneurral training gained by its
owners and employees wbch LS transferable to another location if ne-
cessary.
Therefore, PfP's marn thrust in the early years, 1973-1976, was to
encowe formatron of industrial and commercial enterpnses in and around *
Yekepa, some of which, like the sawmillirrg company, required foreign in-
vestment and expertise and were, therefore, set up as foreidLiberian
partnershps; others like the frrrnxture companies, were set up as Lzberian
corporations and sole proprietorships.
. The long-term objective is to create enough 'fidustrial and commer-
cial enterprise to absorb the Yekepa conanunity manpower pool as, and when,
iron ore mining winds down and co generate enough income to support the
community.
PfP must work at many different levels to accomplish the objective.
PfP will continue to encourage GOL and other agencies to review small
business regdations, and PfF will endeavor to be an information and
guidance center on how to comply with GOL regulations. PfP has encouraged
banks, finance companies and development agencies to open credit facili-
txes in Upper Nimba County. PfP has twice been selected to prepare the
feasibility studies pertinent to financial institution branches in Yekepa.
The Liberian Bank for Development and Lnvestment (LBDI) and the Agricul-
tural Cooperative Development Bank (ACDB) are both talking about opening
branch offices in Yekepa within the next t-so years.
PfP endeavors to attract foreign capital to Yekepa in the form of- -
joint ventures w ith Liberlan entrepreneurs or foreign/Liberian partner-
ships. In this effort, PfF collaborates with the Liberian Development
Corp (LDC) and an Association of Scandinavian industry which seeks such

.
Via its revolving loan fund, PfP will make long-tern, low-interest
development loans to entrepreneurs and provide managerial, accounting,
and technical advisory services to them. Sometimes other agencies such
as International Executive Service CO~~(IESC) and Swedish Coope-rative
Center (SCC) are calied upon by PfP for short-term. consulting a ssi~-
ments to specific entrepreneurs..
The second phase of the Fndustrialand commercial program will ex-
pand the range of the accounting, financial,..matkeFipg and rhaaagement
training services. PfP's capacity to respond to. requests-for assis-
. .
tance trill be strengthened by the follorirrg staff: an expatriate Rural In-
dustry Advisor to commence in the first year, one new and one existing Li-
berian counterpart who will receive intensive on-the-job training. The Rural
Lndustry Advisor will initially concentrate on regularizing internal
controls and reporting of the program and then provide adpisorp services
to locd enterprises. To date, the Ganeral Xanager has devoted a consi-
derable portion of hls-time to tbis field. Two additional Liberiazis will
be hired and trained as advisory aides to commercial/industrial enter-
prises, increasipg the outreach to small enterprises in the rural areas.
The proposed commodity expenditures include tuo small sedans for the
additional staff and related office supplies, e.g., a photo-copy machine.-
Creriit -- Credit is the final elemant of the PfP program in Upper
Nimba Couaty. It is part of each of the dements described above and yet,
as a specialized activity, needs to be dealt with sepately. Credit has
been an informal part of ~fP/LLberia's. activities from its incept: -on. - -
LAnCO exteuaed to PfP a $100,000 non-interest bearing loan re-
papble in 1985 of vhich $70,000 has been used to develop an industrial
estate and $J0,000 is being w ed as a revolving loan fund. These loan
funds together with funds from other sources, have bean used to assist
various individual busiaesses and colmrmpity projects in the rrtrd area
around Yekepa.
3 5

The credat operation now needs to be expanded, strengthened, forma-
lazed and steps need to be taken to institutaodize it. A credit of-
ficer vath two assistants are proposed to coordinate and manage the credit
activitaes related to the various elements of the overall program. They
-11 brrng znto focus the exast- informal loan satuataon and start
lending to individuals and groups on a more orgazuzed basis. The credit
operation will be established as a developmental tool as well as a facili-
Lat,mp3 mechanism. Small businesspersons, small fanners, co-ops etc.
wrll be learning how to borrow money, use it, and repay it. They wall,
with this experience, develop to the point of gaining access to conven-
tional credit and financial resources. The credit operation will experi-
ment towards indigenous institutionaiizataon that wll continue to meet
the needs of the people at the lower socio-economic levels throughout
Upper Nimba County. Appropriate credit will be available and actively
used for all Pf~/~iberaa activities. It nil1 be particularly directed
toward inputs for quasi-subsistence farmers and processing and other ac-
tivities related to their outputs, and toward establishing and strangthen-
iPg Linkages betweea the naral and urban sectors. In its human develop-
ment function, credit will also be channelled into small village income-
generating community projects with the purpose of expanding the monetasy
and loan knowledge of quasi-monetized people through the actual loan
exp eri enc a.
The following loan fund criteria have been developed and success-
fully applied in other PfF programs in Africa. They will be adapted and
instituted by the credit officer. .(1) Any entrepreneur or group of entre-
preneurs proposiPg projects wuch satisfy the following conditions:
-- are profit-making and therefore self-sustaining, or are
community-oriented
-- contribute to the general economic and social well-beof
the ares
. -- axuphasize increased productivity and self-sufficiency of
the area
36
-

*
-.(2) Existing entrepreneurs must submit a PfP/Liberia loan application
form accompanied by an up to date Balance Sheet, a Profit aPd Loss State-
ment and ~LI analysis of hov the loan vill affect izcome and cosrs. Xev
entrepreneurs must submit the loan application f om wlth statemenzs de-
tailing capital investment needs and estimates of monzhly income a d
operating costs. (3) In keeping vith the nature of the project and in
order to encourage high risks but potentially productive and useful enter-
- priaes, loan collateral is not required. However, in order to emphasize
the importance of timely loan rapayment,, each project proposal will be the
object of a thorough feasibility study,.apd entrepreneurs receivFPg loans
will receive regular PfPrnanage+ant consultation. A follow-up sel-vi-ce
for all loan recipients will discourage late repayments and defaults.
(4) Projects where the entrepreneur furnishes less than 20% of the total
investment will generally not be considered. However, in exceptional
cases, this rule may be waived when the PfP advisor believes the project
vo-y or that it has a reasonable likelihood of success. (5) Money is
to be lent at "going rates" of interest with rapaymant tenns to be an=nged
by PfP advisors based on the expected financial perfo-ce of the enter-
prise.
It is understood that a Dutch-sponsored credit project is coatam-
plated for all of Liberia. Also, the new Agriculture Cooperative Deve-
lopment BaPk has mantioned a willingness to open a sub-branch in Yekepa
sometime after 1980. -/Liberia w i l l coordinate its credit efforts vith
any such project, but it believes tbat a PfP-cont;.olled credit source
should be closely integrated withethe other assistaace oifered by pfP/ - -
Liberia. Institutional credit is aot currently available in Uppar Ximba
County to the people rith whom PfP is, and vlLl contirme to be working.
(For a more detailed description of the Credit Plan, see Appendix P.)

Imolementation Plan
(a) The project will be carried out directly by the Partnership
for Productivity (PfP) utilizing small and short-term contracts for con-
sultants or support services as necessary.
(b) PfP will provide the technical assistacce through the use of
paid PfP staff personnel, possibly supplemented by consultancy services
as necessary. Commodities will be provided as detailed in the text, in-
eluding items for experimentation and for staff support.
(c) PfP has connaenced the process of identifying and recruiting
additional senior staff to be assigned -d..thin the t de proposed for start
of klementation. Existing staff are identifying local personael for
possible future recruitment.
(d) Proposed disbursement and procurement procedures and controls:
PfP project manager will be responsible for disbursements, procurement,
accormtiag and control. Accounts will be subject to appual review by a
competent independent auditor. Reports will be filed with USAP) in line
with contract requirements.
(e) Schedule of actions required:
OPG signed august 1979
New staff arrivals
Project implementation Oct. 1979
begins
(f) Pf'P moaitor5ag plan: The project manager will be making quar-
terly progress reports to the PfP director and Board, with copies to the
Am Mission. The project vill be'vlszted regularly by PfP intenaatio@
management. In addition, it is expected that close personal contact will
be maintained betweea the project manager and the AID Kission Director
or his appointed representative.
.

Coo~erativee
lilro coqwt "live specialist
llire lorn1 counterpart
Contfww on- the- Job training
~r cwcnLerpart
Cunrmtnrpart replscnd erpat.
advinor
Review exieting coopn
Expand existing coop
Continue to develop exi sting
cool'
Promote h rxpnnd new coops
Mollitor axlstinp animal hue-
bnndx y enterprison
Promote add) tional enterprises
Year 4 Year S

Assint with nmtnblislunont of new
ontnrprinns
Coldact mn~~lcnl:J~~(:
stwlios Cor Im~tdJ
crnct ~',",'ll,ctn

~dentli'y 6, rocnuit trsineea
Conduct in1 tin1 training oouree
neview d revise training course
Conduct trninine courses
llire d trait, AT oxtansion aidsa
Deplrty extension aides to field
Extennlovl Alrlnn work In fibld .
otleoiwg 'tmlning of extensioy aidea
Selection or AT proJecte
Development "1' AT projects
Froclectio#r of AT tools

Evaluation
In accordance with AID evaluation policy, Pf? plans to carry
on continuing evaluation during the life of the project. The logframe
(means of verification) indicates the periodic documents uMch -%ill be
used to report problems, adaptations, and progress.
As is emphasized throughout this proposal, the projecz will
concentrate on the development of people, as well as the production of
material items. This fact, combined with efie well-known scarcity and
usmeliability of most statistics in a largely skbsistence area, dictazes
(1) limited scheduling of planned accomplishments and (2) an exploratory
approach aimed at adapting the conceptual framework for evaluation of +his
and other development programs. Such a framework will include:
(1) The qualitative approach wbich places great import.ance
on zhe subjective, dynamic nature of the development process. Development
is seen as hunan development, meaaing principally the various manifesta-
tions of people's attitudes, values and consciousness. Such a view em-
phasizes the critical nature of the sociocultwal context of the program.
(2) Quantitative Mysis: for e;rampJ.e, cost/benefit
analysis, which seeks to reflect in quantitative tern the tgpe of goods
and amount of monetary income the project will produce year by year, to-
gether with CRYP and PQLI statistics.
(3) The defiPition of relationships and lizrkages vhich are
needed at a U levels, horizontal and vertical, forrard and ba&i, to
create the holistic framework necessary for comwzication and economic
progress, and to decrease dependencies on exogenous factors. m s
-
approach
will take into account facts such as the economic ipfrastructure, appro-
priateness of soft-&-e and hardware systems, and credit, factors --ch a-e
not sufficient in and of themselves but wbich are imponanc by vinure of
their relat~onship to other factors.

In order to initxate this evalua%ion strategy, an exper~enced con-
sultant is to spend 3 to 4 months la- the methodological groundwork
m conjunctxon wxzh ~f~/~iberia staff. Thereafter, a senior Program and
Evaluatzon Officer will join the permaaent staff. He will commence by
gathering and collating human and zechaical data on the area, particularly "
in the subsistence agricultural sector, workhg towards a synthesis of
the three levels as the program develop, recoarmending changes in the
methods of operation, end reporting the progress of the project to USAID,
~JXJ/~ashi.a~ton and ~fP/Washiagton. At least one independent evaluation
will.be carried out duriq the life of the program preferably at the end
of the first two years, and the results will be adapted and utilized by
the staff evaluation officer.
a

1. b.F-6.d PrP/LtbVII .LISr Up.(ilW.
I. 0th.I rrp.P1d a..rlupo.uC .Ir.,r=l
ash u cs-zp.x-au- rl-a th. Go- h-
1-c for C a w X- Co. L P ~ a. ~OL
nprrr tad Prom..
3. x7ACzru.d 1.r.l or local krn... rnd
b U V A S i d dPlld .ad -= fez P R
S.dS..-
)I.
.I-. Co.
.s-e asrzirr ~n sppu

I
\&evemne ho9e lunambr-prsc
LIMCO continues to suyporr Jev't. rctivi-
Program pucumenta ,ties r;l the Y.lie?a area.
mupl repofta .Pd audits 'GOL conthe8 50- supjjort growth ~f the
GOL md business statistics able economic- co- Cy
Independent .valuation formi. of indiviw, socisl d econo-.
ic dw't. are in%--r.1at.d at a baaic
level and r y w I holistic approach
t .roarnous facroro, r. rrrth*r or
olitical instability ~ 1 not 1 rander tha
dw't. effaW indfoctLYe.

A. To allow a procurement source waiver from AID Geographic Code
941 (U.S. only) to Geographic Code 93j (Free World) source countries as
. Description of Commodity: small, lightweight irailbFkes
of 175 CCs or less
. Approximate Value: $27,600
. Probable Source: Japan
,. - -- - : ..
. Discussion: ~f~/~iberia is requesting a source waiver to per-
. .
mit procurement of approximately 19 small, lightweight trailbikes from
Code 935 countries as per the guideline #4~2(d) in Handbook $1, Supplement
B, pages 4-8. The mo;torcycles are to enable the appropriate technology
center extension aides and agriculture and rural development extension
aides to reach out to the outlying rural areas. The distances, terrain and
climate invalved necessitate the use of motorcycles as the cheapest and
most efficient means of transport and preclude the use of other forms of
transport, e.g. bicycles. The same applies in the case of the credit offi-
cers and management advisors. The type of motorcycles to be used will be
light trail bikes.
The project already has a number of motorcycles from 935 source
countries which have proved td be well-suited to their purp3ses. Servicing
and spare parts are available for these machines whereas they are not avail-
able for U.S. motorcycles. No motorcycles of the size and type required
are manufactured in the U.S.
B. To allow for a Proprietary Procurement Waiver as follows:
. Description ofCommodity: Caterpillar Front Loader
. Approximate Value: $60,000
. Probable Source: Caterpillar Corporation or agent thereof

. Discussion: ~f~/~zberia is requesting a Proprietary Procure-
ment Waiver for the purchase of one Caterpillar Front Loader as justified
according toGuideline #3~4~(3) and (5) in Handbook #1, Supplement B, pages
3-8 as follows:
The Liberian American Mining Co. (LAYCO) uses Caterpillar .
equipment and Caterpillar has opened the only fully stocked sales and ser-
vice center in Yekepa. Also., due to their experience gained while working G
..., for the Minin&Company, a pool..of machinery operators and mechanics skilled
in the use of Caterpillar equipment exists within the project area.
To take advantage of these existing skills and facilities the
project needs Caterpillar equipment. To use a non-Caterpillar Front-end
Loader, the project would have to develop new channels for the supply of
spare parts and retrain the local operators and mechanics. Th~s means
that operation of the front-end loader would have to rely, at vest, upon
Monrovia as a source of spare parts. If the supplier of the front-end
loader does not have a service facility in Xonrovia, the use of this
equipment would depend upon a supply channel stretching back to the U.S.
Because of the limited nature of this procurement, it is not reasonable
to expect a supplier to create or improve its ability to service a single
front-end loader operating in the project area. This places the full bur-
den for maintaining and operating the equipment upon the project staff.
To avoid the problems and down time inherent in the retraining of
operators and mechanics on unfamiliar equipment, and the need to create
new support channels a proprietary procurement waiver has been requested.
C. To allow for a Proprietary Procurement Waiver as follows:
. Description of Commodity: Yanmar Roto-tillers with cage,
wheels, blades and manuals
. Approximate Value: $24,000
. Probable Source: Japan

. Discussion: Pf~/~iberia is requesting a Proprietary Procure-
ment Waiver to permit procurement of approximately 4 Yanmar Roto-tillers as
justified according to Guideline #3~4~(1) (3) and (4) in Handbook 91, Sup-
plement B, pages 3-8 as follows:
PfP/Liberia has experimented with a variety of rozo-tillers
., including the W roto-tiller of the Philippines during the past three years
1
-
to test their application in the local conditions of Nimba County, Liberia.
The results of this testing has shokn the Yanmar machine to be the most
*. >.
successful from all points of view - design, job performance and main-
tenance.. As a result, ~f~/~iberia has standardized and is operating two
Yanmar roto-tillers. Staff has been trained to operate, maintain and re-
pair these machines in the field. Stocks of Yanmar spare parts are already
on hand and savings in time and cost of maintenance will be realized.
The roto-tillers are needed to introduce firsz stage mechanization
into soil preparation and irrigation for grain, legume and tree crop pro-
duction. The general shortage of available farm labor in Nimba County
means that plarrs to increase agricultural production necessitazes the use
of these roto-tillers.
Note: Exclusion of procurement from Free World countries ocher than the
cooperating country and countries included in Code 941 would seriously
impede attainment of U.S. foreign policy objectives and objectives of
foreign assistance program.

A. Total Project Cost
Foreign Exchange Costs
Local Currency Costs
B. Proposed Financing
AID
GOL
LAMCO
Other donors
Estimated Prolect Costs
C. Funding Contribution by FY ($000)
- FYI - FY 2 EL2 - FY4
AID 700.1 665.9 673.8 652.1
GOL 50.0 70. o 70.0 70.0
LAMCO 60.0 60.0 60.0 60. 0
Other donors 105.3 134.5 150.4 156.1
Total 915.4 930.4 954.2 938.
D. Total Project Costs by Expenditure Category ($000)
- Item - Fx - LC
Personnel
Vehicles
433.0
226.2
1,493.3
- -
Machinery & Equipment
Operation & Maintenance
191.3
203.6
24.2
249.6
Experimental & Development
Inputs
73.5
350.0
137 5
--
Credit
Buildings - - 21.7
Administration & General 368.0 395.4
Support 1,845.6 2,321.7
TOTAL
* represents O/H on AID grant
566.8
- Total
53,258.7
90.0 350.0
60.0 300. 0
135.3 681.6
852.1 $49590.3

1) Persormel
1009 Px Costs 85.8
2) Perqomel
1,0$ u: costa 95.7
3) Vehloles
loo$ Fx Costs
4) Haoh L Equip
100s Fx Costs 102.5
5) Exp L Development .
Inpu te 100% Fx
. -
15.5
6) Equip cb Maint
Opera tion 31.2
1005 Fx Costs
7) Admin L Genll Support
100% 137.4
8) Credit Fund 100% 25.0
Total Direot 606.1
011 159 91.0
Total Costa - 697.1 662.7 670.6 648.9 563.6 3,242.9
Legal Audit 3.0 5.2 j ; 2- 3.2 3.2 15.8
'rn~n I 7nn. 1 hhr,.o 677.8 652, I 566.8 3.258.7

F. PERSON MAN YEARS BY FY
Ztem FY1 FY2 FY7 FY4 FY5 Total
Personnel
Man Years
(FX costs)
Personnel
Man Years
(LC costs) 41 46 47 47

G. BREAKDOWN OF LINE ITEMS
Machinery and Eouioment Inputs
To include:
Office machines - photocppiers, typewriters
Surveying equipment
Drafting equipment
Mobile jacks
Pallets
Construction equipment and handtools
Construction training aids
AT machine tools, handfwols and assorted equipment
AT stock and supplies
Spare parts for AT machines
Roto-tillers with cage, wheels, blades, manuals (4)
Water pumps with hoses, filters, pipes, valves (6)
Soil testing, surveying training equipment
Radio and communications equipment
Farm handtools
Front loader
Experimental and Development Inputs
Vehicles
Business systems equipment, supplies and training aids
Material testing equipent for construction
Inputs hito rural industries
F'ublications, training aids, experimental supplies
Inputs into Demonstration Farm
Inputs into Rural Schools Agricultural Programs
Small Sedans 7
Pick-upa 7
Motorcycles
Bkcycles
19

H. RECURRENT COSTS BY EXPENDITURE CATEGORY ($000)
Commodities - 3 Vehicles
Machinery & equipment 47.0 .
Operation & maintenance 61.4
In Kind Costs 50.0
TOTAL 461.3
2. Funding Contributions After Years ($000)
GOL
LAMCO
Revenue from fees/rentals 100.0
Other Donors 150.0
In Kind Contributions 52.0
TOTAL 462.0

~LXZING THE DEVELORIENT ommuxn
CREATED BY .&?I
IRON ORE XIYIXG CDNCXSSION 13 LIBERIA

EVOLUTION OF THE YEX'U.4 EXPERDIEYT
Concern for the future of the concession
area after depletion of the ore
Larnco adopts a "spin-off" policy and
starts implementation . .
Spin-off results were disappointing
ORW,XIZIXG AND FUNI)IXG TIE CCPERIXFXT
A private agency is selected to manage
the cowunity viability effort
A program for Yekepa is proposed
PFP's first three-year budget
Applying for funds to supplement Lamco support
First three year funding
Funding tabulation
THE -I GXPEBIWEJlT GETS UNDE8yiAY
Priorities are determined
PFP adopts a development strateqy
The first year program is projected
THE FIRST YEAR
Coping with unforeseen public rdation problems
Strengthening existing spin-off enterprises
Starting new spin-off enterprises
Reactivating teraporarily closed down
Liberian enterprises
Assisting enterprises proposed by Liberians
to start up
Starting enterprises to be spun off to
Liberian ownership and management when
proven viable
Page

Rojects started and aanaged by PFP
Other activities undertaken by PFP
Conclusions discussed
Continued assistance to existing
spin-off enterprises
Zlar spin-offs undertaken require
less PFP involvement
Smell-scale enterprises increase in number and
rariety introducing new concerns and problems
PFP builds a mull-scale industrial estate
Conclusions discussed
A senior Liberian Agicultural Advisor
is hired and progam designed
Fbds are obtained for the agricultural
and rural developlent pro-
G.O.L. pledges m agricultural tool and
supply input
PFP org-anizes and equips for the
agricultural program
Implementation begins
Objectives of aasistance to the PFT irrigated
rice, mixed vegetable and tree ears are revised
Assistance to Ajavon Poultry Farm is spt-tized
and becomes wre effective
A Piggem project is studied, capitalized
and imp1 wented in record time
Liberian entrepreneur, James'Tabla, is given a
loan and assistance to start a Farm Supply Store
A demonstration and training farm is started
. -

A strategy evolves for selecting farmers
and rural development groups to assist
Page
Agricultural Extension Services are well 89
received and effective
A farm machinery and equipment center 91
is established
SECOND AND THIN) YEAR OTHER ACTIVITIES
R-ovision of credit and experimental investment
Cuttington College student intern program
Contractor training and rural induatry development
Miscellaneous voluriteer work
Conclusions discussed
OUTXMK PUR THE NEXT TWO YU8S
95
95
95
95
100
One donor agency is unable to continue 101
financial support
Reducing the budget rill alter PTP's capabilities
101
l%e program for 1978-1979 iacorporates 102
espedient changes
Increased reporting burden reduces 102
productive staff time
Conclusions discussed 104
Creating a viable co-ity should be regarded
as a primary purpose, not aa a possible by-product,
of the conc+ssion venture
An experienced development agency should be
invited to laanage the viable community prop;rm
Publicize the program thoroughly
Hake sure that practical advisors are recruited
and hired to run the program
10s
105
106
106
-

Organize the development agency for
the job to be done
ContruI the amount of input into
the program
"Get on rid. it"
Pas
loi
105
108

The experiment described herein
is still on-going. It was started in
1974 by Partnership for Productivity
foundation / Liberia and its parent
affiliate, PFP / USA. The experiment
was conceived, heavily supported and
financed by the hmco iron mining
joint venture in Liberia. Financial
and "in kind" support was also pro-
vided by PACT, a consortium of pri-
vate development agencies; ICFVil-m,
the Swedish YMCA-YWCA Association;
and the Government of Liberia.
Additional funds for the fourth
and fifth years of the experiment
have been pledged by the International
Foundation for Science (IFS) and ap-
plied for from the United States Agen-
cy for International Development(USA1D).
lIhat moderate success has been
achieved so far has been because of
the hard work and cooperation of
Liberian entreprenec~rs and farmers.

The Yekepa Model is,dedicatad
to two practical h-itarians
rho joined in applying
creative leadership to correcting
an internatio~el injustice.
David H. Scdl of America
President, PFP/USA
BEST AVAILABLE COPY
0110 Wijkstram of
General Xanager
klco 1968-1976
. .
. . .~ ._ -

XINING CLAY FOR BRICX
BESTAVAILABLE cow

This article attempts to establish a model
whereby concessionaires, dealing with depletable
resources and products . subject to unforeseen
mrld market devaluation, and governments host-
ing such concessionaires, can minimize the s-
ploitive impact of these ventures -by turning
them into development opportunities for the con-
cession comawnities and their-residents.
For too many years. concession agreeuents
betreen sophisticated multi - national corpora-
tions and the governments of developing count-
ries .have been unjust to the local residents of
concession areas. While they experience short-
term benefits in the form of caployment, skill
acquisitioa,housing, education and medical care,
they are frequently left hi& and dm when the
concessionaire leaves or den the exploitable
resource is exhausted or abruptly devalued. This
is especially unjust because these people aight
have been better off if their progress Lad been
allowed to proceed at a natural, rather than an
accelerated pace.
A method to avoid this unjust and inhumane
result. and, in fact, to use the presesca! of a
multi-national concessionaire to create lasting
and sustahable benefits for local citizens. is
being tested right nor in Yekepa, Liberia.
After tbru years, the experiment in Yekcpa
rhich teams up a high-technology, joint aining
venture with a small Quaker sponsored private
development agency appears to be aaking progress
toward the creation,of an economically viable
co-ity capable of sustaining itself after the
mining company leaves.
Three years is a short time to prove any-
thing in an African development context.tlorever,
the method which has evolved from the Yekcpa ex-
periment has resulted in sufficient progress to
justify recommending it as a model for airilar
ventures.

During the construction and mine-development years little
thought was given to m~nimizing the long-term exploitive impact
on Liberia of the concession agreement which had a termination
date in the year 2022. This was because such vast amounts of
foreign capital were being spent for infrastructure which
included a port and port tom, 160 miles of railroad, a mining
tom in Nimba rith 3,000 houses, 22,000 population, electrification,
rater purification, sewage treatment and disposal, schools,
training centers, hospitals, churches, markets and recreational
facilities. It seemed impossible then to envision that anything
besides benefit to local citizens cottld result from such
lavish and permanent investment.
PARTIAL YIEW OF THE INDUSTRIAL AE.4
5

Concern for the future of the concession area after depletion
of the ore
Not until 1969 was an1 serioua thought given to the
future of the concession area after depletion of the ore. The
incumbent Swedish General .%nager of hmco, Hr. Olle Wijkstros,
expressed to the participants his conce.-n for the long term
future of the mining and port communities and their Liberian
residents. It was estimated then that 20 to 23 years of
intensive mining might be all that were left.
He convinced the participants that an important humanitar-
ian and self-enlightened objective of the joint venture should
be to convert the "company tomsn into communities which would
remain economically viable after depletion of the ore. An
objective this massive and broad in scope, he reasoned, could
only be achieved by a gradual, but steady. progress which must
be planned and started immediately.
An interesting side glance into the reaction of various
Lamco Board members to b. Wijkstrom's concern took place
during the 1973 Board meeting when a small investment in a
community viability project was proposed. Six out of eight
Board members had approved when the last tn, arrived at the
meeting late because of a flight delay. These two were
generally regarded as "hard nosed" businessmen.
When asked how they voted, one replied, "I find it
difficult to vote on a proposal which I haven't heard."
The senior World Bank Board member commented thus, "Gentlemen,
you'll find it more difficult den you heard, nor vote yes."
They did.
Lamco adoots a "sain-off" uolic~ and starts imulementation
Various managerial and technical personnel already
employed by Lamco were appointed in 1969 and 1970 to study
opportu~itiea for "spi~ing-off" to Liberian omerahip and
management company-nm activities which were not directly
related to the extraction, procsssing, and ahipment of iron
ore. A policy was adopted whereby the company would consider
spinning off to private entrepreneurs any production or
serrics rhich the private enterprise could provide at, or
below, Lanco's cost. Such activities as supermarket operation,
home building, persopnel transport, and furniture repair
were judged to be operations which, with pod management and
adequate initial capital, could be independent private
enterprises aer*ing the community efficiently and prosparing
in the process.

2
kaco acted quickly md spun off it8 mpenmrht to USrC ,
an establiahed company rflich had enough capital to purchase
the S80,OCO inventory. Later, a major portion of its house construction
was spun off to Nirba Realty and ~onstructh(NRC~),
a corporation created for this purpose. YRCC ras omed by Liberian
shareholders, of dich only one ras actively employed
by the new corporation aa general wager. The other shareholders
rere fully emplopd elserfiere. hmco loaned YRCC its initial
operating capital and started awarding construction contracts
to NRCC rith prices and time limitations computed by
harro's civil engineers to be comparable to Lamco's om costa.
The aam procssa was followed in creating Hount iiinba Trmsprt
Company Olonitco); knitco's initial fleet of vehicles raa omed
by k o . but leased to, and operated by, Woniteo.One &areholder,
an exceptionallr able Liberian fonerly eqloycd by Lar-
co, was selected to be Wonitco's general manager. In Mu
ahion, the comwnity's mtion-picture recreational program was
made into a private Liberian omed and lanagad enterprise which
leased the colpanjl+ theater and projection equipment for film
shorings. A -11 furniture repair .hop was equipped rrtd turned
over to Liberian ownership. Almst all shareholders of these en-
terprises -re full-tire W o
employees rho agreed to avoid
conflict of interest by staying out of their day-to44 auragement
.
Soin-off results rere diuowfntinq
It mon became evident that these spin-off enterprbea which
wre crested to become sound, independent. Liberian om4 and
managed companies rere not mrking well. The serricr8 provided
by spun-off corpanies sdfered from problem8 relating to poor
technical maintermace, hadequate personnel training, and organ-
izational difficulties. The companies themselves became financi-
ally shaky for reasons most often reflecting lack of rapagerial
e?rperience and accounting drllla and sometimes unforeseen local
concepts as to rhat constitutes mund buainesa judgesvent in the
use of company ftmda and other assets. For a rhile krco endeav-
or-d to prop up tbe spun-off corporations rith mrgency iajut-
ions of capital and advice, reasoning that their start-up prob-
lems night be noma1 phenomena and disappear after a year or tro
of shakedown and experience. Thi8 optirin a8 not justified.
Prablels in aoolication of the soin-off eoncrut
Vhen a specialist in Afriuo enterprle developent n a enga-d
as a consultant in 1973 to nke racnrtndatiorm toncerning
application of the apin-off poliw md to dwelop an over - a11
stnteg and plan for mrkfng t o e w d t y
fa-
riability.hir fi-
ndinm indicatad that while the rpin-off concept- sormd, diaappointiag
rwsultr rdated to application of tha concept, Suc -
cessful inplerentrtion of the concept .odd require a different
-
approach than that ued by k
take into considoration that:
o to &to. The nsr approach nt
'US~C: United States Trading Cowany ( a Fireatone subsidi-
-

a) operational units perceived by Scandinavian nranagers
of a large, high-technology, mining venture as suitable units
to be spun off to local entrepreneurs were too large and too
complex for the level of managerial skill locally available.
h) the artificial mining concession community, which
only a few year* before had been a traditional subsistence
farsing area, suffered a chronic shortage of educated people
with entrepreneurial amtivation and businesa experience.
Ereqons with maagorial or technical skill potential had
alreae been hired by kxo.
C) .h.rkholders, however well educated and experienced,
who did not invest rubstantial personal savings, or an aqui-
valent in tiwe and effort devoted to the forsation and start-
up of an enterprise, wen not sufficiently motivated to lis-
ten to operating problem and extend their know-how to assist
management.
d) newly formed companies could not expect to produce
goods and services competitive in quality and price to a
depart~ent of u w which had been in the business for five
years with skilled expatriate technicians and administrators.
e) the hope that a spun-off enterprise would become
rapidly independent ras unrealistic. In practice, the dominant
role of hrco in conceiving the new enterprise, financing it.
functioning as its sanagement consultant, and being the major
customer created the opposite result, The spun-off company
bocaem mre dependent than it had been as a department or
roetion of LUUO.
f) an7 -bet of hmco management, however detached and
objective, was suspect in his role as advisor to spun-off
anterprims. The entreprrneurs did not bow whether the advice
received ras for their benefit or Lawo's. Therefore respanso
to such advice and counsel was often nertive.
g) in canes where a new spin-off enterprise took over
f0rm.r L.+BCO enplofees. there was considerable resistance to
tho spin-off on the part of these employees who had to give
up Laeo seniority, fringe benefits, housing, and the security
of working for tbe lar-r coqany.
h) an unfortunate by-product of five years of prosperous
minmg and conrtructlon uader the umbrella of a paternally
-aged Swedish eoqany had bee to take away from local
people auch of the initiative, self-reliance, and traditional
ethicd standards fostered by their fomer nay of life.
-

After one year of study and experimentation, the consultant
recommended early in 1974 that a private agency with experience
in advising and assisting African entrepreneurs should be
invited by hmco to set up a headquarters in Yekepa. The agency
selected should incorporate as a non-profit Liberian foundation
in order to be eligible for international development financing.
and it should take over numagemeat of the viable cornunity effort
started by hmco. The consultant advised that the long-tern
objective could not be achieved by spin-off alone, but tht a
ride range of agricultural, comercial and industrial enterprises
unrelated to irnn ore mining would be required to make the
cormunity viable after the ore depleted. He agreed with hmco's
humanitarian General bnager, Xr. Wijkstrom, that an intensive
effort to foster the formation and start-up of these enterprises
should be launched immediately.
In oversimpIified form, the objective was to create enough
enterprise in the following 20 years to employ 5,000 people
and earn an aggregate sales income of 950,000,000 per year,
thewby providing a tax base to support Yekepa. The tom had
grown to be Liberia's second largest city and was offering its
residents amenities and services which muld cost SS,OCO,OCO
per year to sustain.
A ~rivate aqencv is selected to manaee the cosmrunit~ viabilitv
effort
-.
After an extensive observation trip throughout Africa and
developing nations hosting concessions elsdere. L e o ma%%--
nent agreed that the Partnership for Productivit? program in
Kenya (a Quaker sponsored, dl-ecale enterprise develoPment
agency)most closely approxhated the type of program envisioned
for Yekepa. PFP was invited to establish a headquarters in
the h c o concession area and to start immediately outlining a
thne-year program and budget. PFP ras also asked to forecast
potential funding from other sources so that the mining CorpMy
participants could consider approval of an annual cant to
finance the pmgan.
A ororram for Yekeoa is orooosed -
The program PFP/Liberia ptaaented to k o , the Gave-nt
of Liberia (COL), and to private and public sources of develop-
ment financing had nine principal elements and a uumber of
related activities- Each element was projected for thm
years with progress to be evaluated quarterly according to
measurable criteria:

Propram Elements Measurable Propress Yo
Be Achieved in 3 Years
1. Assist enterprises already 6 viable enterprises
spun off to Lamco
2. Generate and assist
additional spin-offs
6 viable enterprises
3. Start experimental new 6 sustainable enterprises
enterprises and demonstrate
their viability
4. Turn over experimental
enterprises to Liberian
ownership and management
6 enterprises
5. Train managerial personnel 40 enterprise managers
and assistant managers
6. Create new employment
7. Create and assist api-
cultural enterprises
desired by GOL
240 skilled or semi-
skilled jobs
636,000 aggregate annual
sales
8. Create and assist new non- 6103,000 aggregate annual
agricultural enterprises sales
unrelated to iron mining
9. Attract investment S700,OOO
Other progam elements and objectives included:
- coordinate P!T1s program in Yekepa with GOL's
national development programs and with the
other agencies therein involved.
- respond to requests to participate in enter-
prise assistance and business education pro-
grams anywhere in Liberia to the extent of
PFP's capacity to do so.
- design a fully documented model for host gav-
ernments, cnncessionaires, mlti-national and
international ventures to follow in situations
where they are negotiating agreements to ex-
tract depletable resources and want to leave
viable economic communities which can sustain
themselves after the resource is depleted or
abandoned.

PPP's first three-year budqet
Prior to the fornetion of PFPfiiberia, staff and other
costs to implement the .program were projected for three years
in the light of experience to date assisting local enterprises.
It was proposed that PFPfiiheria should start with a general
manager rho wuld also be industrial advisor; an economist/commercial
advisor, an accounting advisor, an agri-business
advisor with two agricultural project supervisors, a
craft advisor, a mechanical maintenance specialist, an office
manager and tm clerical trainees. It ras estimated that a
total of 5227,000 per year would be required in cash and subscdized
services to support this staff and promam. Efforts
commenced imaediately to obtain cnwitments . for the funding
.
and support. . .
An intensively summarized version of the annual budget
projected at the time lollors:
staff salaries & rages
(1 gen. mgr., 8 staff, 2 employers)
staff support (rent, utilities, medical,
insurance, travel , etc.)
vehicle operation and maintenance
subsidized services (to be provided by
Laarc0
project iaputs (nachiner?, equipment,
supplies)
office operation- (rent, printinq, postage,
etc.)
capital expenditures
(housing, vehi den. equipment)
overseas ahinistration
Total
Apolyinr for funds to suoolentnt ksco auooort
&cause of the intense international intercst in appro-
aches to avoiding the mining "ghast tom" syndroe, several
sources of developlent financing re-nded nth interest to
requests for fuading the Yckepa program. These sources re-
quested a sore detailed pmsram.
Wost internatioaal and funding sources are accustomed
to providing gsllts for programs dealing with the ereation
and ataffing of educational and training institutions or
with infrastructnrs projects involving construction of mads,
bridges and buildings. They require the irplclmting agen-
cies to project progre~4s in very specific detail. quarter by
quarter, and they expect progress reperts and expenditure
accountr to ralfect that the original program is being im-
plarentcd precisely as projected.

These agencies found it difficult to accept that enter-
prise development cannot be projected in the same way.For exam-
pld, it might be high on PFP/Liberials priority list to get a
poultry farm started because of the coa=nunity demand for chick-
ens and eggs, while a bread bakery sight be included but have
a lower priority because wheat flour must be imported. In im-
plementation, however, the Liberian wading to start the bakery
may raise the initial capital faster than the aspiring poultry
fanner. Therefore, a second priority project gets implemepted
ahead of a first. priority project. X.evertheless, PFP detailed
its three year program by forecasting not only what enterprises
would be promoted, 'started and assisted, but also when each one
would be started, how much capital wouldbe invested, how many
persons it would employ, ,,what its sales volume would be each
quarter and how rapidly it would goa in numbers of employees
and sales volume. In the context of a om-company town in rur-
a1 Africa which had only five Liberian-owned enterprises, this
type of a three year projection necessarily involved a consid-
erable amount of guessing.
Another deeply entrenched concept of the potential donor
agencies was that all development programs should be institu-
tionalized; that is, folded into some branch of the host coun-
try povernment, at the end of three years and .no Ion-r requi-
re outside financing and expertise. While the consultant enga-
ged by Lamco believed that the Yekepa program would require ex-
ternal financing and some foreign expertise for at least 12
years, it was necessary to project that institutionalization
could be achieved in 3 years in order to satisfy the donor a-
gencies and attract the funding. required to start the program.
There was sufficient poaitive response from interested*
rpncies to justify going ahead with the establishment ofa head-
quarters in Yekepa and start rvcruiting for the projected pro-
gr-•
First three Year funding
PFP/Lfberia, during its first three years of operation,
was financed principally by equal grants of S 50,000 - per year
frost three donors: the hmco dning company, PACT" ( an asso-
4
ciation of private development agencies receiving USAID support
) and KFUT-KNH ( an associaSion o? Swedish YZ(Cls and
YKUs rtceivmg support from SIM ) .
Additional support 'was made available to PFP / Liberia.
During the period of 16 mntb consultation to design and
test a program, and tbrou@out its operation to date, L a o
has paid for both initial consultation and for a full-tirc
3~~~~ : Private Agonciss Callahorating Togethn, H.Y. ,USA
*USAID: United States Agenef for International Development
Washington, D.C., USA
5
-

general manager for PFPfiiberia. Lama also rade a lorn to
PFP / Liberia of 5100,000, interest free for 10 years to be
administered as a sslall-scale enterprise development " seed
capital " loan fund.
The parent foundation of PFP / Liberia, PPPDSA? pro-
vides services which include technical infornation research,
staff recruiting, purchasing of equipaent,insurance and tra-
vel arrangements, and IiaJson with donor agencies. Similar
services are provided in Sweden by KNIC-KFL'H and Gran-s
International Mining (GIX). Lamco's parent corpaty..
At the beginning of the third year .of operation, the
Government of Liberia, as a 50% participant in Lamco,pled-
ged an input of 325,000.in agicultml equipwnt.too1a and
supplies to be administered by PFP as a revolving "in kind"'
credit to mall farmers mplenided each year from farmera'
repayments. This credit is isaued to faraers as viable pro-
jects and needs apse. The actual input cons, rith GOL ap-
proval, from LP?C .
hslco provides a substantial input of non-monetary nrp-
port to PFP in the form of staff housing, utilities, use of
heavy earth-.roving equipment, technical advice repair and
maintenance services and asaignaent of obsolete and scrapped
vehicles and materials to PFP and PFP-aaaisted enterprises.
In order to help the reader get m overview of PFP/Li-
beria's funding and support during the initial planning pha-
se and the first thr+c years of operation, these have been
tabulated on the ne%t page ( urh value of " in kind " con-
tributions is estimated ):
PF'P~sA : Partnership for Productivit~ Paundation/USA,
fadington, -
D .C .
'" kindn:- Equiplaot. tools.or supplies in lieu of money
w : Liberian ~raduct meting firparation.
a parutrtrl corporation controlling the
production md ule of saluted staple and rrporc crops.

C
UI
Initial Plannina Plrnee
(Feb. '73 - June '74)
Planning, experimentation,
formation lcgielation,
program deeign
Totals
Firat 3 rrs. of Operation
7 ~ '74 ~ - June 1 ~ '77)
Caah grants tor program
implementatio4
Program general manager
Subeidised aervicee (estimated
I value)
Overseas service8 (admin.,
racn~lldng, etc.)
Totals
IBAN FUND AND REVOLVING
"IN-K IND', CREDIT
Small-acale enterprise "eeed
capital loan fan4 (loaned to
PFP for 10 yra. intereat free)
Revolving smell farmer credit
(in-kind) LPHC inputs (replanishable
annually from
repayuents)
Totala
GUN0 TOTALS (ALL INPUTS)
I.enlco -
U S A IJOLLARS
PACT KFUK-KFUM -
GOL Totale

PFPfiiberia was created in mid 1974 by the Legislature
and Resident of Liberia. Its chartered purpose is to realize
the development opportunity created by the bmco iron ore
mining venture in Nimba County and to foster the develop-
ment of economic activity which will surrive after the ore
is depleted.
Priorities are determined
The program PFYbiberia undertook ta implement in 1974
had been designed according to standard development procedure.
The locale's natural resources had been assessed, the market
demand for goods and services had been estimated, and related
opportunities for private and cooperative enterprises
identified along with the entrepreneurial &ill development
and capital needs to start them. Opportunitxes for locally
produced import substitutes were especially sttxsctive because
of the steady purchasing power of the mining cowunity's
2,000 salary and wage earners.
Therefore it ras possible for PFP to agree on a list of
enterprises which would be given first priority in allocation
of assistance resources because these:
- used local raw materials
- produced needed products and services or import
substitutes
- were well suited to available local land and building
sites
- were labor, rather than capital, intensive
- did not require unobtainable technical and managerial
skills
- could survive after depletion of the iron ore
- and had reasonable chance of success
PFP adopts a develobment stratem
The strategy adopted by PFP to foster the development of
independent enterprises could generally be described as respon-
sive and motivatianal. As one Board member of PFP/USA
recommended, "PFP should encourage and help development to take
place." Early experinentation indicated that it was very
difficult, and sometimes not possible, for PFP to start an
enterprise, Planage it, and then spin it off successfully to

Libeiiaa management. The staff aged, therefore, that PFP
should publicize its presence. its independence from k o ,
the services it offered, criteria for allocating resources,
and try to attract coaiuunity residents rho had entrepreneurial
ideas and ambitions. A brochure was published. PFP w as given
radio time, and staff members joined organizations and commit-
tees concerned rith comnnrnity affairs in order to publicize
and explain PFP.
During this period of publicizing PFP, staff members
were busy attempting to restructure the ailing spin-off en-
terprises, sjstes!atizing FFP's internal operatins procedures
and coordinating PFP activities rith the mrk of other agen-
cies. Despite establishment of a beadquarten removed from the
aura of kmco's main office, it was six months before poten-
tial entrepreneurs began visiting PF'P's'office and accepting
the results of its feasibility studies and advice rithout the
suspicion that PFP raa Laaco directed.
The first war uros~am is projected . . - . - . -
In the detailed projections prepmd for donors, enter-
prises to be strmgthened, advised or started and assisted,
were listed. Other PFP activities were also specified.Brief1y.
the first year program included:
1, Uberian owned and -gad entesprises to be streagt&tned:
hnitco, a transportation corpany providing
personnel bus tnrnsprt of mrkers, school
children and residents; garbage collection
service; r dririag school; and automtive
repair serricss.
-
m,
a building construetion and m8.l estate
management compaoy building homes on contract
md a printe hewing coiplu ou spaculation.
National Taodw~b, a furniture nnufacturing
.hop also producing millmrka, such as door
frames, dndowa. mindor f-8, etc. on contract
*
2. NU .pin-ofr enterprises to be started:
& electrical contractor for houw riring and
nintenancs.
A mwdllinr em- to take over -'s fa-
cilities, .upply the railroad cron-ties and
con8truction. lumber' needed bT Larco, and in-
vest in expaasion of the facilities for addi-
tional production to seme both domestic and
export anrkets.

3. Temporarily closed-down Liberian enterprises to be re-
activated:
Amble's Inn, a hotel/restaurant catering to visi-
tors not ranting or unable to obtain accoasaodation
at the Lama Guest House; the Inn had closed dom
for lack of operating capital.
Buff Bake-, a small scale, but well equipped,brtad
and roll bakery which had closed down beaause the
absentee orners had been unable to engage reliable
and competent management.
4. Eaterprises proposed by Liberian sponsors to be aasis-
ted in start up:
Olma 77, a diner/catering service to be installed
in an obsolete railbus car at the Yekepa railbus
station.
Ajavon Poultry Farm, to be located 6 miles from
Yekepa on 10 acres of leased land and produce
broilers, eggs and stewing chickens.
A handcraft workshop and retail sales outlet to be
Dart of Yskeoa YMCA: this oneration would train 80-
;en in silk-bcrsen cloth printing, dresaaaking,and
retail store management and earn some amall income
for the YMCA to use in its mcreationa1,education-
a1 and youth training divisions.
3. Enterprises to be started by PFT and turned over to Li-
berian omership and management-when proven viable and
when potential managerial personnel could be adequately
trained :
An irrirated rice, nixed reretable and tree farm,
eventually to be turned over to the f~ wrkers
as a cooperatire.
A co- it^ credit union
6. Projects to be atar.ied and -ged by PFP:
Evenine courses for business managers, account-
ants and contractors.
A revolvine loan fund for Ugh-risk, non-bmkable
loans to viable enterprinsa rbose applicat
i o could ~ obtain the unanimus approval of an
objactive loan corittee dth minorit7 PFP representat
ior.
7. Other activities to be undertaken br PFP:
Create a local mvernine council including Liberian
government officials, local bubinesam~en,
Lunco naaagerial and technical personnel and
a~bers representing donor agencies in order to
provide for guidance in detemining policies,
priorities and implementation strategy.
19

Establish close liaison rith the universities, research centers,
and development agencies in Liberia.
Resoond to requests for short-tern business consultation from
enterprises located elsewhere in Liberia deemed important in the
country's over-all development objectives; current requests rere
from private groups proposing tourism development in Robertaport,
a petroleum bulk storage and distribution corporation, a transport
company, and a food processing enterprise.
BEST AVAILABLE COPY

THE FIRST Y UR
Cooinn with unforseen public relations problems
As PFP started to implement its first year program, staff
members and vehicles were in evidence throughout the conmunity
and especially at private enterprise business sites. Hindsight
revealed that PFP had neglected to explain its purpoae and
operating plan adequately to local officials representing
various Ministries and Departments of the Liberian Government.
Consequently there was some misunderstanding among local
officials as to what PFP personnel should be permittbd to do.
Overseas staff had work permits authorizing them to work for
PfP as business or agricultural advisors. When local iiwiigra-
tion officials met a PFP staff member advising, for example,
the Liberian owned transport coaparny (Momitto), these officials
assumed that the staff member was violating the terns of his
mrk permit by engaging in work for Honitco instead of PFP.
With commendable law enforcement zeal, the officials
frequently arrested PFP overseas advisors and held them until
a trusted Liberian member of Lamco's personnel department had
time to explain the PFP role to local authorities.
Occasionally an aspiring entrepreneur, whose business
proposition was not given high priority by PFT, believed that
the PFP staff were withholding Liberian Government funds and
aaaistance to which he was entitled by law. Sow PPP projects
were sitd on concession land which a Liberian famer claimed
that he planned to uae. Several entrepreneurs who presented
thcpsclvea to PBP as Liberian citizens, and received advisory
assistance, turned out to be citizens of neighboring countries
and thereby caused trouble with local autharities far themselves
and PFP.
On one occasion a PFP staff member was arrested by armed
police who ordered him off the tennis court in the middle of
a tense Lamco/Firestone tournament. Taken to the local police
atation, he mked the magistrate to specify the charge.
"You hare a worker at the rice fam, )(r. Samuel Pay, who
owes his landla* $7.501"
It was essiential for FTP staff membera to refrain fma
allowing these probless to instill in them attitudes of fear,
hostility, and the t7pe of reaction which manifests itself as
"OK, if it's going to be like this, 1'11 just stay in the office."
This was accaapliehed in staff meetings where a senae of humor
war encouraged and in meetings with
and GOL officials
rherrin high level support of the P?'P/Yekcpa Rperiaant was
reaffirmed.
-
-

Strenqthenine existinq s~in-off enternrises
Assisting existing bmco spin-off enterprises which were
in trouble did not prove to be easy.
The transoort camanv (Xonitco) had urgent cash-flow problems
which made it necessary for the PFP advisor to function
initially as an intermediary between hnitco and hmco. He
recommended that advance payments be made on the transportation
contract so that hnitco would meet its payroll and PFP could
gain some time to analyze Honitco's accounts, produce statements,
and make recommendations concerning contract renegotiation
based on reliable past information and reasonably accurate
financial projections.
. .
-
The advisor's recatmendations were carried out thereby -
helping PFP to gain the- confidence and cooperation of Honitco's
General.Xenager in the arduous task of producing statcwnts
and pmjectiona. This took so long that it ras necessary for
Xonitco and hmco to agree on an interim contract and papsent
schedule to be adjusted later when better cost information
could be developed.

Elonitco's Problems all stemmed from the company being too
large and too complex for the managerial personnel to cope nth.
Monltco had 117 employees; a leased fleet of vehrcles to operate
and maintain valued at 5300,000; and a transport contract with
Lamco totalling 5250,000 annually. The workshop had able mechanics
but was disorganized and out of control. The ~ob card system
of keeping track of specific job costs was not functionrng. Although
records were incomplete, there was enough indication that
maintenance costs on the fleet of Volvo buses were so far out of
line that it would be more economical for Honitco to contract
with Lamco for aaintenance and repair of these vehicles. Monitco
had no spare capital to invest in replacement parts, so it was
agreed that hmco should maintain a stock of spares and bill k-
nitco cost plus transportation for parts used.
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SERVICING A MRILZE AT THE MONlXO GARAGE

Xational Woodworks Inc. (.WI) had been foraed by a group
of five Liberians, none of whom could work in the enterprise.
because they were fully employed elsewhere. hmco jave WI a
workshop equipped vith obsolete woodworking machinery which
had been fully depreciated. The prevailing lack of apprecia-
tion concerning the need tor management was illustrated by the
fact that the shareholders hired a young carpenter for .me per
hour and expected him to function successfully as shop manapr.
The sales volume, which the PFP advisor estimated should
average $6,000 per month, was averasins 5300. Inventories
of lumber and hardwars were reducing without corresponding
sal e.i income. Employees were nrnking furniture to order for
customers; but no documentation of such orders, price quota-
tions, or invoicing existed. Three quarters of the shop
machinery was dam needing repair. There ras no maintenance
promam. The corporation had obtained a 510.000 credit from a
bank on two shar'eholder's personal rarantees. This debt had
increased to almost $15,000 including accrued interest and late
payment penalties.
Recognizing :WI'$ need for full -time, competent manage-
ment PFP advised the omers to hire a manager with engineering
and machinery maintenance know-how as re11 as business adminis-
tration experience and assisted in locating a candidate. In order
to pay his and provide funds for zeneral shop renovation, PFP
loaned 515,000 to M I but retained the right in the loan a.Fee-
sent to co-sign all disbursements with the manager.
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PW's experience with Nimba Realty and Construction
Conmany (NRCC) did not have such a favorable outcome. NRCC's
management was less willing to share information with the
PFP advisor and tended to regard his role solely as intermediary
between YRCC and bmco. The advisor was put into a
posltion where he could nezther advise XRCC nor make recomendations
to bmco because he had so little reliable informatzoo of
NRCC's costs and current financial position. All he could do
was to assist NRCC develop cost estunates for new contract
bids and try to prepare a balance sheet of NRCC's assets and
liabilities as of the specific date these were physically
- inventoried and valued. The balance sheet indicated that
NRCC'a obligations exceeded its assets by an amount which
rendered all hope of eventual solvencv unrealistic. The consultant
was forced to recommend that the company discontinue
operation of its construction divzsion and stay in business
only as owner of its real estate d~vision's ten private houses.
The bank which advanced the money for construction of the houses
threatened to foreclose. The PFP consultant proposed that the
bank refrain from foreclosing if NRCC would direct all tenants
to pay rent directly to the bank. He prepared a projection
indicating that the bank would be fully repaid in 8 years.
This arrangement was accepted by the bank.
Lamco felt partly responsible for the demise of NRCC and
paid the obligations necessary to avert bankruptcy as the
company wound down and sold its assets. The hi& cost of this
course of action had to be written atf to experience. The
XRCC exercise was another lesson to Lamco and PPP underlining
the hazards of spinning off services which required too large
and complex an enterprise to provide.
The NRCC experience also revealed that certain operations
are not appropriate for spin-off. In the Yekepa environment
housing construction tends to he intensively concentrated in
the four lonths of d q season. A multi-depsrtsent organization
like Lamco can transfer mtkera from house construction to
maintenance and other activities hen building is slack. But
an enterprise set up to do housing construction only cannot
prosper when its volume of business varies fmn S42,OCO one
month down to $2,000 the next. 15is is especially true if
the spin-off contractor has been asked by his major customer
to hire and train a permanent staff of akilled supervisors so
that the quality of his work rill meet the high standards
requid by the custoaer. The cantractor then Us to cam a
heavy overhead coat during wntho when available mrk is almost
nil. The cycle is vicious bocauna the contractor then tends
' to bid too low on what work is available in order to t v and
keep his staff occupied.
After the fact, hnco and PFP awed that spin-off should
.tar+ with craation of uch sraller enterprises in cases where
nonagarid akills were untested md large amaunts of operating
capital rere needed to survive seasonal dips in incoae.
Pb
23.
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At the end of P?'PFp's first program year, NsI machinew had
been repaired, accrued interest on the bad loan paid, sales
volume and operating profit were increasing rapidly, a mason-
able inventory of dried ltmber ras on hand, employees had in-
creased from 5 to 15, and a Liberian vocational Training Cen-
ter graduate in woodworking was underguing intensive on-the-
job shop and business management training. WI'a total in-
debtedness, however, had increased to $24,000.
Startine new soin-of f enterprises
In the light of lessons learned advising exiating spin-off
enterprises, PPP and Lamco proceeded cautiously to consider two
additional spin-off propositions.
One Lamco electrician, DonaldJones, had proven to his
supervisors that he had the mtivation, technical ability, and
nupervisor). skills required to operate a small electrical con-
tracting business for installation, maintenance, and repair of
house wiring. A carefully detailed feasibility study made by
Jones and Wf' indicated that the contractor could perfom these
services at a cost slightly under Lamco's cost and make a rea-
sonable profit in the process.
Jones and PFP had to estimate
Lamco's costs by time study at work
sites and convince Laaco that its
om electrical raiatenance de-
partment costs Were higher than
Lasco had realized. In one
instance Jones ras able to
take the LPleo section head
to obserre a job in process
and prove to hi= that Lamco
had coated a job at 5 man
'hours which, in fact, should
have been coated at 12 man
hours.
It took sore tin to get
the contracting compa~*., Jelca
(Jones Electricd ~antractorf aet
up, registerad, licsnsod, ad' capitalized.
Of the initial S8.000 investment
in vehicles, tools, ahd radio
equipment. nacesaary for rapid r8sFaM
to potentiall~ dangerous faults, Jones
put up $S,W of his por.oaal u v b g
md Luco advanced bir $3,000 in
used vehicles and carmnieation.
equiplent to be repaid
over one j.ee by
mntbly doduct ion8
from. his. first lain -
telliilce contract
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In b.eoring an independent entreprrnenr Jones had to give up
the security and fringe benefits he enjoyed as a Laao employee. As
a contkctor he had to pay house rent and utility charges; con-
traator's license and company rrgistration fees; duty and excise
taxes when purchasing tools, vehicles, gasoline and oil; austeritr
taxes had to be deducted from esployee wages and paid to GDL aa
well as mrkmen's compensation and incone taxes. Be had to register,
license, and insure hid om vehicles, obtain general liability in-
surance, and set up a bookkeeping system which would produce records
for hir om use as well as the satisfaction of internal revenue
collectors.
A11 such expenses had been forrseen and included in the feasibility
study wbicb became the basis for the first sainte~ance contract.
At the end of PFT"s firat prowam year. Jelco was operatins
successfulIy with Donald Jones, a foresmn. S employees and 2 vehiclea.
Lamco had agreed to award Jelco a contract to maintain one
ares (255 houses) and to replace an obnolete fuse qstem with a
circuit breeker qstera in another area (180 houses). Jelco. with
PFP assistance, was able to reverse a procedure of long standing
by writing its om contract and price quotation instead of relying
on h c o to prepare the contract and determine the price.
hmco had written a letter of uaderatanding that Jelco would be
given more areas to maintain if perfo-cc of the firat contract
proved satisfactorg.
Thia size spin-off, executed after comprahensive and detailed
feasibility study, and with assurance of the entreuraneur'a interest
as evidenced by his willingnese to risk capital and asuuae personal
responsibility for aansgernt, appeared to have promise of success.
PFP and Lmco felt that Jeleo vindicated the spin-off concept and
focused attention on the factors iaolved in selecting and irpltaent-
ing succesdul spin-offs.
A second n u soin-off propond tossed in FW's lap for study
and recornendation ran quite differant from any contesplated or ex-
ecuted so far. A Liberian-Italian-Sltdi.h Conaortiva proposed to
purchase or lease hmco's sarrill, take over Lueo's forest coacts-
#ion area. and enter into a contract to aupply the railroad croas-
ties and construction lumber h.lco required.
The f*asihility study and sgrascnt preparation uudertliren was
extensive and inro1t.d the PfP general asnager's full time for three
onths plus a considerable portion of PPP's office staff and other
resources. A corplete set of financial projections were prepared and
the resorutas of the conmrtiur camfully ebceked out- The conclusion
rss that the spin-off could supply bco. pay for the fscilitiea according
to a leaa~porchasu achadule, proher enou* timber for ex- -
port and other ets. and r& profit; provided the new omera
war0 willing to uke mpr long-term inr*strcntr in lor0 modern pro-
duction uchin*q.
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Lamco's overriding concern was that the new company must be
forced by agreement to supply the railroad cross-ties (67,000 per
gear) and the construction lumber (50,000 board feet per month)
which were vital to mining and ore transportation operations.
There was fear that the new company operating the sawmill might
find it more profitable to concentrate on extracting and export-
ing the exotic species (i.e. mahogany, teak, African walnut, etc.)
and thereby be encouraged to neglect Lamco needs, especially for
the secondary croaa-tie species. If this should happen, Lamco
might be left with insufficient lumber to maintain its railroad
and build houses, and also with forest concessions which had been
atripped of valtrable privrry species.
At the end of PFP's first program gear the Liberian-Italian-
Swedish consortium had incorporated under the name Nimba Corpora-
tion (Nimbaco) and signed lease purchase and supply agreements
with Lamco which yaranterd that Nimhaco would eventually om the
sawmill and that Lamco's needs would be given first priority. Ha-
chinery and equipment for Nimbaco'a modernization program had been
purchased and was en route to Liberia.

Reactivatine teamoraril~ closed dom Liberian enterprises
Humble's Inn, a 6 mom hotel, restaurant and bar, was built
and owned by a Liberian couple, Mr. and Mrs. Joaeph Collins. Iha.
Collins was an employee at the Laaco post office and Joe ran a
farm in Tappeta, a five hour drive from Yekepa.
A11 the capitaa Joseph 61lina had available h d been spent
on constructing the Inn and purchaing a vehicle for his personal
transportation betreen Tappeta and Yekepa. He and his rife tried
to run the Ian in their spare ti-. When neither could be at the
Inn, they left a young and inexperienced assistant unapr in charge.
Ikployees included a cook, a bartender and a waiter who alw cleaaed
rooms and waded clothes for room guests,
Stocka of food and beverages were chmnicalIy depleted. Neither
the assistant manager nor the cook had authority tr, purchase. Ser-
vices at the Inn deteriorated. %oms and bedding ware not kept clean
and only one or tm itema on an extenaive printed nenu were available
for restaurant patrons. Incoae fall far belor the break-wen point.
Pinally in August 1973 the Collino closed the Inn and started looking
for soatone to lease and aanae it.
Then PW ras approached, an investigation into the Inn'. feasibil-
ity indicated that there was a grnwing deaand for hotel accowdation
and that the commnity would patronize any reeaurant or bar giving
reasonable value, good service, and providing an ataosphere in which
customers felt as if they were not in a company-run facility. In a
"one coapany" torn like Yekepa, rasidents occasionally feel an urgent
need to be in a place dich is not sanaged by "big brother Lamco."
During the second quarter of its first operational year, PFP deci-
ded to lease the Ian from its omars for two years, improve facilities
and train a Liberian manager and staff to operate it. Thr plan raa that
when P'FP's leese expired, the trained uraaer would leaae it directly
from the owners and both muld thereby profit.
In Norearber 1974 the islproved Inn was opened to the public. h e
PFP staff rife with hotel management experience superrised the Ian as
a volunteer and eadravored to traia the Liberian scleeted to become
-
manager and the personnel he muld employ. Became the Inn suffered
chronic losses via theft and unauthorized e d i t in Late eve-
rs, and because of the long businesr da7 (6:m
a.m. tbugfi 1:00 a.m.), HP staff funetion-
ed u duty officera on s mtation
basis to maintain constant
supervision over
sales collection, -
room bookiw, Md
cash control. As of
February 1975, when
the fourth and wat
proaiaing Liberian
manager- Fo-training
wa. being tried, the
35
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Inn began to develop ateady patronage and show r reawnrblr antSly
net profit. Still,- inordinate -wit of staff superririoa m a m-
quid to protect PPP's interests and rrLe car+aia tlnt Liberian
laws and public health regulations were obeyed.
Probably as a result of the high visibility of PTP staff at the
Inn at all times, local imigration and labar officials det--
ed that Liberianization ran progesaing to6 dorly. Under threat of
heavy fines or possible expulsion from Liberia, FTP was directed to
achieve 100% Liberianization by April 20. 1975, after rhich date no
PFP staff member atrould enter the Inn's premises except as a cus-
tomer.
On the Sunday night following FFP's colpliance rith the diraeti-
ve to withdrar,the Inn arffered a devastating loss; $5,400 cash ( 3
&ys'reeeipta)and inventov valued at approxlmtely f2,000ngot ds-
sing". WP Mdistely closed the Inn pending development of r dif-
ferent mlntion for its future operation.
Buff Bake-, locrted in Tekepa'a waunity abppiygcanter, n8
omed by r Liberian mlan with aabatantial catering br-hor and
experience rho ru fully employed in ham-
via. Ber efforts to operate the bake- in

and shipment for flour, yeast and other supplies. In addition,
electrical and mechanical repairs rere needed for the equipment.
During its first year of operation, m's seed capital loan
fund, though proaiaed, was not yet in operation. Therefore in
Noveaber, 1974, PFP made a loan of $900 to Buff &ker~ fme
program funds to pay for equipment repair and start-up costs.
As part of the agreement, PFP was included aa a sigmatov as
all disburaeaents fmm ELff Bakesy'a account. In order to get
hreo to continue supplying electricity, water and other sewices
for which papent8 rere in arrears, PPP guaranteed that
Buff Bakesy muid pay all cussent invoices in JO darn and repay
aa accusulated $2,- in past-due invoicas at a rate no
slower than $123 per month.
As of June, 1975 the bakesy was operating profitabfy. Sden
rcrc averaging 33,000 per month and operating profit f8M). Ey
agseement rith the omer this ras disbursed as follows: SJ00
to seduce the past-due obligation to tmco;$100 to cover PFP'a
consultation costa; $200 into a separate bank account for e-
quipment replacement and possible overreas training for the
chief baker; and $200 to the omer as net profit.

*sistini enternrises mwaed by Liberians to start uE
An PFP's fnnctiom be- better understood,in Yckepa, ian~local
residents cue to the office requesting assistance to
start enterprises. Ropositions ranged from sound, realistic
business iders to .a- rhic5 ram totally ispractical. P P P's
polic~ was to listen to a11 propositions and endeavor to give
advice andfor encouragement rhero direct assistance rae not
possible. Three enterprise propods wre selected for intensive
PFP start-up involrmnt.
The chid dieticius at the Lamen
5u.pit.l wanted to start .:diner st
the rail station to- some people
dting for the railbus or uriving
too late for dinner else -
.here. She planned to uae her
well&om food preparation
skill to cater for parties
and business gatheringa in-.
corporating a real serriee.
She had proposed to name
the diner O W after Ollt
and .%riame Vijkstrom, the
kaco Gcneral Uanager and
his rife: This helped her
to persuade haeo to mve a
scrapped rail passenger car
to the proposed sit* and
aet it oa tm lengths of
tra+ At the dedication
cer&vq the year folloring,
Hr. Tijk.tro.oi affirrrd hi8
pie- in swing the enterprise
undemy. He dd. that running a
re8t-t had beon a dream of the
owner sir yeam and that Lho
had minded hi^ of this drear almat
ever7 therufter.
A projection by PIP'S oeonorist
indieatad ihdi $7,500 wold be noedad
to refurbish ihd quip the railcar u a
mstammt md to finaneo the operating
costs until thew wauld ha covered bJ.
sales incrne. She had 35,000 of pezwd
rings to invest,.
As of the close of the first program -
year, acontractor ru completeing the complex
refurbishing job under 7FP mperviaion md a - z. p.iuslm m0.w us0
credit of $2,500 to the proprietor fmm P1P funds
P I M P ~ R OF OW
had beefr_aqErorod, PL

Another h r o employee had selected a site six milee from Yekapa
for a proposed poultrj. fa-. Both he and Us rife had prerious
experience raising chickens under the ~ ~li. Ajaroa Farm and .
ranted to rue the same m e and benefit from their paat reputation
for supplying qurlity chickena and eggm at reuonsble prices.
Vhen PPP decided in faror of rasisting this project, an eight
jeu lease n m negotiatad with the site omer do agreed to lease
the lmd to PFP md allow PF'P to mblet to Ajavon Frrr, but muld
not agree to lease directly to Ajavon Farm. While it waa not en-
erallj considered wine for PPF to enter into long term lmd leaso
agrtoments, the coat -ring to Ajnron Para Fo wing a nite rith
.ars already construetad buildingn and lrnd irprormots seemed
mrth the risk to PHP.
The project omcrm had $4,000 to inreat of a total estinted
capital required of $13,000. PFP entered into an agreerant where-
Afamn Fur could finance purchases approred by PFP up to s t e
tal cradit of 19,M)O. hcawe it ras ecoaolic to iaport --old
chi* in quantities of 1,500 or mere, Ajaron Fsrr needed operat-
ing capital for 8 weaka to pa^ for feed, medication and cue he-
fora the chickens reached the ainimm saleable size of one kilo-
gu 42.3 lbs.) pluckad and dressed.
L the fann got mrderraj, PFP rehiclea were making the 8rdu-
e m runs to marovia for chick. and irported feeds. The sqicul-
tarZ advise?, rho had taken animal husband- trtining in Danma*,
M spending ahst half hie time adrising this one project. A8
RP's first operational year closed, the Governing buncil and
staff rere discus8ing rays to reduce andstante to Ajaron Parn
ritboot jaaprdining it* promising future.

In part because a mjor portion of PPP funding
came fro= SIN via the Sodish hmciation of P1I
and WUs, and in part because the Yekepa m's
youth development prograa was in harmony with mP
objectives, a close relationship developed betreen
PYF and ririch included reciprocal Board and
Governing Council mmbership and joint projects.
The tma agtncies agreed to start a handcraft
j/
uroduction and ales division of YXU to be called
Y-Craft. Its putpose n8 to impart handcraft skills
and give part time employment to Liberian romen.The
general rationale was that rives of k o eaployees
lived in close together housing areas which did not
permit mmen to engage in traditional a&-related
octnprtions.Therefom man)- mnn in Yekepa rere experiencing
p6ychological problecls which, according
to the mining company public healtb official, stmed
from inactivity and cansequent self-devaluation.
A secondal~ objective of Y-Ctaft ran to earn money
to support Y13C* activities rhich rere non-income
generating such a6 physical culture and tillage
health programs.
Vhen the Yekepa YMCA apde the Y-Craft plan
knom to the Swedish YM md YISCA Association, the
Ansociation persuaded SIDA to provide a craft trai-
ning volunteer. The SIDA mtunteer came to YICraft
via Afro-Arts, a non-profit organization in Stock-
holm promoting the .ale of African handcrafts in
Scandinavia.
During PPP's firat year of operation the SIOI
volunt8er arrived; a silk-acmn cloth printing,
suing and general craft training m&shop 'ka6 es-
tabliahed in a labor are. house donated by hmco; a
retail store in the co-it7 center. rea leased and
stocked nth saleable handcrafts pade in the mrk-
.hop or purchased from ertisana and traders; aeven
mnn were receiving 8kill training; and one rotcan
ru receiving retail atom management training.
38
I
i

Under the direction of the YHCL executive's wife and the
PFP General Xaneger's wife, Y-Craft began to turn over a re-
spectable voltllne of sales ( approximately $30,000 during the
first year and to earn a moderate profit. all of which raa
ploughed back into inventory. While Y-Craft had a net worth
of approximately $9,000. it alill.required short-terr payrull
and raw material financing from PFP.

Starting enterorises to be soun off to Liberian omershi~ and
management when aroven viable
As part of early experimentation, prior to adoption of
the PFP program nor in progress, the community developaent
consultant to hmco had started a two-acre irritated rice,
mixed venetable and tree farm on a 30 acre piece of land ad-
jacent to Yekepa. Projections made then indicated that with
two harvests per year and an eventual 20 acres under rice cul-
tivation, each acre could produce 4,000 lbs. of ailled rice
per year. At 1% per lb. this wuld give the project an im-
diate annual income of $1,200 and a potential future income
of 312,000 per year in rice sales. Pbe experimental project
wuld also test the potential for vegetable and tree f ~ i t
production for which M feasibility iaforaation raa available.
At the time, it ran estimated that the project's annual
operation cost wuld be constant at $7,600 before, during and
after land preparation. This was because warehouse and drying
slab construction and learning expenaes rould be spread over
the first few years whereas in theory. .hen the project reach-
ed 20 acres,opesation should be systepatic, partially aechacr-
ized via mto-tillers and more efficient. hnd preparation
wuld cost $250 per acre.
Therefore,if 20 acres of irrigated rice could be brought
under cultivation in seven years, the project could pay for
its land preparation in ten years and be earning a jpfit.

At the c
the project was
still being -aged by PFP and kiability was a long my from
proven. A tendencj on the part o f the rice rorkers to compare
their rages and benefits nth those of mining companj. csployees
had led to a series of strikes and other labor pmblcras which
reduced productiv1ty.The cost of finding and implesentins solutions
to blight caused by iron-toxicit7 proved higher than projected.
Tbe project did, however, have proaise. The trial of nine
varieties led to tm rfrich were resistant to iron-toxicity and
productd reasonable yields. Testa of various rob-tiller urd
thresher desips,fertilizers and fertilizing sehedules,harveat-
ing, dqing and parboiling techniques, and insect and pest con-
trol rere in progress. Tbe PFP staff, cognizant that costs mere
running higher than projections, agreed that solving irrigated
rice production problus had a high oational developaent prior-
ity and that efforts must be continued eien thou@ funds had to
be reallocated to this from other budgeted program elements.

A Peace Corps volunteer specialist had visited Lasco in
1973 and proposed that a Yekeoa comnunity credit union would
be feasible if the mining company labor union agreed to organ-
ize it and encourage me&erahip.Both the company and PFP agre-
ed that a credit union was needed.The tau cowercial banka op-
erating in Yekspa had such high ainimum deposit requirements
that 8C% of the co-ity had ao banking facility to encourage
thrift.
PPP invited the Libarian Association of Credit Unions to
come to Yekepa and conduct a threeday educational and prose-
tional seminar on crsdit unions and their benefits. Tlre mine
rorkera union organized attendance. At the seminar's close a
group of ten charter members signed an application for regia-
tration of the Yekepa Community Credit Union.
It soon became evident that this group ranted PFP to man-
a p the credit union. PFP agreed to act as management consul-
tant, to assist in working out loan and investment policies,
and, if the members deemed it neceaaary, to be a signatory to
all disburseaents. But PFP decliaed to assume amnagtment re-
sponeibility,explrining to the charter memhera that one of the
primary concepts of a credit union is that it should be manag-
ed for the members by officerr elected from the aerberahip.
It was difficult for P- to forego the chance to get the
credit union into operation because enthusiasm was high arrd
iaplementation could easily have been achieved. Borerer, after
considerable soul searching,thc advisors conc~rned agreed that
it muld be a mistake for to push too hard for start-up.
i s Light rusult in a credit union .bid the membem would
perceive aa the "PPP credit unionNirutead of the mrs valuable
long-tern concept that a credit union belongs to the members.
Unfortunately,rhile several charter aubers continued to be en-
thusiastic, they rers unable to keep a cohesive -up together
and take the next implementation steps.
Eventually there will be a credit unioa in Yekepa because
it is a natural wlution to the thrift and credit needs of
rege earners. As of the end of the firat operational year, WP
could not project how and when the credit union muld come
into being.

Projects started and lanaced b_r W
Experience nth locally managed enterprises revealed vcr?
soon and clearly that three mejor facets of -went suffer-
ed from lack of experience and training. These were:
1. hneral management: the role and responsibilities
of the general manager.
2. Financial management: appreciation of accounting,
budgeting, caah flow projection, financial decis-
ion making, dealing with bsnks.
3. bntract management: what a contractor is, hor he
related to his custowrs,rhat.he does, how he es-
timates costs, prepares bids and plans work.
mile courae material available from overaeas pmvides a
useful guide and checklist of points to cover, PFP eltcted to
design more specificallj relevant araterial for eveninr sdnar
procrams (4% hours a reek for 12 w eb during )larch, April and
by when there was minimum conflict nth s-r vacations and
heavy dm season wrk schedules ). Participants rcre selected
to have mutual pmbless and one half of each seasion devoted
to gmnp discussion-
Getting participants aware of the importance of regular
attendance proved difficult in the case of the managers and
accountants. 25 contractors, horever, attended all 12 aeasiona
of the course designed for them.
The most important result of the seminar program ras un-
expected candor on the part of participants discussing the
prevailing low level of business ethics and the problema impo-
sed on 6-11-scale Liberian entrepreneurs by COL reylatorj.
agencies. For eranrple, several entrepreneurs complained that
their enterprises were regularly padlocked by local officials
do, having reviewed registration docments, financial atate-
aents and t&x papent rsceipta, declined or refused to cite a
violation or cause for their action. To get the enterprise re-
upened, the entrepreneur muld have to travel to the county
headquarters at his om espenae and shot all his documentation
again to authorities there. Other business men complained of
having no reliable source from .hi& to find out all of the
reylatom coapliance required of them.
These revelations led FFT to atut collectins inforoation
to aaaemble into a " Saall Business Handbook " to be prepared
for copprehension onsophistiuted dl-acale businesn om-
era and managers.

Even before PFP started operation, the coaarunity develop-
ment consultant recommended that Lama discontinue being bank-
er and lending agencl to local private enterprise. Be reasoned
that in this role Lamco eeriously diluted its effort to foster
initiative -- - and self-reliance. There was, however, need for a
aouree of seed caoital to finance feasible enterprises which
were unable to provide the security requirad by the local
banks and the newij formed development bank in Honrovia.
It was not difficult to persuade Lueo to delegate the
lending function to PFP. The mining company agreed to lend FF'P
SlC0,000 interest free for ten ysars,lhich amunt wuld become
a PFP-administered remlving seed capital loan fund. A candid
review of the cost to Lpaco in money, tire, and public rela-
tiom palaver resulting from its poor lending track record
rendered the P?'P solution both attractive riod economic. The
eavorins letter of approval translated from Swedish authorized
$100,000 for "PFP lour funm.As of mid-1973, a three-a~an review
corittee consisting of one representative from bmco,one froa
a local coaaereial bank aad one from PFP, had been appointed.
Unaaimus agreement of the codttee wuld be required to ap-
prove any loan.
Other activities undertaken bv PFP
In its first year PFP aooainted a Covernine Council of
ten .cmhers to provide policy guidance, strateg recommenda-
tions, progar design and progress reriw, and a8sistance with
Government relations. On the buncil were the Xiaiaters of Ag-
riculture and of Planning and Economic bifairs,the County Sup-
erintendent, representatives of bco,of the Y)ICI, of donor a-
gencies, of the business co-ity, 8nd of m. Appointment of
this Cauncil was regarded as a first step toward eventual ins-
titutionalization of PFP into one or mm bvernment agencies,
and an essential step in aligning W's progar with national
development objectives.
Five mnths after PFP war, created, the Governing Council
conducted its first meting. The highlights of Council meabers
resolutions, recomndationr and general discussion were as
follors :
- PFP usistanca should be extended to mall-scale
-1 farmers and entrqtrsieurs rho had no other
source of as8istance.
- In additian to project-bpprofact progass re-
port*, audited financial atatesent8 and pragar
projections, the Gorernin~ Council could give
are ralevrnt guidance if it had an estiute of
the total coat of all PFP rawurces applied to
each client enterprise, and to each project or
actiritj undertaken.

- Discussions rithin the Council meetings and re-
ports distributed to Council members should be
privileged and therefore candid and free of the
inhibitions which normally restrain policy Rlak-
ers and advisors from mentioning problems dich
could be interpreted as criticism of individuals,
pvernment departments or donor agencies.
- A mall executive committee of the Governing
Council composed of Yekepa residents was appoin-
ted and earpowerad to rake deciSi0116 on behalf of
the Council.
- Meetings of the full Council muld take place
trice a year with the venue alternating betreen
Yekepq and Monrovia.
Early in the year PFP established liaison rith the Minis-
trr of Agriculture Bsseueh Station at SuakDko ( 90 miles from
Yekepa over difficult road).Agricultural developmnt in Yekepa
needed technical advice and inputs from the ZLinistry.PFP rsnt-
ed to take advantage of all infomation and experience already
available. This liaison was encouraged from the start. The Re-
search Station supplied seed, equipment, mil and plant patho-
logical analysis, and advice. To reciprocate PFP endeavured to
run variety trials. Although these rcre not adequately mper
vised and recorded to produce widely applicable results, they
did indicate dich plant varieties could survive in the later
itic, iron-toxic soils in the concession ma. The liaimn be-
came increasingly constructire as PFP and the Research Station
learned each other's capabilities, lisritations and objectives.
One of Liberia's tm uaiversitie8,Cattineton Collepe,(lo-
cated near Suakoko) had started a business administration fac-
ulty in 1973.The Dean, a frequent visitor to PFP projects,sug-
gested an intern ~ro- whereby students could be given cred-
its for practical murk experience in Ydrepa enterprises drrr-
ing summer break.1t ran agreed that this should be implemented
in 1976 when the students rnre in their third year.
kaw mining eampw's poritire attitude toward Liberia's
national developrent was often put to test. The company was
asked by ODL departaents and many private entreprrneura to eon-
duct feasibility studies and urovide manaotrent cansultation .
A nrnber of such requests rcra paased on to PW, especially
those from prowaed - - entemriscs which rould hare kact on the
concession -a- Durbg the first year, PFP cunducted full
feasibility studies on:
- A proposed petrolmm products rail transport,
bulk storam, md tank tmck distribution systes
located along the kso railroad, RP't study
indicated th8t this project wald not be fea6ible
until coammption of fuel in aortheutern
Liberia and puts of Guinea ~rr4 from Liberia,
increased SIb~t,anti8llj.
48
- -

A proposed investment LO upgrade an existing hotel and
related guest facilities to the level required to attract
tourism to Robertsport and Lake Piao. Ln summary, PFP's recom-
mendation was that if a substantial amount of investment could
be attracted, or allocated, and spent to provide tourists with
interesting crosa-cultural and recreatioaal activities as well
as comfortable accol~dation, the area could generate income
from a segment of the dmericao tourist mrket to which Liberia
is of special interest,
Conclusions disctursed
In any goup as divergent aa PFP'a Governing Couacil and
staff, and representative8 of donor agencies from several aa-
tiona, all dealing with an experimental approach, there was
bound to be disagreeaent and consequent constructive discue-
sion.
While wme felt that too much of PFP's time and resources
rare expended on too few of tho area's larger enterprises,Oth-
em pointed out that artiaana and small-scale farmers could
not be erptcted to generate the eaploy~ent and income required
after depletion of the iron ore.
It was agreed that agricnltural and rural development as-
siatance reaching that portion of the population not benefit-
ing from Lasco's presence should be increased, The concensus
was that F?T would need ta have a specialized agricultural and
-1 developpent departaent with experienced Liberian leader-
dip in order to irpleaent an effective a8aistance program to
rural farmers and village drellern. And agricul-a1 and rural
development should be prograased and reported separately from
industrial and coawnial development.
Finally, all Cowcil mbers, staff and donor agencies
coneuned that first year progress justified continuation of
the Yekepa experiment.

SECOND AND TSIRD YEAR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL DEYETRP?IEm
Although detailed programs and projections of achievements
were prepared each year and revised each quarter, these rill
be omitted because too much detail nould detract from the con-
cept of the Yekepa experiment as a model for application in
other conceseiona. During the second year of the PFP program,
progress was slow, but steady, and toward the end of the third
year there was a marked increase in the number of Liberians
atarting enterprises with relatively little PFP input.
Continued assistance to existine spin-off enternrises
Spin-aff enterprises continued to require inputs, especi-
ally accounting and contract negotiation assistance. On PFP's
recomendation, an experienced transport isaagestent ~d rork-
shop organization consultant was hired by Honitco for three
mnths to help improve fleet maintenance and to provide expert
advice on standardization in the acquisition of new equipment.
This consultant ras recruited by the International Executive
Service Corporation (Hew York City). Half of Ms cost was paid
by USAID and half by Monitco. His work ras practical, well re-
ceived and effective.
National 'Uoodra~'s wrth was astonishing. Sales volume
rent from 5300 per month to $7,000. Employees increased from
15 to 3O.Net profits enabled the company to reduce its iadebt-
edness from S24,Oo to SS,000 and, at the same time, invest
$15,000 in new machinery, tools and a sales showroom and of-
fice, In 1977 the company operated for three months under the
general wagerneat of the Liberian Vocational Tmining: Center
graduate with one owner's rife controlling finances. Additional
production supervision, however. rae atill needed, With the
shareholders' agreement,another full-time advisor ras hired to
assist the production manager. The former grorth trend ras
resumed.
Analysis revealed that the foreign advizor's priaarg role
ras to supervise maintenance of machinery equipment and tools
and to keep mrk flow organized for maximum output at each ma-
chine station. At the end of the third year,National Woodrcrirrr
waa riming contracts to provide furniture and mill rork to
Lamco and to other companies and institutions througfrout Li-
beria. PFP and the omers ancurred that a modwarking advisor
with mechactical how-hor might be needed for another one to -
two p?srr.

Nimbaco (the logdne and sawmilline coauany with exgatri-
ate manacement)continued to invest rith a vier toward increaa-
ing production.In aid 1977 GOL forest conservation reylationa
dealing rith export limits,minirrua diameter cutting aad refor-
eatration and stumpage fees, were undergoing revision in hat
appeared to be an effort to stem the exploitation of irreplac-
eable national resources ( primary forest and exotic species).
Such revisions were cited by sawmillers as a reason to in-
crease prices to local consumers of the " redrood " furniture
manufacturing 8peciea.They seemed to be justified in the light
of long-term reaouree conservation. Foreat concessiobairea in
Liberia for many yeara have been extracting and exparting ex-
otic specie lo@.Such concessionaires are nor being encouraged
to invest in processing machine-, employ more Liberians and
dark on a longer-range and leas exploitive course of grorth.
Nimbaco is one of the companies responding constructively to
this encouragement,
It was sometimes PFP's role in management consultation to
defend GOL actions to investors who have a tendency to feel
persecuted.
The electrical contracting or~ioation, Jelco, continued
to expand and at the end of the third year had a tro-year contract
to maintain all 3,W hco house8.2rpansion was so rapid
that it could not be financed from retained earnings. A FTP
guaranteed baa* loan ($8,000 for one year to be repaid by mathly
deductions from maintenance contract papents ) has been
applied for.
h Fa the case of National Woodrorka, Jones could not yet
leave the managaaent of Jelco to his senior foreman. Vhen he
tried this during a vacation,the vehicles broke dom with ser-
ious damp from la& of basic raintenancs and contract perfor-
mance, of course, deteriorated. PFY had to manage the company
until Jones returned to keep &ace from terminating the coa-
tract.
Ner aoin-offs undertaken r%quire leas PFP involvement
A sccond electrical contractor, Willie Zu, ran encouraged
by agreement betreen Lenw and PPP to gat licensed and start
operation in December 1976. Be did not compete with Jelco because
he specialized in "high-tension" mmin~enance.Yillie Zu's
contract for raapval, relocation and naintenance of high tension
lines averaged $2,000 per aonth and enabled him to operate
a vehicle and esrplop five workers. IIe visited the PFF' offica
once a week to mvier progresa and discuss probleas.PF'P1s
aechanical advisor asaisted his to reintain his pick-up truck.
&rly in the second propa year PFP and Luo aged to
a s~xth soin-off.In corplim~ee rith ML regulations, Lamco had
been replanting forest to cnapenaate for lo- rrasoved.0ne specia
planted, Gaelina, was known to have desirable fibres
-

for pulp used in making craft and other high grade papers.This
specie seemed to thrive in the concession area's soil, topog-
raphy and c1imate.A Swedish consortium of pulp and ?aper manu-
facturers started Liberian Forest Conorstion(LFC)to create a
belt of forest for pulproods along the Lamco railroad. LFC
wuld eventually build a chipping plant in Buchanan and eqort
mod chips to Sweden for conversion into paper pulp. At LX1a
request.PFP harvested and shipped for trial processins 30 tons
of Cselina. Results of the trials were good and Ln: decided to
set up a headquarters in Liberia and negotiate for a large
concession.In order to have a head start in developing trperi-
mental specie stands, LFC nquested PFP to start and maintain
an arboriturn for 8,000 seedlings of 11 trial species.
PST responded favorably and eomplied rith all requests be-
cause the project promised to be a large future eaployer and
source of post--n-om-development. LFC compensated PF'P for
all services at coat.
Small-scale enternrises increase in number and varietr intm-
dueinc new concerns and problems
Bumble's Inn, rith the omer's and Lamco's approval, raa
leased to a foreign entrepreneur for 5 years. The lessee took
over FW's lease and invested in building improvmenta, rum-
isbings an6 equipment. Profitable operation started spin in
September-1975, One proble~ impaired the mutually beneficial

elationship between the omer and the lessee, The omer be-
lieved that each pernanent improvement installed and paid for
by the lessee rendered the lease agreement wad and empowered
him to increase the lease fee. P?T was requested to moderate
these frequent disputes. me PFP advisor explained to the om-
er that it was to his om benefit to encourage investnent in
improvements which would revert to him at the end of the lease.
Unfortunately, the prospect of immediate casn often prevailed
over logic. Since ther were no longer constructive, PFP advi-
sory services were discoatinued in December 1976.There appear-
ed to be general agreeseat that Bumble's Inn had become an as-
set to the co-ity and a source of steady income for both
omer aad lessee.
Ia preparing the lease agreement as a coneultilncf aervice
to the omer, PFP included a clause by which thalesaacagreed
tt train a Liberian iranager to mn the Inn. This could be the
owner's rife or an individual meeting the attual approval of
omer and lessee.Unfortunatel~., the friction in the omer/les-
sao relationship has prevented Chis clause from being imple-
mented so far.

Buff Bakerr, Olma 77 (diner) and Y-Craft continued suc -
cessful operation with PFP involvement ranging fmm a -age -
ment contract in the case of the bakery to an advisory role in
the case of the other two. PFP assisted the Yekepa YXCA to ob-
tain funds to undenite Y-Craft's training costs which could
not be covered by income from sales of handcrafts.A second Af-
ro ArtsjSIDA craft trainer arrived in Yekcpa in July '77 for a
tro year tour. She imaediately started trainins selected women
in creative dekiga to supplesent the cloth printing and sewing
training which rill continue.Additiona1 funds specific all^. for
this project were promised by tro donor agencies.
Entrepreneurs coming to PFP and obtaining various tnes
of assistance increased in number rapidly durind PFF"s second
two years of operation.. These included:
- a tailorinq contractor who was helped to get contracts
to sake coveralls for h c o workers and to set up simple ac-
counting and cost eatbating procedures.

- a wrha'r lunch room operator in the Wnewrkers
Union Hall rho ras given a amall loan and advice.
- a second caruenter shoo omed and -ged br a Lf-
krian rfio financed his operation totally from personal aa-
ringa and came to PPP for vlnagrment consultation only.
In approving assistance to the aforelisted entesprisea,
them ras concern that too nay enterprises in one eatagorj.
could cause competitioa to the detriment of all. For
erarple, in Yakapa there rere independent tailoring shops
and bakeries in the houses of taraco anrployaas mbsidixed by
free k o
electric it^, appliances and mrk apace.PFP reas-
oned that such rubidy muld not be available forever and
therefore, creation of a tailoring eontractor capable of
paying for apace and utilities, md r eu~ercial bake-
would have long-tcrr rprriral prospects dficient to off-
set- hsrr to the artifikially supported iudepdents.

A different type of concern was brought to light .hen PFP
elected to assist a recreational enterprise.
A cinema operator built a theater with 600 seating capacity,
h e o savings supplemented by a line-of-credit
( $2,400 ) and building design and construction assistance from
P . The cmema was located in Unification Tom two miles from
Yekepa. This over-crowded tom houses approximately 10,000 persons
rho work indirectly for Lamco as casual labor and subcontractors
and are not entitled to Laaeo housing. It was PFP's
judgement that a theater building for recreational cinemas and,
as the omer agreed, a setting hall for other purposes, was a
project worth^ of assistance.
In order to finance a generator.tn, 35 millimeter projec-
tors, furniture and operating capital, the PFP accounting advi-
sor helped the omer applf for a loan fro= the Liberian Bank
for Industrial Development and Investment (LBDI).

An unexpected result of this action r~ the disapproval
of the bverning Council nember representing the Swedish YXA-
DCA baaciation. This member felt that Karate filrs shorn in
this environment muld encourage violence. especially in youth-
ful cincma goers.
Tbe reason for mentioning this ;aore-orless routine and
normal divergence in viers is to illlutrate the number of Ior-
ces rhich influence decision ding in a development program.
Despite assertions to the contrary, the interests of donor a-
gencies have to be kept p-unt in the mind of the agency
magar *ha reasorrs that without funding there rill be no pro-
gram at all.

The record of Lamco and PFP assistance to N. Hilton Su-
nermarket illustrates most of the problems concessionaires and
development agencies face playing too dominant a role in fos-
tering indigenous private enterprise. Intensively surnmarazed,
the highlights of this case history follow.
In 1972, Mr. Milton started operating a mall-ecale su-
permarket in one of Yekepa's market centers catering largely
to Liberian employees and their fantilies. The store had a good
stock of items not carried by the larger USTC-M supermarket
in the coamunity center which catered to the Scandinavian and
foreign community.
Several years previously, Hr. Milton had expected Lamco
to spin off its large superaaritet to him, rather than to the
foreign omed cospany. When this proved impractical because of
the large investment in stock which had to be purchased from
Lamco, .Xr. Hilton set out to prove that he could operate suc-
cessfully in campetition with USTC. Us attitude was exactly
what a development project would hope for. He was independent,
hard-working, able and reliable. N.Mlton Supermarket prosper-
ed. In a short time sales volume wa6 averaging US,W per
month. Net prof it was small but steady and, after a full year
of operation, shored an upward trend.
Facouraged by these results and desiring to prove him-
self a tough competitor, &. Milton, with Lamco's blessing,
built a second supermarket in Leaco's coarmunity center, almost
next door to USTC. He had to borrow mney at stiff interest
rates to build, equip, and stock this store. Uhile sales vol-
ume appeared promising, .Hz-. Milton's enterprise began to ex-
perience classic symptoms of undercapitalization and overex-
pansion. Bank credit was frozen. This precipitated a move by
all creditors to collect. Needed operating capital was no lon-
ger available. Stoek depleted, sales volume dropped and profit
became loss. The so-called "awr ball" effect set in unmerci-
fully Attesqts on Lamcols part to assist by extending utility
credit made matters rorse allowing Mr. Hiltoa to operate
longer and low -re+
By the time PFP was established and called in to aaaist
by Mr. Milton, at Lamcots suggestion, indebtedness had reached
the point where survival would be possible only if major ~ fi-
nancing could be obtained. - -

Since that time, Mr. Xilton's trade creditors, GDL and the
two lending banks involved have met and decided to underwrite a
refinancing program based on a design recoswnded by PPP. Under
this plan Hr. Milton rill resume operation in his original sup-
ermarket and pay oblietions gadually.Lamco's contribution pot
underray in mid-1977 consisting of refurbishing )Ir.Xilton's or-
iginal retail store and cold storage facility; leasing his sec-
ond store for an amount sufficient to meet the building loan
payments; and writing off a portion of his past utility obliga-
tion.

This case histom illustratso several of the ant prom-
lmt problem6 facad by concssaionaa~s, joint ventluas, host
gevsnuents and aenciea fosterins kfdi~;.aous mter;,riae de-
veloplent. Enterprasas attcrrpting to start with ainiul eap-
italization, sawtins leas Uan m i n h l , and inexperiencad
ranspent ars especial17 rulaerable.Almat an7 unfores.cn set-
back such aa unavailabiliF7 of supplies or raw nteriala, de-
1- in obtaining a mecbanieal par+, a rubber)., or simply an uc
bitrar). changs in the policy of local banks, can put the ent-
erprise into a financial crises sitrution. Early apptoms
sucb bring to borrow to net a p-11, having to nits
post-dated checks to obtain atock or having to use rithheld
tuea for operating capitr1,ax-a seldom recognized a6 the gave
aager signals the7 are.

PFP attupts to identify these signals but =st rely on
the complete COZLfidence and rillin@ess-to-revenl of the cli-
hnt enterprise owners and managers. me earliest signal tuunl-
1y appears in operation of the enterprise's bank accuunt and
can be picked up by an alert banker. PFP encourages client en-
trepreneurs to establish consultancy relationships rith their
bankers.
When the classic nrninga appear,it can.be a fatal mistake
to advance -nay or prolong credit, horertr gwd the intent,
rithout ping through the aoafysis to deterrine th.t b-
pact the additioarl w h or credit rill have on the enterprise.
To eoncaasiop.ires dealing rith their om luge-scale opmtioru,
tAe amount. of money or &it d c h a local entrtprenar
requests to " see hir through a temporary crisis * appear
m aall that it muld seem dair and palitically -rise to
rafuse. And yet, such a -11-intended aeeo~dation can be the
kiu of death * to a local enterprise.
)nothe 1.-n learned from the X. Milton Supcrt.rket
ezpcriance is the soundness of allodng -11-scale,indigenoru
enterprises to pr at a nrtaual rather than accelerated paen.
The esperieneed %magerr of concessions oftm nee entrepreneu-
rid gorth opportunities througb ledernired eyes.
'Here ve arr rining iron ore; shouldn't Wonitco set up a
foondq to produes vahiel. pqrta ?"
"Vith a11 the focal fruit md vegetables available hus,
shouldn't PFP be helping Mr. Hilton start a cannery ?"
%en I rar Fn hmpe I found a market for .abom fur-
nitare; shouldn't National loodwrk. net rrp an esport depart-
meat in Wonrovia ?"
While. these y be the opportnaities of the future, the
agmeJ ranrging mcillu7 enterprise development in a eonesssion
uu. must rink the eritici~ thrt prog~ess is too slor
and resist the teqtation to encaursge expansion at a pee too
rapid for the available capital and managerial her-hor.
PFP builds a null-scale induntrial estate
As an experinntd solution to the short.@ of -&shop
space and the high rink inmlmd in -d lending to printc
enterprise, PIP proposed to the ud upltrl. 1o.n fmd
co-ttrr to allout&. up to S7S.a)0 of tiu SI%G000 lnud
to eomtruct -a equip a -1-uale industrial rate. The
rationale N that the building wuld bo adifid rad quipped
to fit the need8 of propaad dl-aule LnQutriu, .nd that
entrrpreneam lruing rpre8 wuld pt into huin~88 by Asins
emu their apenting upitd -ta. The lour fonds
ropld be m~rr *cue PrP muld o- tke bailding md equiprent.

The estate 7- corpletao in December, 1976. The buildiag
and electrical installation coat S49,MX)- A $10,000 mdification
and equipment program to fit the nerds of Atlantic Automotive
Services, a Liberirn/~ustriQn partnership, started in
June, 1977 r~th the whole estate leased for $850 per month
(calculated to repay the $59,000 of loen funds plus 6% p.a.
interest in 10 years).
Atlantic Automotive Serrices propased to repair vehicles,
do contract welding and machine shop wurk for hrco, knitco,
Nisbaco and others and to repair and maintain P5T's vehides,
earth-moving equipment and agricultural machine-. PPP oms
and operates 2 motorcycles, 3 pick-up trucks, 6 mall VV 8e-
danr, a caterpillar track fmnt loader and a variety of dif-
ficult-to-mpair agrictlltural equipment such or rot0 tillers
and pumps made in Japan, rice threshers nade in China and ax-
perirental mechanical tillers lsde in the Philippines.
The decision to lease the antire estate to one enterprise
with 7m foreign omemhip invrlved a number of concelar.Cansidering
the viable eo-ity objective, and co~idering the
esperienc* 80 far of the need for technical qertbe and
mnagarial exporienca, it appeared logicrl that an interredirta
step in the development of indigenomly owned and wged
technical entcrurises .auld be the eneoux-8-ent of Liberian/

and mrked full time in the enterprise, his know-how could be
transferred to Liberians employed by the enterprise. Noreover.
if the enterprise performed services far other enterprises essential
to the development of their eventual independence from
Lamco, then PFP judged that assistance to Atlantic Automotive
Services muld be in the interest of achievin~ its long-tern
objective.
A secondary factor in favor of this client was the om-
era' willingness to contract with PF'F' at a reasonable rate
for semice and repair of PFP vehicles, nachinery and equip-
ment. To date, vehicle and equipment operating expenses had
averaged 52,500 per month (17% of PFP's cash income).

Onr group in the Gorwning Council felt that a a re intan-
sire and far reaching effort hould be mde to attract foreign
know-hor md investrent to Yskcpo in the lon of joint ventures
rith local Wberian participants, licanws iasasd by foreign
corpuriea to mmufacture or procesa in Liharia or Foreign / Li-
berian partnerahipa. It ran felt this could be m intermediate
developent step providing mom tut to allariate the local
ahortage of capital and plnagerinl md tacirPiul skills.
The Council eoncPrrsd that PtP arperienci ro far indicatd
that M innovatiotul approach .odd be needed to ~ l v local e attitudinal
pmb1.u cawatad by tho prrsencs of a luge, well financad
concasaionaim, Facourr~ent of initiative md self re-
liance rcre gods. while encouragerent of dependence and
reli.nca on the cnrpw appeared to br uaintmtionrl bppmd-
ucta of k o ' a pataxnal -went atyle. Aa the uprmaion
bpes in Liberia, " w hat to do? "

PEQSONHEL

With the Hiniater of A$?-iculturr as Governing Council
Caiman, it Was not surprisinq that PFP was directed to in-
crease aphasia on agricultural and rural development. While
there was very little entrepreneurial tradition in Liberia,
farring tradition was abundant. The pattern, in over-simpli-
fiad fora, had been that Liberians f-d and other national-
ities, each as Lebanese, traded and manufactured.
Liberia's national development plan placad esqhair on
achievement of self-sufficiency in food production. Because
kaca axd PfP rere headquartered in Cpper Ninh buntj, the
GDL tended to allocate scarce resources to other ragions in
order to ereate a nationwide balance in development inputs.
Hence, PFP had gradually assumed tho role of upper Nirba
bunt7 technical aasirtanca agency for rural and agricultu-
ral developreat as re11 as for industrial aad coareial da-
velopment.
A aenior Liberian Aerieultural Advisor ia hired and a oroeraa
designed
In A ~ r i l
1976 James Sirleaf, forplcrlr Liberian Deputy
Minister for Action and Derelop!ent Rogmss (AD&'), and hold-
er of a 89 degree in Agriculture and a XS in Cooperatire &-
tension m*, joined the PFP staff as Senior Agicultural Ad-
riaor. !%a knowledp of the customs and attitudes of Liberian
farnerr and of the eutfrorit7 structura in rural villages md
elms ras essential to the design and direction of a practi-
cal tm year agricultural and -1 dsrelopent ~sistmce
prom which included:

- continuation of the process of turning over the
PIT' irrigated rice, veptable and tree farm to
the workers and aaaisting them to orfsnize into
a cooperative
- continuing encouragement and assistance to veg-
etable farners, tree farmers and Ajavon Poultry
Farm
- assistins in the start-up of a proposed piggery
by providing loan funds, design and construction
assistance and management advice
- establishing a famer supply store for stockins
and selling seeds,. fertilizers, ag-icultural
chemicals, tools and equipment, and turning this
store over to a Liberian entrepreneur willing to
agree to PFP eupervision of pricing and credit
pol icy
- starting-a PFP unaged demonstration and training
farm rith lodging facilities for 10 farmers and
demonstration sites of irrigated rice, upland
rice, cereals vegetables, trees, fish laming and
pia raising
- providing extension services to selected tamers
and schools rithin a 30 mile radius of Yekepa in-
cluding follor-up services to farmer trainees,en-
cnuragenent and assistance to Young Parraer and 4E
Club school groups and cooperative forration and
manaffrment assistance
- establishing a farm machinery and equipment exper-
imental canter. with facilities for leasing, test-
ing, servicing and repairing as well as training
operators and mechanics and later, for producing
intermediate technolog devices
- in all of the aforelisted pmcram elements, to use
the know-how and assistance available from GOL and
other agencies and to involve local farners and
traditional rural authorities in decision raking
Funds are obtained for the avicultural and rural develoment
The two year budget for this ubitious agricultural and rural
development pmp;ram escsded originally coaitted PF'P program
funds by 376,000. The budget additions included:
Salaries and rages
(Sr.advisor.2 ext.workers.lO d m far* writers) $33,400
Fier vehicle purchase- and operation
(2.4-rhetl drive vd1icles.2 notorcyeles) 20, S O
Used tradr front loader(purchascr and operation) 14.mO
Uaed fa= tractor (lease and operation) 2,
Tools and supplies (deannstration f a ) 6,000
74
2 yr. total 376,000

Efforts started imediately to raise funds for this extensive
addition to the original budget. A11 three principal donors, hmco,
PACT, and ICFVK-XFUH responded favorable and eqressed apprwval of
the proposed program to reach ;nor@ of Ninha County's rural poor.
Each one added 310,000 to his annual grant. In addition, International
Foundation for Science (ITS) of Stockholm Sweden, awarded PFP's
Senior Agricultural Advisor, James Sirleaf, a grant of S24,OCKJ over
a three year period to research ways to gpt aubsistance farmers using
ilsproved nethods. It was. understood that the bulk of this grant
would be used far developaent of the demonstration and trainins farn
and related &ension prograsl. Yith S60,WO additional furdin$ from
the three original doaors, and S16,OM) available from IPS for the two
year period concerned, it na possible to preparm for implementation
of the full agricultural and rural development program. .
GOL gled-s an anicultural tool. and suualr inout
The need for a program "in-kind" input of GOL approved seeds,
tools, fertilizers, and agricultural supplies and chemicals became
evzdent and ma made known to PIT'S kverping Council Qairman,
Minister of Agriculture Leuis A. Russ. On his recoamendation the
GOL agreed to grant a one tine f2J,000 supplr of these items to
PFP for mle to local farrers, with a small percent for issue to
school projects free of charze. P W wuld have to collect papent
for supplies and tools distributed to faraers and repleniair its
stock annually. This praved to be a better arrangement than PfP's
previous method of i-ortlng agricultural itess fmm overseas.

PPP organizes and equips for the arricultural Droesaa
h o h a agricultural graduates of Booker Washington Institute
were recruited and hired as extension workers. An aqricultural
mechanic volunteer was requested and provided by the U.S.Peace
Corps. A Toyota jeep and 4 rheel drive pick-up truck were pur-
chased for the Senior Advisor and the Animal Hushondry Advisor.
Tno sturdy Yasraha mtorcycles were purchased for the extens~on
workers. The Peace Corps mechanic immediately set about teach-
ing the extension workers to ride and maintain their mator -
cycles.
The four rheel drives and !aatorcycles were necessary be-
cause the Lamco scrapped and repaired Volksrapns, which rere
all that PF'P had previously been able to afford, could not ne-
gotiate the bush mads and tracks leading to the farms and
schools in areas selected for extension assistance.
Under overall direction of Senior Advisor, James Sirleaf,
the Animal Husbandry .idvisor was given respansibility for as-
sistance to the poultry farm, the two piggeries and the school
Young Farmers Assoeiations and 4-H Clubs. One extension rork-
er covered the rice project and vegetable Zamrs zn Yekepa
and the Vest Ximba area, while the other me asslgned to the
dcmaastration fam and the East Nimba area. Mr.Sirleaf person-
ally supervised preparation of the demonstration and training
farm.

Imulextentation besins
Instead of treatins agricultural ventms as juat "ather
enterprises to be encouraged and assisted ", PFP nor had an
area agicultural development plan. This changed the appnach
to impleaentation, especially :o the existing projects. me
P?P i~ieted rice project in Yekcpa, rhid had been qun off
to an organization of the foraer PFP rodera called Daila b-
sociation, became an experiment in the viability of coopera -
tive, acai-mechanized, irrigated rice production inatead of an
enterprise *ich must be ade profitable or absndond, haistancr
to mall-scale vegetable frrmera mu systaatized so that
each karr rhat he could obtain from PFP aqd how and rben he
'muld be erpe~tcd. to pay for it. This proved mrs- efficient and
allowed amre faners to be assisted than thi previous s7.tgiving
individual attention to each faner client.
of
Objectives of assistance to the PFP irticated rice mixed veceta-
blc and tme fara are revised ~ ~

PFP began again to provide regular supervision and limited
inputs. The manacer began replacing non productive members
with more serious fanners. As part of roto-tiller design and
performance testing, 11 acres were prepared for planting. Again
seed and chemicals were provided on credit and planting resumed.
As of the end of the Yekepa experlment's third year, the associa-
tion appeared to be better organized and to have a chance of be-
coming self-supportinq in the next year or two.
There was some disa-eement among PFP staff and Governing
Council members concerning the lessons to be learned from this
project. Most staff memhers believed that PFP would induce more
rice production by assisting small rural ,farmers than by assist-
ing larger acreage farns, like Da-Ye-La,which requirrd manage-
ment, cooperative effort, some mechanization, and production as
well as financial planning. Therefore, they - recommended that as-
sistance to the asspciation should be discontinued. Other staff
and Council members believed that at least one such project
should be continued, regardless of viability, in order to get
the answer to a questinn which W W A (West African Rice Develop-'
ment Association) claimed had not yet been answered: "Is irriga-
ted rice productjon in Liberia econamically viable or rill it
always require subsidy?"
Pith the rationale that a people for whom rice is a .staple
food must find viable ways to produce it, PFP continued to as-
gist Da-Ye-La Assaciation.

Assistance to Ajavon Poultrr Farm is systematized and becomes
more effective
Scheduling visits by PW'a Animal Husbandw Advisor and
systematizing inputs of transportation assistance had the im-
pact of reducing PFP's overall involvement and -king that
which continued more effective. As Ajavon ?am grew in size
(capacity to house hroilers and layers) and sales volume, a
reliable schedule of medication and inoculation became more
important because of the larger loss risk.
In its second year of operation the lam attracted =re
institutional customers who aped to take a fixed quantity
of broilers each month at 1 kilogram dressed, and a fixed amber
of eggs according to a regular delive% schedule. The resulting
opportunity for production planning made the enterprise
more profitable. PW agreed to accept smaller wnthly
repayments if the Ajavons would invest in a rater -stem and
a hatchery to render themselves less dependent on imported
chicks. During the rainy season, when mads were oft~n impassable,
it was excessively expensive to obtain day-old dicks
fm Honrovia.

A s of the end of PFP's third operational year, Ajavon
Farm sales were averaging 54,000 per month (one quarter eggs,
three quarters broilers and stewing chickens) with operating
prefit at approximately 10% of sales. The $9,000 line of cre-
dit from PFP had been paid down to $6,900. A penanent water
system had been installed and feeding equipment was ordered
from overseas and paid for in advance. Re-investment totalled
approximately 51,600.
The lesson learned in servicing this client was that re-
liable advisory services, administered according to schedule
and within clearly defined limits, proved more helpful to the
client and cost PFP less than the nore time consuming, across-
the-board assistance which PFP had tried to provide previous-
ly when requested or as needed.
A Pigpry project is studied, cauitalized and imnlemented in record
time
- In February 1977 Mr. Jenkins hnbar, a Lamco genlogiat, proposed
to build and operate a pigpry near Lnification Town (2 miles from
Yekepa) to supply high grade pork meat to the comnunlty. This was
the first time a client has prepared his own feasibility study and
loan application. The study was detailed and fully documented. All
that was required of PFP was to confin the validity of the land use
documents, the building cost estimate, the operating cost and sales
pro jectiona, and the mnagerial and technical qualification of Mr.
Dunbar's brother, the proposed full-time project manager. All checked
out satisfactorily. The loan committee approved S13,000 line-of-credit
to Hr. Duahar with the proviso that the PFP Animal Husbandry Advisor
muld visit the project regularly; that PFP's Accounting Advisar would
participate in setting up record keeping systems; and that PFP would
assist the project to grow and purthase local feeds.

Liberian entrepreneur, James Tabla. is eiven a loan and assist-
ance to start a Farm Suouly Store
Operating an agricultural development program in an area
180 miles from the nearest source of farm supplies ras not prac-
tical. Crops that were marginally profitable, at best, became
unprofitable when excessive transportation costs were added to
acquisition of seeds, fertilizers, agicultural chemicals,tools,
equipment, sacks and bags, and general fama supplies.
With an input of 84,000 from his om savings and a 86,OCO
line of credit from PFP, James Tabla started constructing a
roadside farm supply store just outside Yekepa in the direction
of the majority of PFP assisted farmers. It was estimated that
a starting stock of needed it-s would cost 57,000. PIT requested
the Hinistq of Agrieulturm to approve a credit from
(in the fora of.fam supplies wrth 87,000 at cost) to James
Tabla ram! Suppl~ Store as part of the GOL "in kind'' farm sup-
PI J input pledged to PFP.
At the end of PFP's third operational year, construction
of the store was 95% complete and the request for the stodr on
credit ras being processed through the Ministry of Agriculture.
James Tabla, a Lpmco employee, signed a payroll deduction au-
thorization &errby reaular laanthly installments reduce his ob-
lig
James Tabla
discus8e8 his
store buildin
with construe
tion adriaor,
Pete trwa

A demonstration and traininq farm is started
Based on the belief that amall-scale farmers could be motivated
to change farslng methods if they had seen, and,actually experienced,
that improved methods increased y~elds, and the belief that a start
must be aade to pass on to the small-scale farmer what has already
been learned by research, PFP selected a 33 acre site 10 miles from
Yekepa near Grassfields (where PFY staff reside) for a demonstration
and trainlng farm. The site had a year-round water supply with .oil
conditioes and topography suitable for upland rice, irrigated rice,
vegetables, cereals, and potatoes. Moreover fish ponds wzth controlled
in and outflow could be installed; there were areas for tree cmps
requiring varying anaunts of shade; and a suitable spot for a piggery
close to a water source existed.
The long range (3 yr.) plan for this farm included development
of vegetable and tree nurseries, demonstration crops, fish and tree
farming, a supply warehouse, lodging for ten famer trainees, and
provision of technical assistance and other inputs to a number of
satellite production farms encouraged to start up on adjacent sites.
One such adjacent site of 300 acres appeared suitable for fodder
grasses to be used by local cattle dealers in need of fattening range.
The track front loader, the leased Massey Ferguson farm tractor
and attachments, and one power tiller were moved to the site to start
clearing, tilling, levelling, and constructing ditches, buns and ponds
according to an agreed upon land use plan. Meanwhile vegetable and
tree nurseries were prepared and planted and fodder grasses recommended
by Liberian A~ricultural Coqorat ion (LAC) were transplanted on test
plots.
A Ministry of Agriculture Research Station advisor requested PFP
to conduct European potato trials on this farm because supplying the
demand for potatoes required substantial importation, and upper Nimba
County ras considered one of the few Iocations in Liberia with enough
elevation and evening chill to support potato growing. Under care-
fully controlled conditions, trials of ten varieties were carried out
with promising results for four out of the ten.
h o local farmers, encouraged and approved by PET, started
satellite production lams for vegetables, cereals, fruit tree
cmps, and various beans and tubers suitable for animal feeding.
A supply and tool warehouse was constructed and the foundation slab
for the piggery poured. Access roads, water canals and fish ponds were
roughed out.
-
Initial vegetable and cereal trials indicated that wre extensive -
insect control and soil sterilization would be required. United
Nations specialist advisors from the University of Liberia farm took
affected plant and soil sanrples for pathological analysis and sub-
sequent control recommendations.

A stratem evolves for aelectina farmers and rural devel'aument
qrouos to assist 1
PFP learned the hard way that in selecting a farmer to as-
sist, the fact that he had good land wirh irrigation potential
and a good record as a farmer was not enough. Approval of PFP's
selection by the village, clan and paramount chiefs, as well as
by the Ministry of Local Government, was a1 so required, If
these approvals were not obtained, the PFP assisted farmer
would face all aanner of mysterious obstacles and social prob-
lems.
Rsrever tire consuming, there was na wa? to avoid the
lengthy meetings and discussions with traditional authorities
prior to selection of an individual farmer, or a farmer group,
to be the recipient of PFP agricultural development assistance.
Frequently tradirional authorities felt that other projects
should have priority over farm iqmvement. PFP was requested
to assist in installation of primary schools, dispensaries,
adult education programs, improvement of vehicle access roads
by culvert and bridge construction, and preparation of village
market sites.
PFP's strategy was to listen to such requests and help to
estimate the costs involved. Village authorities were encour-
aged to fprm "Village Development Committees" and to start
raising money and organimins self-help labor groups. As tradi-
tional authorities began to know PFP better, development com-
mittes brought funds into the PFP office for deposit and con-
ducted meetings in the PFP office to establish priorities and
authorize expenditures.
In the position of trusted advisor to a Village Develop-
ment Committee, PFT cauld get the members to include some ag-
ricultural development pmjects along with other desired amen-
ities. On a number of occasions it proved advisable to assist
with the committee's om priority projects before sugffesting
income generating agricultural development.
One committee rented a bridge to their village so that
trucks and taris could reach the village on market days. Al-
though the self-help labor and fund raisin^ fell far short of
that promised, PFP completed the bridge as a contribution to
the village. The day after the bridge opening ceremny, a Pfl
vehicle attempting to cross was stoppd by the chief, rho had
rlaced himself under an umbrella on a folding chair in the
middle of the bridge, and asked to pay a 251 toll. This evi-
dently was the village chief's om -ray of converting an in-
frastructure develoPatent into an income generating project in
order to satisfy the PFP advisors.
'
-

On other occasions PFP, the P?3CA, and the Yekepa Rotaq
Club joined forces to assist villas development cormnittees
to construct and furnish schools, open dispensaries, impmve
roads, install latrines, and conduct evening adult literacy
courses. While these activities rere contributive to develop-
ment, they rese looked upon by P P as essential steps in win-
ning the confidence of the rural people rho would later be pr-
suaded to increase their agricultural productivity.

Aericultural extension services are re11 received and effective
bring early experimentation in 1974, groups of local far-
mers were brought in to observe the PFP irrigated rlce project
in Yekepa. Ten such farmers who ranted to try irrigdted rice on
their own plots had adequate rater sources. PFP's advisors car-
ried out survey and land development planning and started these
farmers preparing dams, canals, paddies and buns. The work was
done using local hand labor equipped with shovels, wheelbarrows
and other tnols borrowed from PFP. These farmers prepared small
irrigated rice paddies and planned to add approximately one quar-
ter acre of paddy each year.
PIT inputs such as seed, fertilizers and insecticides were
issued OR credit and paid for after harvest in bags of rice.
The constant demand made a bag of milled rice equivalent to
cash. On occasiona, the farmer would be loaned up to SlW to
buy toola, hire day labor and pay for milling and transport.
As PFP grew in its capacity to provide agricultural ex-
tension, the credit system nas formalized. S3,000 of the aecd
capital loan fund was approved for small loans to farmers (max-
imum $300 to any one farmer) to be administered by the PF'P ex-
tension workers.
Progress made by these original ten farmers led to the
~onclusion that more total rice production could be induced
via small farmer extension service than via lar-r and more
difficult to aanage collective type farms.

A farm machinery and e~uioment center is established
PFP's earliest requests for technical information on mall
enterprise technology and agricultural equipment for small far-
mers were to the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI )
in the Philippines, to Intermediate Technology Development Gr-
oup (ITJIG), London, and to Volunteers in Technical Assistance
(VITA), USA. A11 have been responsive and helpful. IPIU aug -
gested that PFP should consider producing low cost motorized
roto-tillers and other farm equipment according to simple IRRI
designs tested and found satisfactory by small-scale rice far-
mers elsewhere. Because Liberian subsistence farmers have no
source, or experience, of animal traction, PFP decided to pur-
sue IRRI's suggestion and obtained prototypes of the proposed
tiller for testing fn upper Nimba. . .
Meanwhile FFP had been accumulating intermediate technol-
ogy farming equipment such as foot treadle rice threshers,par-
boiling drws, water pumps, stump pullers, insecticide spray-
ers and harvesting knives as well as some advanced technology
equipment such as a Yanmar diesel power tiller, a Caterpillar
track front loader and a leased Massey Ferguson 135 tractor
with plowing and discing attachments* PFP purchased some of
these items and collected and repaired others from scrap yards.

During PFP'a third year it became evident that a shop and
-bile repair facility for agic~ltural IUaChinery and equipment
rould be needed to:
- service and repair
- modify and test
- design and produce
- train Liberian agricultural mechanics
Since this mrk had been centered at PIT". industrial es-
tate in Yekepa, it ras logical to arrange With Atlmtic Autow-
tive Services (the tenant) to allocate apace in the estate shop,
storeroom and yard for PFT to operate an agricultural machinery
and equipment center. According to this arrangement, PPP
use Atlantic's machinery and equipment for experimental TO& on
agricultural items and for training apprentice mechagica. ~lm,
when production of ag~icultural machines or equipment should become
essential to development, or e~onomically fraaiblr,or both,
then Atlantic Automotive Services muld be given the opportunity
to undertake manufacture and assembly.

PEACE CORPS VOW- S I G ?
TO PFP
P3ZE UXSQN, ADDISON SALiEXS,
Construction Specialist laad Utilization Specialist

SFTOND AND THIRD YEAR O'lXER ACTIVITIES
PFf continued to engage in development activities which would
not be classified specifically as industrial, commercial, or
agricultural. These were:
1. Provision of credit and emerimental investment
In summary, results of operating the seed capztal loan fund,
providing lines-of-credit from program funds, and guaranteeing
bank loans, were approximately as follows:
In its three operational years PFP had extended credit,
loaned, or guaranteed bank loans to 12 entrepreneurs and the
Yekepa W A . These credits totalled 573,000. The largest were
915,000 to National Uoodrorks; 513,000 to Jenkins Dunbar piggery;
99,000 to Ajavon Poultry Farm; and S8,OCO bank loan guarantee on
behalf of Jones Electrical contractor; and a $6,000 line-of-credit
to James Tabla farm supply store. All othem were less than 53000.
Two borrowers had fully repaid. A11 others except one were making
repayments on schedule. Olma '77 diner owed PFP $2,948 and was
listed as delinquent, but not written off. Ajavon Poultry Farm's
monthly repayments had been reduced and rescheduled to effect full
repayment in 5 instead of 3 years.
In program funds to finance experimental projects which turned
out to be poor investaents, or projects which did not become viable,
PFP m t e off a total of S35,CQO ($20,000 spent on the irrigated
rice, nixed vegetable and tree farm, and 513,000 on Humble's Inn).
2. Cuttincton Collew student intern urosram
king the summer break, fmm July 1 through, August 7, six
students came to Yekepa in 1976 and 1977 for employment as student
interns in local enterpriaes such as Nimhaco, Nonitco, Buff Bakery,
National Yoodrorks, and hmco. hmco provided housing. PFP
directed the program, arranged the employment, and organized an
evening discussion and observation seminar program for the students.
Cuttington's Business Administration faculty and local entrepreneurs
who provlded employment all agreed it was worthwhile and should be
continued. PFP learned from this program that entrepreneurs in
Yekepa were receptive to any method of attracting employees who had
the edueatioq and ethical training provided by Cuttington College.
3. Contractor trainlns? and rural indusfrv'develoument
In mid-1977 the US Peace Corps assigned volunteer con-
struction specialist Peter hason to PFP. He started ime-
diately to rork as advisor to several -11 contractors who
had attended Pn's earlier contractor course and shorn gm-
th potential since. One project which could be classified
a8 on-the-job training for a promising rural contractor was
improvement of a prima- school in the rural village of
Giaapa. The materials for this impmvement were provided by
a pant from a special development fund admxnlstered by the
American Ambaasador.

Discussions were started with Lamco's General Yana~r
and Chief Civil Engineer concerning the spinning off of non-
Lamco work. fomerly uadertaken bp the company's Civil Engineerinr
~~~~~ ~ - Denartmeat, . to local contractors rho rould be organized.
assisted and advised by PFP.

4. Miscellaneous Volunteer Work
A l l rives of PFP staff members, except those fully er-
ployed,engaged in volunteer development projects.Mrs.Butler,
a silk screen cloth printing specialist, worked full time
with Y-Craft; s O e i 1 1 wife of PW's first Agricultural
Advisor, divided her time between Y-Craft and small enter-
prises needing temporary.sales assistance; and Hrs. Taylor,
wife of the Accounting Advisor, conduct& evening adult li-
teracy cnurses in Grassfields and Gbapa.
PFP's General Manager served as President and Board Mm-
her of Nimba Rotary Club, as member of the YXCA and Y-Craft
Boards, and on committees involved nth community social
services and improvement projects. Uherever and whenever PF'P
staff are requested to speak, consult or advise, an effort
is made to respond positively. PFP staff members have serv-
ed on discussion panels at the University of Liberia, as
guest speakers at Peace Corps Training programs and as con-
sultants to other mining companies' comnity viability ef-
forts.
Conclusions Discussed
During the second and third year of operation,the Govern-
ing Council became increasingly active in giving direction to
PFP's programming and budgeting, in monitoring progress, and
in constructive recommendations leading to Liberianization of
the PFP staff and eventually of the overall cornunity viabili-
ty function which appeared to have application to other con-
cession areas as well as to Lamco's.
Some members felt the Yekepa Experiment should be allow-
ed to progress at the pace and on the course already establi-
shed, and others believed that the Liberianiaation and insti-
tutionalization should be accelerated.
All agreed the experiment was making progress and should
be continued. Also, the consensus was that the Yekepa Erperi-
ment's first three years were promising enough to be mitten
up as a model for application to concession areas elsewhere.

OUTtOOK FOR THE NEXT TUO YEXRS
With the hope that agencies funding the Yekepa Experiment
would consider it worth continuing, a full program for the next
tm years was projected. A11 second and third year program ele-
ments and activities rere to be continued or augmented. Efforts
to attract foreign sponsorship and technical cooperation for en-
terprises in Yekepa rere to be intensified. Againat the possi-
bility that funding might be reduced, an alternative budget re-
flecting donor preferences and one third less general program
support also had to be projected.
One donor aeencr may be unable to continue financial auowrt
Unfortunately, KEVX-ILRR( ( Swedish Association of YW and
YMCAs ) #bay be unable to obtain funding from SIDA (Swedish In-
ternational Development Authority ) to continue support of the
Yekcpa Zxperiaent beyond the three years already funded. Reasons
given reflect the prevalent opinion of government technical an-
sistance agencies that, " any program mrth supporting in Afri-
can development should be institutionalized or become self-su-
fficient in no longer than three years ". While the XFWX-KFUW
SIDA funds have been essential to the program, it has been c-
qually important to maintain the high level of participation and
moral support afforded PFP by Scandinavians working for Lamco
who felt confidence knowing that the Smedish Government support-
ed the Yekepa Experiment. The staff conducting the experiment
has had an international flavor which pcluded ideological mo-
tivation. nether or not XRlK-PTUn support continues, nothing
dould detract from the value of the funding and support already
provided.
Reducine the budeet alters W ' e caoabilities
Vith the possibility of general program funds being redu-
ced by oae third, staff cost reduction became ismediately essen-
t1al.m rill not replace the Swedish Economist/Coarrercial advi-
sor, the American Agri-businesa Advisor nw the Dutch Forestry/
loodrorlcing Specialist; all of whom finished their tours in the
last half of 1977. Overseas staff in 1978-1979 rill include a
General Manager, poaslbly an Accounting Advisor, two or three
U, S. Peace Corps volmteers and occasional short-tern consult-
ants. One agricultural mechanic apprentice rill be added to the
exiating Liberlan staff of seven. PFP's capaczty to assist indu-
strial and coraeercial enterprises rill be seriously reduced, rb-
ile capacity to assast agricultural and rural developsent proj- -
ecta rill be augmented. Vith the exception of kco, donor agen-
cies tend to support this change in emphasis. It appears diffi-
cult for personnel in these agencies to comprehend that the Ye-
kepa Erperiment has ob~ectives which do not always coincide wi-
th those of typical Afncan development programs. For example ,
"making Yekepa a viable cityn is not entirely consistent with
"reaching larger numbers of the rural poor". Andncrsatfng xndua-
trres with a multi-mllllon dollar aggregate sales potentialndoes
not colncide exactly wlth " achlevlng tntal Libermnization of
PfP m three years or less ". 101

The propram for 1978-1919 incornorates exoedient chances
PFP's 1978-79 proqam is not ideal for achievement of the
original Yekepa Experiment objective. It is an eqaedient pro-
gram reflecting donor agency priorities, Liberianization eapha-
sis and the possibility of reduced funding. Because funding Zor
aqricultural, handcraft and rural developmeat is more easily ob-
tained, these elenents of the program rill be augmented, rhile
assistace to larger enterprises will be phased back to Janage-
aent consultation. Lirect PFP accounting involveaent rill be
limited to enterprises which are new or in foraation. Technical
assistance to industrial and commercial enteqriaes rill be avai-
lable only if the enterprises can afford to import short-ten
consultants. Aspiring entrepreneurs rill be.encouraed but rill
not be assigned to a qualified business advisor for intensive
start-up assistance as in the past.
Increased renortine burden reduces productive staff time
The aforementioned anticipated changes in program and op-
erating strategy also reflect the increasinq burden on the PFP
staff of reporting requested by the donor agencies and Gavern-
ins Council. At present, progress reports, program projections,
budgets, requests for funding and financial statements take sore
than one quarter of PFP's senior staff and clerical time. With
the projected mix of specific project.3rants from additional sup-
port agencies, the reporting load rill increase because each a-
gency requires a different type of reporting. In anp one quarter,
for example, PFPfiiberia aust prepare and distribute the follow-
ing reports, some to as many as 25 recipients:
Progress report on the over-all pro-
gram with details on each enterprise assis-
ted and project or activity undertaken.
Breakdown of staff time and cost by
enterprise assisted and project or activi-
ty engaged in.
Table of objective achievement list-
ing enterprises assisted, jobs created,per-
sonnel trained, new projects started,sales
volume of agricultural and non-agricultural
enterprises assited and amount of invest -
ment attracted. This table must also show
cuaulative results since the Yekepa Zxper-
iment started, revised projections for the
next follow in^ quarter and for the next
three years.

Program projection for the next f'ol-
lowing quarter, i..cludinrr in detail, obje-
ctives of assistance to each enterprise,-
ticipated achievement, objective of each
proposed project and activity, estimated
number of people directly and indirectly
benefitting, proposed use of staff and ra-
tionale for same.
Financial reports including balance
sheet, income and expense statements, loan
fund status, relevant schedules of receiv-
abf es and payables and vouchers support ing
all expenditures in excess of $25.
Budget for the next quarter reflecting
minxmum income, maximum income and expected
income (income is never assured because
minor inicidents such as delayed
mail or verbal obse~vations of an evaluator
can cause changes in grant payment
schedules and funding commitments).
Condensed versions of progress and
financial reports, projections and budgets
for distribution to various boards.
Foreign employee report with details
of employment terms, visa and work pennit
dates and numbers.
In-kind input distribution report
liating distribution of agricultural equi-
pent and supplies by recipient including
payment terms and physical inventorg at
beginning and end of quarter.
Technical agricultural reports of
progress on variety trials and equipment
emerimentation for specific donors, re-
levant GDL departments, cooperating agen-
cies and need suppliers.
These are not all of the repnrts PFP must prepare.
TBete are anaual reports, audltors reports,feasibility stu-
dies, meeting agendas and minutes and special rsquest re-
ports which must be compiled, duplicated and distributed . -
As one staff member put it, " Does PFP rant to nake prog- -
ress or report progress ? We haven't time to do both. "

Cnnclusions discussed
For the first three years of the Yekepa Experiment, PFP
staff memhers.after a settling in period, worked with unusual
dedication because they understood and believed in the objec-
tive. A11 felt that they were participatins in an experiment
which. if successful, would make a cnntribLtion toward correc-
ting an unjust pattern of human exploitation which had been
tolerated too long.
Some staff members came to PFP prepared to distrust all
multi-national concessionaires, especially mining companies.
Those who had worked before on development projects near oth-
er concessionaires in Africa we= familiar with " token devel-
opment activities" and the typical, highly-publicized, sinor
contrihutions concessionaires make for political favor. These
same individuals later praised Lamco for its genuine efforts
to create lasting development. They rated hmco as " head and
shoulders" above any concessionaire they had observed in Af-
rica.
In recent staff meetings to discuss the Yekepa kkperi-
ment's next three Years, there is genuine concern that the
experiment is somehow beins eroded and turned into ''just an-
other mderately effective development prngram". The satis-
faction inherent in seeing companies like Sational Woodvorks
grow from small artisan shops to industries keeps PW male
high. PFP is known as an imolementine agency and compared fa-
vorably with agencies which are known as study and recommend
agencies. There is concern that PW's reduced capacity to ad-
vise by actual participating assistance rill adversely affect
its progress toward achievement of the viable coararunity ob-
jective.
The staff recognizes and appreciates the constructive
role of the agencies which have supported the Yekepa Exper-
iment so far and hoper that these agencies rill enable PFP
to capitalize on the promising three year start and continue
this unique and important experiment.

-.
Recommendations to follow are addressed to officials of
Governments hosting concessions and multi-nat ional ventures,
and to officials of companies operatinc, or proposing to
operate, as concessionaires in developing nations.
The first recommendation is to read "The Yekepa Hadel"
because subsequent recommendations are derived from the
experience described therein.
Crestine a viable community should be renarded as a urimarv
paraose, not as a poasible br-product, of the concession venture
Creation of a viable community which can be sustained after
the concessionaire departs should be the jornt responsibility
of the concessionaire and host government. A plan to achieve
comnity viability, and a relevant time schedule and budget
should be presented as part of the investment proposal in
the concession apreeaent. The proposal should be subjected
to the scrutiny of capable and impartial consultation to
assure its practicability. Implementation of the plan should
be given high priority and scheduled to begxn when the
concessionaire starts operation.
An experienced develonment aeencv shotild be invized to manaee
the viable communitp prowam
A number of conce~lionaires endeavor to manage their om
community viabiIity programs. There are several reasons WM
this doesn't work as well as getting a development agency to
manage the program. These are:
a) when the concession coatpany manages the commnity viability
effort, the company becomes more dominant instead of less
dominant, and local citizens tend to "let the cosrpany do
the mrk" instead of developing initiative and self-reliance
h) concessionaires are profit-slaking enterprises, therefore
they are not eligible for assistance from government and
non-prof it sources of development financing
c) a company managed community viability program is suspect
because it appears to be an effort to increase profit by
gottins lor cost goods and services for the company and
employees
d) concessionaires usually assign one executive to community
: development who is regarded as "humanitarian" and therefore
conversely "doesn't work well with our no-aonsense management
group". Cnfortunately his removal from line authority often
renders him powerless to get the cooperation the program
needs from the company
e) the community viability program should be designed and managed
by experienced development personnel who spend full-tlme on
the program and cultivate the confidence of the local cltizens
on whom success will eventually depend

Publicize- the procram thorouehlv
There is so much opportunity for misunrlerstandinq a com-
munity viability pm.vam, and as a result, for local authori-
ties and citizens to feel resentment and set up mad blocks,
that it is vorthrkile to publicize the propram thoroughly.
Pub1icit.v should describe the pro.gram, its purpose, how it
will be carried out, and stress that it is the local resi-
denfs own pmqram, not the concessionaires, and that it has
been apvmved by the host guvernment. Publicity should also
define what type of enterprises or agricultural ventures are
eligible for assistance and how, where. and what kinds of as-
sistance may be requested.
In addition to local publicity, the proposed p r o w
should be written up and distributed to agencies which mi&
be willinq to underwrite part of the cost. In preparinq such
requests, it helps to have a few photogenic experimental pro-
jects already underway. These shor~ld be labor intensive,
should involve women and if possible, should include handcraft
development. They should be projects a visitor rould enjoy see-
ins. A noisy sarmill employin_s 160 mrkers rill not ereate as
much good rill as a small artisan enterprise in which three
women are weaving country cloth on a hand loom.
Yake sure that practical advisors are recruited and hjred to wn
the uroeram
Community viability pm.vams require a lot of doinc and cxperi~entation
as opposed to schnlarly study pmducins recommendations
which, thourn sound, never seem to set implemented. An
advisor might be presentinp a proposal to the concession Board
in the morning and up to his raist in mud testing a rota-tiller
the same aftemnoan. Advisors with educational qualifications but
little work experience seem unahle to cope with the ride range
of activities they must enpage in tn be effective
Advisors should be encouraged to become part of the connunity,
to join businessmen's associations and clubs and to voluateer
for cornunity service projects such as decoratinq for
Christmas, orqnizing children's festivals and supervising .voung
adult recreational prnprams. While propm priorities should be
stressed. a creative individual advisor may come up with a "new
approach" or a previously unidentified business opportunit.v
which is not included in the profram projection accept& by
donor agencies. It is better to turn the advisor loose with his
om concept or project than to restrain him and eventual!r discouraae
his initiative. Moreover, it is much easier for a program
aanacer to pull the reins evey so often than to have to
huild a fire under the advisor every morning to get biwher
aovinz. Constructive deviations from the projected pro- ram are
usually accepted in pod faith by bverning Council.= or donor
apnci~s. provided thcr are successful.

Development boils down to ~xchanqe of informat ion and ideas
and transfer of enthusiasm from one individual to another. It
takes place more readily if both individuals are enjoylng them-
selves. An advisor who feels frustrated will transfer that feeling
to his client and be less effective.
Orpanize the develovment azencv for the .job to be done
Normally enterprises to be assisted can be categorized as
industrial, commercial or agricultural. Other development
activities are mostly in training, education and disseminatin~
infomation. Advisors will tend to be specialized by functional
activity such as a mechanical maintenance, construction,
financial management, technical management, or market in^;. Some
client enterprises will require the services of several advisors
It would appear from the experience in Yekepa that the develop-
ment agency organizationally should be divided into two sections:
1, Industrial, commercial and other services
2. Agricultural, Agri-business and Rural Development Services
Advisory sesvices to industrial and commercial clients are
more effective when responsibility for each c1i.ent1s welfare is
delegated to one advisor who can provide the services the client
appears to need most. The advisor In charge, can then enlist the
participation of other advisors as needed.
Control the amaunt of innut into the oroaram
It is possible for the concessionaire's good intent to
get the community viability program into difficulty. For example,
the program will probably include some agricultural
development on land cleared for the purpose. The developing
agency managing the program may have worked hard to motivate
a group of fasmers to clear the land by hand labor as a first
step in the process of learning to participate in self-help,
cooperative endeavor. The concessionaire's civil engineer observes
the project and decides to make a contribution to it.
He sends a Caterpillar D-8 tractor, with operator, which completes
in one afternoon the work which the fanners had planned
to complete in two weeks. Wile the contribution advances
the project, it creates a problem. A few nmnths later the development
agency is trylng to organize a self-help swamp clearing
project. Some of the same farmers are involved. When they
appear reluctant to start the work, the reason comes out as
fol lows, "The work too hard, bring hul ldozer."
Unfortunate1 y,
sramp clearing cannot be done by machme. This is only one
example of the need to control inputs.

It is possible for the community viability proqam to be too
re11 financed. If mney, advisory services, and equipment are
doled out too lavishly, the community ia apt to become as dependen-t
on the development aqency as on the concessionaire. In any develop-
ment effort aimed at creating sustainable proqress, there is a fine
line hetween too much and too little input. Only experience rill
identify this line in each situation. Advisors usually develop a
sensitivity rhich helps them to recognize the difference betreen
"pushing too bard" for achievement of an agency perceived coal, and
"encouraging and assisting" local citizens to achieve pals of their
om perception.
Another illustration of the need to control inputs is in the
foregoing text. The good intent of the concessionaire in exfending
credit to an ailing enterprise increased the dimension of the problem
and delayed corrective action.
Perhaps it is possible to move precipitously, without adequate
study and planning; but more often projects requiring the participa-
tion of several agencies get bogged down because each agencr delkvs
decision by asking for an "analysis of the political and ideological
implications"; a "more thorough investigation"; "more detailed
feasibility study"; or a "more complete achievement time-table".
Development consultants can identify agreed upon goals; rough out a
propam; describe hasic strategy; and outline an implewnration plan.
They can also make an educated estimate of the annual budget. .Asking
wre from them is forcing them to he irresponsible, at best, and
possibly to be dishonest.
The reason programs involving enterprise development cannot be
projected in detail is that the natuie of the process is to be responsive
and motivational rather than directive. Therefore no one can project
in detail exactly the form in rhich development rill take place,
Before any entrepreneurial endeavor becomes a specific development project
to be assisted, many unpredictable feasibility elcarents must fall into
place. There must be a market, a saleable product, required technical
capability, a production facility and possibly transportation as =ell,
start-up capital, entrepreneurial motivation (rillingness to risk), a
competent advisor, and, above all, aenagerial talent. If, after visiting
a development site for a few days and talking with several local
citizens, a consultant professes to he able to forecast den, and hor
may times, and specifically for diet enterpriscs, all these feasibility
elements rill be in place, tben the consultant is probably being
pressured by the belief that program support rill not be -tcd unless
he makes highly imaginative projections. - -

Ideological and political implications are not relevant
to the job to be done. Whether the host government leans toward
cooperative and parastatal enterprise or private enterprise
doesn't mtter. Enterprise rill still have to be managed
efficiently to make a contribution to development. In fact,
cooperative and state sponsored enterprises require more sophisticated
management than private enterprises because decision
making in them is cumbersome.
Political oratory about exploitation, unrealistic dearands
concerning the replacement of expatriates, and over-opti -
mistic promises of achievement may have the impact of temporarily
slowing up development progress, but these are also irrelevant
to the job at hand. There are no short-cuts, nor any
oagical solutions to improving living standards. Living standards
improve along with ability to increase productivity and
become self-reliant. Assisting in this process as a " partner
from overseas " is a satisfying and enjoyable kind of work.

- ------ -- -.-------. -- _ - _ -. .________
CIxb P. 8uQr
Galc/o
Luneo I.V. b -YdLagl
E0teSlmavrra.l~
!.i&N
PF'P has prepared a report based on its experience in Yekepa.
The report is entitled, " Realizing the Dcvelopent Opportunity Creat-
ed by an Iron-ore Mining Concession in Liberia ". The purpose of the re-
port- is to help other governments and concessionaires to design community
development pr.ogarns.
PFP would like the repart to be as realistic as possible. Therefore
re are asking for permission to use the example of your enterprise in the
attached text along with some relevant photographs. Please sip opposite
the name of your enterprise if you agree that the text is a fair presen-
tation of its progress and its experience with PFP, and thereby grant us
peraission to publish and distribute the report.
Thank you in advance,
Ajamn Poultry Farm
Buff Babery
MCA-
Daila dswc.
Cuttington College
Elu. Contractor
Workers lunch mom
Cinema
Nimbaco
Hanitco
National Woodworks
NRCC
Olma '77
Jelco
?i . Xilton Supermarket
Humble's Inn
J. Dunbar Pigpry
Atlantic Hators
Fara Supply Store
Lamco
Person to sizn
F. Ajaron
S. Hamn
0. Alnesjo
D. Kihkpin
.* zuu
E. n01mes
n. C~OPCI.
C. Preenran
J. Uughes
J. Kromah
8. Houston
B. nouston
P. us0
D. Joaes
X. nilton
J. Collins
J. Rwbar
8. Kulaik
J. Tabla
8. Astrand
-

(Is of Dec. 50, 1572)
ktsmzl Prozzress
- staff tr?a ad Liber',ac;izatioa
- stzategy development
- operating efficiency
- capaci- to serve 2nd ex;?=&
- limes with other ae2cies
- fund rzising
- event& iasti'=i;tioralization
- tvduztion
- s- of 1978 Resource Allocation
- PFP heged pro2ects
- eatenrises vsisted by E5Z
- cevelopment aciAi,vities
--i-
- entenrises crezeet? zs 2 zesult oZ ~ 2 2
i?vol-re=ant
Gue stiioa : How i ' has ~ the Yekepz Comdq advacet tow&+ I2s
objective (i-e. econcnic vtabEtj L-m-OE
depletior)?
Objective: Creete emplopent for WC.0 cenos and eaee~rises
wit5 qgzagzte mual income from sales of S50,CCO,C00
per yea to rcn tke carzzmitg.

An organization like 2FPLiberia which will not be Geiznanent
in LiSeria 2nd eventudly will pass on its firnctions to 1
local iastitations, mus~ conslder the internal. develo~nent of its
Liberian staff znO its capacity to work -*:thin the hos~ nation's
overall developent ezfort to be as iapor';ant as the achievement
of specific external. pojecz objectives. Develo~ment is a never
ending process. Bfter an iditid stinulus from outside, the area
concerned must acquire the capacity to initiate and sustain progress
from its own enthusiasm and resources.
Staff T-rejninc and Liberianization
In 1974, when PE?? started, the'permaaent staff was 6 expatri-
ates, (a general manager, and 5 ST. advisors) and 2 Liberians (a
jr. addor and a secretary).
Today the permanent staff is 3 expatriates (a gsn. sgr., an
evaluator, and an appropriate technology advisor) and 7 Liberias
(a deputy general manager and sr. advisor, an accounting advisor,
an office manager, 2 extension workers, a vehicle administrator,
and a heavy-due machine operator.
Xon pemanent staff includes three Peace Cons Volunteers (a
constzuction specialist, a surveyor. and a small business advisor)
and a Liberizn-vegetable ~~ecialist'assigned to i%P by the go=.
of Liberia (GOL).
Liberian staff developent progress has been good with re-
spect to the deputy gea. =, and sr. agric. advisor, the account-
ing advisor, and the office manager. It has been fair with ;- ,: .
respect to one extension worker and the heavy duty machine opera-
tor. It has been unsatisfactory with respect to one extension
worker and the vehicle rlaministrator.
Peace Corps Volunteers assigned to FlW have made e e d
personal developnent progress: for one, it has been excellent; for
2, good; and 2 others left PFP before completing their tours, one
for reasons of job dissatisfaction and the other for personal
reasons unconnected with the job,
Staff haring completed their tours with PFP and left have
gone on to higher positions or Ugher education as the result af
favordole personal development while eth PFP. - -
Since PFP obtained the full-tine serpices of an evaluator,
st& developnent via staff meetings and periodic discussions with
staff members on their perforsance (i-e. improved, stayed-the-same,
or deteriorated and why?) has become regularized and more effect-
ive.. = is still, however, a misbum of 5 gears from total
Liberianization,

-aixenoting ts rescxe Lmc3 spk-cf l snte-~zises xEch
were dooned beczuse they were too i~z-gt c& ccrqlox
for the maagerial cepzcitJ of the iijer'ics 0%- -
and operatihz tha.
-starting md operat* an a&zicult~-al ,reject, then
spinninp it off to the workers on the assuq*ioo ZLZ~
they could ma2lzge it cooperz3:vely ad ~,-ofifzbly.
-docat-g- too 1-e a percent ol m's total resouzces .
to enterpri-ses which had exceptfom roaise =a capzcitg
to enploy on the assmptioo tit a iotensive
short te-m inout would get the entenrises stebXEzed
and 2ble to progress on tbeir om.
-assisting rzal farlllezs without first - ~ the a2prc- ~ g
val, confidence, and trust oi' tine town, cla z d
county authoriti5es govednq the fh"3?er's hme tom
a d the allocazion of fam. Lzr?Cs to WJiids.
-respon- too i17-17 to requests bgr -mco, z mjor
donor to -FEPts pogza, to do work -.iScL h d n-ation&
develogmeat significace 'cut was outside Y2e scose oi'
the FFP prcg-2 io Tekepa.
-accep- doror preferences for grant 9'd uses az-5 uaderestiznathg
the costs in gereral 2rcpm expexes
hvolved i?r us- special. project g=zcts, dlso beover-optimistic
about ability to a*act ge=erG
proem f-m&,
Today's strategy rev5siom kve corrected all of the above
dstakes except the last. That one w:ll M e to be co,~ected
i?r 1979 by e sajor decrease in procan actifitis to c; zo~tk-
ly operat- costs mre +&in in half.
O~erdl strate-, a directed by tfie Gov. Councii, UOcates
a such larger percent of totd resocces to rzai deveiop
sent, Rural development stratem req-es the hvolvenenz or'
local authorities and people f=a pro,ject 3lr2.3 ti~-o~@ 1s
campletion. PPE recoeaes the potentid multipker ei'ikct
inherent in demaiistzam t.o ,wii pools w k t tineg cul do ir-
They lee= to plan theLr own projects, ad o-*qa=ize '&ezxselves -
to get work done. -
Iitegated ru~d development o~erzzizq
ef5ciency is satis-
factory. &a1 develomert yrojecta teod TO 5e b~lmen:ec? cr
schdde .&thin pre-detemed COSTS. %is refleczs the aciE7
of PCV David Xeyers.

Construction contractor development and training by experience
also is progressing satisfactorily reflecting the industq and
dedication of PCV Pete Lawson.
Agiculturzl developnent (i.e. demonstrar;ion/trai~ng fzn and
agric. extension servlces to sinall farnefs arc ned2.m scaie anaal
husbandry enterprises) progresses at an acceptable rate bur; te~s to
run up costs in excess of budget because of vehicle and machinery
misuse. Control oi' veiicle operazzon, first 1iae mintenance
performed bg the operetor, and mechzinical awareness (i.e. when to
stop a macMe because further operation will cause serious -age),
all need substantial isprovement. In 1979, if operation of agricultusai
machines and vehicles shotild exceed the anount budgeted for -
the month, the vehicles and machines will have to be deadlined until
more funds are available,
Appropriate Technolog development progress has be.= steady
but slow because much of the effort is expended in getting rhe
Approp. Tecn, Center equipped to undertake a wide range of projects.
The rural industrial experiments have mixed results. Ivhile the
charcoal production enterprise appears viable for its owner, brick
production has had to be discontinued until equipment designed to
produce a lower-cost, higher qualie brick (i.e. a mechanicel clay
mi:~er u?c? a better designed kiln) can be financed, conscsucted,
installed, and put into operation. -0utsi;e consultation also nay
be needed.
?JT assistance and advisory services to industrial and commercial
clients is satisfactory and produces acceptable results in
terns of client enterprise improvement. In terns of meeting the
demand, however, PFk's capacity to arovide essential accounting
advi-sory services is spread thin which tends to reduce efficiency.
Other PEP activities such as student intern programs, loan fund
nrlmini'str&ti9n+ business nanagement trzjlling, fzm supply distribu-
tion, and handcraft development need operat- efficiency -improve-
uent. Although results achieved are bpressive, they are often
achieved at too high a cost.
Cauacirn to Serve and Emand
As of this report, substaotial reductions in support grants
projected for 1979 will necessitate consolidation and a decrease
in capacity to serve,
Wanes With Other Agencies
Linkages with nan-govemental and GOL agencies reached a -
peak in 1978, EPP now has- "working link2ges1' with County Gov-t; -
Gniversities and 'Pechnical. ~~g Institutions; Mbistries of
Agriculture, Planning, and Finance; all GOL parastatal corporations
and development banks; foreign embassies; Peace Corps; Urn agencies;
major concessionaires; and with tbe rrewly formed Burd Development
Tak Force.
&om its start in 1974 uneL1 the end of 1977, rX/Liberia was
able to attract che grvlts necessa?.?. to ?id its program. hlthougl?
grants for 1978 were roughly equd to 1977 in total, the funds
grated were largely for specific project -puts. Grants for
general program expenses such as staff salaies and operatiag ,

^. - i
eqenses -were izsufficient tff'cover the generzl ?rog?a cosi.s k-
volved in hplemenzing rhe specid project iqu,u-;s. %is czeaced
a severe Mcdance in SF funag result-dg in a fezeri pzcgru
cost overrm which wili take of 1979 ad szrt of 19EG ro
wcrk cut of.
It is, however, one of EW's iiiajor objectives fo ztzact
sufEcient ~eneral progrvrr sumort to allow B3F ts ccsglete the
ezparLnent of trgiag to create enougi econonic diversification a ~ d
growth in Gpger Nbba County to offset the even- loss cl' ironore
minbg as tke dominant 3hcome generator. 2i3Lication of a
brochure entitled "Eealiziag the Development 2otenti-d Created by
en Lron Ore Concession in Liberia - The Veke9a Xc&elln
has been a ikst step in this mjcr fuudiag cFrive. A seccod step
will be an inte,mational con-ferecce in 1979 to be -or-sored by
the As?e*r Institate for Humzcistic Stdies. This corteronce is to
be based on the Yekega Hodel a d aized at dt;plicat3z - the zeel,
or sinilzr efzorts wherever depletaSle resource concessicas fbreaten
the futjre welf-e of locd. citizens who have bec~re eve cependent
olrthe income there from.
Zvataal Instiitirtionzlizati-on
Eventuzl inst5tution&zation of EF2 ies been 2 scioject
discussed ii~ Governing Council seetings because all zmibe-s aze
aware that non-go~ernmental qencies carnot ccnthue ts attlact
g,-ent. f a f oram. It is too avly for ?E to be locked *to
an institutionaliz.ition plan. There axre severd possiSiEti=e -"-.
T2e Gov't of Liberia mag create an acency to 5~32~232 tie ecandc
diversification of concession areas. xesponsibilr* for the
functions pesently wried out by Z'P nzg be absozbeC 51 vz-icw
Pliriistrhs to which aach function gertaias. Concei=X.j, 232
could work itsel* out of 2 job. I?I tbt cese its PactLars would
have -shed by attrition to z few. These ziqht be c&en
over by loczl government aut;?orities concerned w%tk progress.
Wuation
P E ks been evaluatizg its ow acMev-aents -A 3rog2ess zeports
to donor agencies and i;l Gow-mi= Council appraisds -
contoed izl the minutes o: ezch neeti-. 9 e report* ks aot .
been as objec*ive as will be req&-$0 in the fu-e by Sono=
agencies. '&ersfore retahed the ~e-~ces of :fr. aoger Zee"or,
a graduate of the Scbool for Intez'nationzl .Bstlp,ti,oq OP zn
internshi? basis sgecSicdlpto evabate the t.ZP groet3 Yskepa
and assist it to overcome silc~con'ngs zevealeL as tke evd~atico
pro&resses. d smmary of FLr. Zeller's e ~ ~ t i ;la= o n k?s bee2
prepzed and -m.bmitted to CSAD in Deceder, ig%. A easy Ls
attacbd bezezo.

ihile eventual institutionalization of FFF ind i-provement of
UpperXimba County's capacity to sustain. a major development t3rust
on its om, are W's ?rir?ory objectives, FF. 's proms6 meanwhile
is measured by'ocbie*em-int of external project goals.: 'Phis section
of the report summarizes the Progress of each externa! project fmm
&en Pt liecams a project until the present; ti!? statue of the pm-ject
today; and the objectives to be attained inthe foreseeable future.
: . . . .
Summary of 1978 -4soureei-Allwation
dericulture and *cural
Demdtraining farm vith extension outreach 3 82,W
Appropriate Pechnology Center and extension 44,900
Rural ueveloparent, Industrial, agricvlture, edueation 45,400
hral low-cost c*utrsctor training 22,000
Student Internships, agrinulture and forestry 7.W
total agriculture and rural $2- (71%)
Industrial and Comercia1
Faterprise creation 18,7M3
hterpriaat,assistance 16,300
Investment attraction
total industrial and commercial $41,000 (1%)
itdministratioa and Overfiead
-Visitor hospitality , 5, BCQ
Office oper2tion plus all overhead not
soecificaUp al'ocatabte 33,XX)
total awn. and overhead 39,300 (14%)
total pcogara expenses s2a2,OoO

I. 3emcnstration/rrainine Farm Kith ?ctension Gutreac!~
The project was started in .ran, 1977. The objectives were
a) to create a mixed fam on which local famer trainees could be
exposed to, and given practical experience in the rriaesr
possible variety of crop pmduc:ion feasible in Cp er Simba
County.
b) to provide an imlerentation oriented fol7ov-up extension
outreacs capable of assistine farmers in irrigated land
preperation and aprlication of inproved faming metho.3 and
of assisting local schools to or~anize ap-icultural clubs
with their om aemnstration and training ulots an2 an ma1
husbaadry expericents. 'The purpose of the school effort is
to start the process of change at the most receptive a$e.
cf to test tLe feasibility of local production of animal feeds
and other crons such as muean potatoes for which the
&et dellland requires impartation.
The pmject has bern financed over its two year life ty
wecific-purpose grants from US.--13, =S, GrjL (in kind), and WP inputs
of funds from other saurces inclliding hmco, TACZ, and iLT--ZI..r
(Swedish YX and Fa)-. Yur5ng 1978 financing was apnrorimately
as followi:
P&CT & hmco
total
Froject expenditures in 197P break don approx as follors:
Salaries and wages (4 staff, 2 equip operators, 11 rorkers)fl2,50(?
Capital wrtaaes (buildings, irrigaticn equip, aachinery,
vehicles) 28,300
Operting expenses (supemision, admin, sup lies, fuels, rrpsw
eta) 51.W
~ecoverable imuts inti: extension cfirnts
total

Stat% of the project today is that -che damnstration/
training ?arm at Grassfialds has 19.5 acres under cultiva-cion as
follows :
irrigeted rice 2 acres
upland rrce 4 I7
*ree crops & nurser.^ 1 I,
I,
fish ponas
animal feed crops Oe5 1,
7
vegetables, tubers, seed beds 5 "
Totd 19.5 acres
On the site are buildings:
ladging and classroom for 10 farmers
dultry house (2000 broiler t l qer capacity)
Tool and supply shed
covered a2ea for machinerg 6s equipment
Extension workers re@azly visit 19 active rice farmers
farming a total of 36 acres of irrigated rice an& a estinated
100 acres of upland rice. They have forned agricultural clubs
in 13 rurd schools, each b vhg an average of 3/& acres of
mixed crops. These schools have an aggregzte agricdtural clzb
membershi9 of 300 students.
It is asmted that PET'S danonstration/trainirlg fazu plus
follow-up ertansion has been the pri;ne sotiva-cion increasbg
rice produc~ion in Upper Ximba County by 3000 bags of milled rice
pa. for a total value of $75,000 pea. which ends up as income
to rural farmers.
mere is no way to estimate -2 notivated increzsed in grain,
legume, tuber, ad tree crops except to note that 2EP sales to
fanners and distribution to schools of tools, equipment, fertili-
zers, chemicals and seeds has increased since 197L from an average
of 4500 p.a- to &,600 in 1978. Also, farmer denzad for tree
seedlings i21.1978 caused LMC to opec an arboritum h Cugbwe, the
first in Gppsr Nimba Couty.
\&la Laakeh 1'1ulti-Eurpose h'amners Cooperative stzrted up
with ST assistance, now has 81 farmers menbers, is registered,
and in NOT '78 obtained the Liberia Produce liarketing aoar3.
agency status required to start business.
PFP assumes credit for projectad produc.cion fron ambar and
Dunbar Piggem, 35,000 lbs of pork seat p.a. for an annudl seles
of ;pLF3,750 and for actual production fro2 A.avon Poultry 3%- -
;i40,700 p-a. in table birds (90%) and eggs ?LC%). Credit is -
assumed by PFP because both farms were started as a result of
EFP encoqeoent and loans.

a) to train and povide extension I'ollow-~i bpleae?li;atim
assistance to jO selected loca Zzzers 9.2.
b) to fors wor-g md l e a a-cultu=al clubs h 4 new
rural schools p.2.
c) to incrsase Ldgated rice 9roduction in ljp~er X a e
Cbunty at the rate of jO acros of - 2-cxpper-;et-,
gravity-flou, irrigrted paddy 9.a.
d) to introauce first-stage rechaiz2tion (i.e. r o t ~ ~ d k g ,
threshiq, and wimouing to all *g=ted rice ftzers
and estanliah an enterprise crovldizg leesec meWz2-
tion serv',ces to fasmrs at pmfls2Dls rztes for bo-A fbs
f-err the enter~rise.
2, Amro~riate Techolon Center (AX)
'Phis project was started in ;a. 1978 aO bas been k 9rcgzess
one yea. It is locat& iz PE/iioerin's W-scale '?c'ustxid
Estate in Yekepa. The pro2ect's objectives uere:
a) to create a. nechaniczl workshop xifb a -xi& enow
varietJ of tools aua equipneat and aetal stock fc
. produce e~e~hental appmpr1ate teckcolow devices
which can be sold or leased -srofitably to f&mers,
contractors and rural industzhlists ad used
profitablj by tha.
3)- to creats 3 workshop in which 2-3 xzc3icel~, equi:?
mat, and vehicles can be chtiinei tnd regL-%I
and f-win which a well-equipped sobile Pield se-ce
and recair unit can perfom tae preverrtative ml"-
temce and regair work reguLr& in tLe field Co
keep P E stckinery and equipment a-nO ep~roprizte
technolow devices in gooc ope=*- con&ition.
d) to provide zr acpixprinte tecknoia~~ eeesicn
outreach cagable of assistkg r~zL.contrzcton,
fzmers ad kdustriaLsts to become z-2~ wG"l ---1
ad use zpyrogrizts teclrroloe~ devices ax% methds.
. .

The PIT A'PC has been financed during ir;s one year life in
pert by a grant from USBID/hiberie; in ?a-t by PFP funds frcm
other donor agencies; and by a portion of the ?3T revolving lo=
fuod dlocathn for building and equipping a industrid estate.
2bacing wrs qprox. as follows in 1978:
to-ial 'WL, 900
1978 eqense breakdown zpl;rox. as follows:
Salaries and wages (Sr. advisor + 2 trainees) 313,700
Capital purchases ( ower tools)
900
Operating e-enses ? power, supplies, mall tools)
parts, stock, expendables, taxes etc) 19 , 300
Unrecoverable inputs - into mral indtastries 11,000
total *,go0
' Fresent stahis of the BTC projects can be sumnarized as
follows :
a) The necaanic-l workshop is 5C% complete. Still needed a-e
arc-welder, drill press? power hxksaw, hydraulic jack,
air conpressor, and vtlrrous ii-fraas, forging trzgs, and
jigs whictL can be nade in the shop, illraady obt&ed are
gzs welding equipnant, hand tools, itthe, ailling nachiaes,
shaper, sheet actal cutter anc various hand power tools.
The shop is wired fcr llOV end 220V current and for
adequzte lieti eaui~ped with a latrine; sec~ity gates
and doors are 3'co~;~l;te-
The development of ap~mpri-ate technology devices, tools
and equipment, znd the naintenance of nechines and devices,
for lease to fxmers and rurzl industrizlists has progress-
ed satisfactorily considering it lsas been in progress only
6 months, The a C hzs mde and modified cinvaran block
devices, has nade rakikss, hoes, cultivators and tree plant-
ers; has designed and nade kerosene brooders for chicks
and poultry waterine devices; has tested and found design
faults in the International Rice aes. Inst. roto-tiller
and is in process of designing corrective modifications
therefor; has produced charcoal 'kilns and the net& p&?.s
for a brick kLln which is also in the process of redesigz.
The aTC is studying the problen of clzg honogeniziq for
inproved brick and fired cLag products; and is groducing
a 4-pneunatic-tired-trailer fron Lvco scm2 for hauling -
fbed clsy products an^ f cum supllies.
b) lThe SC's vehicle naintenance shop is approx. 70% complete.
& lean-to, pemanent-roofed area has been added in the
fenced rear gtrd for vehicle naintenance and repair. It
is gradually accunulat-a equiplent such as grease g~s,
fuel pumps, lubriczting oil pumps end dispensers, hand
tools, stocks of filters, -1 p&s etc. for equipment
and vehicle zaintenance. IT has prepared vehicle orevensative
maintenace schedules, but these are not yet
satisfactori?ly adhered to. It hopes to add a complete
tire repair ftcility uher funds becc~e available. A fieldservice,
+wheal-&ive, truck is being equipped with fuel
and lubricatini; oil cont~ders and dispansers and a selection
of field service hand tt~ols.

d) dTC's extension outreach Dzs been lhiced by its corcern vita
getting itsell equip~ed, aesieng ?:oCucts, ?roczc2Ci-~ prototypes,
ad maintaining P E t=m~pcrtation. It 'h2s been able
to keep 6 ci;lt7fpsa block nacmes ad-2 Yzzmzz rota-fillers
out on lease ad in good rep&. It has gerZo,~ed a wide
variety of iiald selrvice rqdn of cfuscod kib, brick
ext~uders, brick kiln doors, tne' czterpillb- 955 fxrt latder,
the Hassey Berguson Pan ~,~ctor, ulc? attecbents, amps,
watsr system,-&nd extension worker moto~cycies. A zot~r cycle
znd a used Toyotn Pick-up t=?lck were receritlg pzcksed to
enable A% to work on nore tW oce field se--ice ?-nble?: et a
tiine.
The plznfor the future groWih of TE's di)0rosrizte
+- - Teckolo~
prolife-mtion effort is extensive ad long ranqa. 33 hopes to
obt.-A the Bishop Carroll 'fie School congocud at C-~&sfiel&, to
move its LW thei-, end to conduct f oxxdized cf A99rn3.
Tech. extensior workers (to be hown es a-al &~SGZS). me
eteurs would b r a into the U'C FJZLL industry 9 ~ q-cializ- s
ing in brick adlor. charcod 2ro&u35on, low cost h o e blzcksnit-,
food processing, sheet net21 workhg, z~c*r?i=tl se-&ces,
etc. ula these groups would be given fomzlized t = W g -h t2eLchosen
technologies as wellas usistmce in concentzztilp %heir
skills bto business enterprises. 'Exis plz.ri,cf course, depends on
P-"P's Aility to attrzct fi3ancizl stlpport.
3. Intearated Sur-2 Develoment
FFP discovered, ia the comse of its -1ctiltj_r?L axcension
efZosts, thzt it could get bett3r local response t3 ~zzl -Icultural
project groposals if the asppiraticns of ~111qers 90r
non-incone-generatkg developmmts such u schools, c-cs,
bri&es.. culverts. road imurovement. wells. and szrket sreas
The objective wm to get rurd villzgers org&ze& for seLE- -
help devdosent program; to 1st them g&n e~esiience 5y ?=ti- -
cipating in the ?laming end hplaentaticn of one or t8o IP
assisted projects; ad to have welidispersed, c~~pleted ac
operationil projects visible thx~cgkout Dpper Bhba Coup- to act
as incentive to other nzzl viiers to -anders&e sbiL?e prodecrs.

.?'P1s integrated rural develornent ?roszcl has been fiaaced
by ~ m funds t fron PACT (Privets Agencits Collaborating Together-
XYC), ~ K - (Swedish ~ M Dl-TkCA issoc. - Stockhoh), Lamco, CS
Peace Corps, ES ~ ~ s sXetherlands y , -zbassg, and Xinba .?otzq
Club. Tunds were sgent is fol2ows i~ 1578:
Sdaries tic wages (extinsion worksrs par-c-';be, casual
labor) 5 3,000
Operating expenses (staff sup ort, transp. etc.) 28,900
Larecoverable project hauts P eerthoving, tools,
building naterials, contract labor) 13,500
totdl iW5,400
The presentstatus of this progrsa'is that it is operationzl
and in "high gearn, meening that it has c~eated more rurd development
incentive and requests for assi'stance than FFk can respond to.
First completed was Lugbwe School and ~~sden plot in July ''73
(plumed and built by a cooperative effort including the villagers,
the Yakspa YMCA, the Ninba Rot?- Club, and Em), The second
poject, an extensio; to the Gbapa Scho,;l md a nixed af.riculturil1
student fara was conpletad in i:~. '77 as a joint effort involviag
tha villagars, the students, LiS resce Corps, Bmericvl Ebbassy 2nd
2 . The third project was a market are= and village rice f m
zt ILinu completed in Dec., '7'7.
In 1978, school construction cum v';ll~e and/or student
f 2rm plots, and road an& narket bprova.ents were completed in
Zoqowe and Bonas. Projects are underway in Zolowie, entoween,
Dulay, .ad honlsh. Othrr participants in these projects have
been Xetl~rltnds imbassy,.. hco,. md tht nMoa County Gov't.
EFP hopes to expad its integrated rurd development service
czpacity ta include the tr-asfar of rurdl hCustq and low cost
construction how-how and stimdation- This w-ill tie-in with
PE's pla for 3n Appropriate Technology Center (ATC) at Gmssfields.
5 e long-tern objective is to create a cadre of Liberian
Xl!CTtrained "~ateurs" who with the suppxt of the ATC, can
assist ,mi?& people to org-Aze, plan, ac undertzke z wide vaiew
of incone-generating and self-hprovement projects.
4. Contractor Trsininq
Ia 1973 Lamco endeavorsd to crezte a Liberian owned and
managed construction fin using the spin-off strategy (i.e.
assigaiq to this firs l are portions of the houing cons~~ction
forserlg done by Lanco's civil engiinetr-ing dept.). This did not
work out, lihe firm was too large for the czpacitJ of its managers,
and contract work was tco sporadic to surpozrc z firm with a perwent
staff of 35 forenen and lead men. In 1975 Ninba Realm and Construc-
tion, the "spin-off fin, went out of the construction bus~kess
he- suffered severe financial losses.

- t;?zt - tjree
EL& present stat& of this r3.P ?rosza is - of &?e
seven bve gcow =a developed sarb&l;r; 30n dues 2~2 u ::.-A
ZLectricdL Contractor (JJELCO), kazz Kerta, c??"=,entz-y, ?a& Steven
aka, low cost const?zuction general cortzactor. .%o rre experiencing
setisfactory growth; Xwin Venn zcd J o u Jahcscn
zre both low-cost construction general contzzctors. Olle is opext;&
but is generzllr disa~oin?:~; Lame~ce Lincok wtlo stsCeci
as 1 pidoing sxbcontractor and tzred to eqand intc ~;=re--s
cootrac-, ad another, hillim ;Ir-ai, %gh vcltage elect5cd
contractor, has gsne out of busiaess. Lmc3 S~C&S ii requests
for non-lac0 cons~~ction work to lE2 for issipaert to Zbe=13n
contractors.
Gnder contractor training- and development l3F is suae-e~h~
%io zajor construction job's wkich sttrted iz 197e: norkg Wzy
T-Xxe frcm a site threatened by a river 'of silt "run-off" lz-2
the .XSna nine to a new, hi&?= site; 2nd stat* r "Setter
hozesn - ?ro j zct sponsored by the X5ce gomen's isscciati.on, Sew
Dulag Village inclaes 37 hones, 2 store, a l&.=e ?+$ver kuc,
5 l ~ ~ eand s more , w i U be added, Set~er
first 2-e of 24 homes accorclng to 29's scdal L-eadj constructed.
385,500 bes pgid by coost=ucVior custrmeis :;rzw -59 -3sistai
ccatzectors in 1978.
iones -cA 5 clde a -
In tne future, F-e hopes to crcato anow liijerizn gme~z ~d
soeciilized sabcmt~actors to take over dl excqr E@.y tec%c&
contract work from kco's Civil =gkeer-he - 3ept. Grzd~y, each
conCr=ctor 'dl; 3e encourzged to increzss tk2.s ;orecl: of &is -kcc=e
C O f-m~ ~ ~on-ir~!zco custome=s in o*.--r to ctczeesa de>&*-,ce
on the concession.

Indusnial and comercial enzemrises crea~ed as a result of
TF? (i.e. which started because of IFF escouragerent, assistanco,
and fiziurcial io~axs) continued so be advised and assiszed by PFT
in 1978. These included:
The Lanco spin-off forestry an& sawmilling
conpang
Atlantic ciutonotive
Services: . in ?FP industrial estate
N. Milton Supermarket: a second stzrtkp
Catherine Freeman
Cinema: in Unification Town
Ben Kaye Charcoal
Production: nobile kilns
Y-Craf t : silk screen cloth printing and dressnaking
Olma 77 Xestaurant: at railbus station
Nimba Pan= Sumly Store: fomerlgr James Tabla store, Azea T gate
Edwin Venn brick and tenporu2y shut down Eov,, 1978
clay products mfgr:
. . WorBez's tenporailg closed down January 1978
Bestaurant : wkile owner received further education
PE spent $18,700 of its resources in 1978 assisti;?g the above
enterprises. This included a major gortion of .PEP General Manager's
the wbich is not incluaed as a direct cost because he is seconded
to PEP frou Lamco and paid by Lmco, la addition to his tbie,
PFP spent:
Cost of staff tine 5 90
Operating eqenses
rjorecovesahle inputs

In 1978 Xizoeco's sdes ~er2

hother problen is the rapid t-mover of Hr. Milton's account-
in6 gersoond. PFl"s codtilent to the rel'i;?znciag b&s r.;pires
tht PFk staff t->e and resources Ge used t3 keep Xr. Milton's
accouting a d IkacFU staten,-nt production c? to ddte.
--
borrowed &,~GO if&
the Lib;rizn a& for'~eve1opncnt and
Investment (LBDI) and 5599 from PFE. EX? dosigned and supedsed
construction of the Cinema.
The cinema seats 600 persons and ccnplies with a3.i comuniQ
szfety, fire and spitation regulations.. Tilns for exhibition
cost between $75 and. $150 per showing. merefore tlrs. r'r9ensn
sust sell a ninimum of 250 tickets (average price $1.00 per ticket)
to nzke ncney since she has to run a gensrator, pzy ticket takers,
pay for trznsportation of filns frcn a d to Monrovia, and o&e
loan repaynents.
PFi's observation is that &ter 5 nonths of break even volme,
SAD32 Cinema started naking a reasonable profit in vctobcr '78.
Averwe attendance esceeds 350.
Xrs. r'reeaan had to be Sressed, 'cut she fi3d1y signed an
weenent to start $100 per nonth repeyments to YEl' in Jan '79.
It is true, as she conpalins, thzt her success has attracted a
competitive cinema axbibitor who operares ia s building which does
not meat public safety rewations and chargss 2% less aWssion.
EEK KAY'S CCliaRCOAL PRODUCTION Sen Kaye started producinf, charcod
with a loan frop raY in the fom of two VITA desigz charcoal kilns
in mid 1977. lie locat-a his kilns in bush =eas where Nkbaco bd
left stuaps, large tree lbbs, znd sections of log which were not
suitable for sawmilling. L?FP sigred an assuzvlce requested by the
Forest Development ~uth0riQ
that Ben w e
wculd nake charcod
only out of lunbcr already cut and lying on the ground. Hever-
cheless, F3A officials chrged Ben Kzye stimpege fees which had
already been paycd by Binb&co znd forced hb to nove his kilns into
i+i?zbaco's yzrd where he nust use sa.4ni.ll offcuts to W e charcoal.
after he had been producing charcoal in Ninbnco's yud for tdo
nonths, r'ak officials thrertened to fine Nhbaco for *roper use
or' W o ~ so r Ben Haye wzs forced to shut down charcoal production
altogether.
En is now in process of negotiating wit& ?lU to detzrzie
whether it will be possible for a dl-scale chzrcoal producer
to opersce using forest waste. EFf believes that such use of
forest waste would be in.the natibnal develogent izterest.
Y-CIUFT
Y-Craft mzde good p r m i n 1978 selling over a3O,000 of hand-
craft products retail of whicii 7C% were itens made at the Y-Cr~*t
cloth printbg, sewing, and trhing shop.
-

- -
A grat fz3m "he C->tea States. +enc7 :or izt--z%lcd &svelzp
m s t (~SAD) to -FTP for 3q:'35o1~ of +-v~-- n----- r iz 1776 ~5 -'i./& a-
a51ed Y-CraZt to sttxt an eqanslon grcgz~. %is pxgzz-=: hc1.aies
snlzg-kg the clcth grint-a ror4shog so longer giecss cf cloch
caa be priated, -+creasi=q the imber of cloth ?ri-lcbg d setreinees,
and tr-g LiSeri~ 3anqeriSL 2ersoonel to in the
workshoy a=d tke retail store.
me AID gzat enabled Y-CrzZt to cover t:?ze a d zazqerial
develowe~t eqenses without using the ente-rises ocers-kg cz~itzl.
ms, in turn, enabled Y-Crdt- to carry a nore diverse st;scB zd tc
orp~ze siles in Buch+an, Hazbel, a& Plonrovia, %e res-;lt was
an operetin6 profit which for the first the irr P-CraZt's history
was suff iciezt. to justify a wnd p?y=ent to =Cii to sqpcrt yout&
activities,
~ h c the e p r k z objective of Y-CrSt is- t~ .ge*-jtraCai5~e for
EiCA zctiviLties, this WES sigiif lcanc prowess.
Fks, Bomu Dso eqer;;erced a amber of be&*& a& pers~nzl
problems which prevented her fro= gi~hg eio- tizie to =be
restauraat, She hzs been unable to stzrt repapent of the 5-
lozn.
Tow~d the end of 1978, &s. Thoooas, 20% f u y P-Aed f-~rn
Lamco, beg= to feel well enouc,-;? to gromote soce ~ e - activ'izies
ad aeals at the restaurant.
%e situaticn ha not chzuged. sbce z&i 1977. %hen she is
there ec-dsing the c~cEng an& servi-ce, cliezt&e ae kcme
hcreases- When she is not there and delegztes cce~qt'-on of the
restaurant to others, clirntslle 2nd izcome drog 3efow Sleek even.
PP-9 has not giveo up,??iM$S=. mtience. zn&Lii5=e we conticue to
believe tbt Olma Sesteuzant cur prosper.
3. Tabla aice Plill.
Xbba Pam Swig Store's a2alication for a~ SZ,C€O lo= fra
the &i5cc & Cooy.. Dev, Sd- (ACD13) wzs zr,sroved wi';r the pzoviso
that Jmes Tsblz must move the rice rrill out oZ the store b&i.'-g.
'%is force& Tabla to start consmct5ag a d o r dCi+Ls~ to the
ia tire fon of a rice aiE/'J=ehouse xi&-. %e Zloor
ana wzlls zse 2:; the tnsses and roo+ -re,71i7.
- --
- -.

Tabla has reached the. limit of his $6000 line of credit from
PFP ad therefore must finance the truss and roof construction
from personal incone; hence the 3 months needed to complete the
building.
PFP has been assured bg ACDB that the t~he la-;ise between
ACDB's approval of the loan ad Tzbla's remess to receive it
will not jeopardize the approval. This was a difficult assurance
to obtzin because ACDB had alreedy cancelled the loan approval
issued in July 1978-
Another d a y is Caused by ACDBrs requirenent tbat borrowers
nust have a bank checu account. Ple borrower sust then nvage
to save 81,500 becausz Citibank, the only bank in ITiilba which
offers checking accounts, requires a nininum deposit of 31,500
to open the checking account.
This constraint to developnent led PFf.' to confer with officiels
of Lib. Beak for Dev, and Investzent (LBDI) about the possibility
of opending a branch in Nicbe Couuty with develo~ment oriented
regulations.
LBDI was receptive to the idea and advised PW that Netherlands
Finance Corporation ;light nake funds available for such a brach
operation. The Netherlands Pinance Corp. =presentative spent a
week sith PFP and jointly a proposal for a developnent bank branch
in Yakepa was prepzred and subdtted to LEDI. Last report b
Dec, '78 was that the proposal had been approved by GOL and LBDI
and awaited only approval of the Xetherlznds Finance Corp. In
the proposal it is stated tbat and ~2.utco w ill assist L3DI to
obtain a location forthe bank brmch and housing for the branch
manager.
EIMDT VENN. BRICK AXTI CLaY PRODUCTS bI?XTACTURE In late Xovember,
8, 1Fr recommended to Zdvrin Venn that he ciose down the brick
and clan ~roduct manufacturina oneration in New Gba~a. basons
for the" sht down were that we hid not found a sati'sfaotory econorzic
solution to the clay nixizg probien and that the fuel cost in r
reaching 1000 degrees centigszde for 36 hours (requirsd for
vitrification) were too high because of shortconings in kiln
design. PFP could not &ford nore experiment& funds for the
project.
Since the shudown, one donor zgency, XYGK-KFLM (bwedish
Yn & Z'dCA), has ?ledgedfuuds in 1979 for development of brick and
clay production. With these funds PFP can obtain a clay -ng -
device wdcb the Genta
-
Xethodist Mission 50 lliles Southwest of
Yekepa offered to let PFP borrow for an indefinite length of tine.
This device is large and will reqyira cooperation from Lac3 to
move to Yekepa, to set up, and to put into operation with a diesel
e-e to provide the power- Concmeatly with installation of
the mixer, a new Rdown-draftll firing kiln will be erected at the
site made fron already fired bricks and locd clay used as norta.
It is PFP's objactive to get Siwh Venn back in brick and
clay product productiozl by June '79. ileanwbile a low-cost construe-

eon cont=l-ct for tbe Zkba Vcnen's iissocirtion "3etzar 5cresn
poject has Seen obtziaed by
. .
PF? for Xr. Vezn sc taet he ud xs
anployees .fl:ll rot 5e -wit%o~t work.
Fe-A>s the delq in brick pr2cucti-cn ir;-ll tl- cut t3 hve
--
been fcrtunzta Seczuse the ~ar;co Y&t?e, "Cwc Porv Gwn =me"
poject has been Melhitely delqec by the Y;i3eworkez's hion.
%e Unicn failed to endorse tie project. 0ni3n endorseoezt of
tfie project is a requiz-aenc of the National Sevillgs ioaa B d ' s
financing offer. 2here will even-y be Weaent bet-decn *&e
Enion, the conpzny, and the dak; bdt it n~ %&e the Setter pa-t
of the year to reach weenent
MR. TES k'OFEE2'S XSl?i~UT Tkis ente- rise closed 60x1 h Febr '78
because ;cs owner, 1%. fiorris Coooer a L~co en~loyee, w u sent
overseas for further eCucztion. 6247 of the 8500 ori~hdly lome0
to Morris Cooper re- to be re&d:.

A few ente,qrises which were 51 ooeration Sefore "73 CFSX to
Yekepa, ul~? were started %ittioct %7P irmlvezen? L-e assista5 izi
&iff erent ways by SP3. These ~kckde:
Monitco (Xomt Nioa Ilrsaspmt Co.): >ersc~el trac53ort, p95zg,-a
collscticn, n&h&cd. se-=vices, ckI7i;zg sc2.001, mcl tuto
lezsb-.
Xational Woodwor~ Inc: fwLtu=e aanuZaca-e, Lder zSl.work
e . doors; Ooor f=aes, -Andsws, wiz~dow fmes, ?anelling,
phed lunber etc.)
hara Keitz hooairerks : (sane as EkiT ebove) .
Suff 3zkery: bread cad faey b&d gocds
Hmble's Inn: Xesteurult/bazfhctel
Miscellvlecus k4.3.-scale snterprfses in IjnSication Town
(Cznl, $4) and in rural v5llxes
PFP spent $16,300 of its total resources grwL&i=g v~~ici;s
En& of assistznce to the ente-qrlses listed inclidci-y &ove
and to sevezt other 41 enterprises which come to ET for loas,
marketing,. accol~~~ting,..sjaagenentj ad te-cd ssslstarce bct
not on a regulzr enough buls tc be clusi'ied as clients. mese
enternrises are listee below Sow -rr',ttt the m e of assla-ace
grovided to them by PF:
Mcnitco
a foundry in Ceml, #+: desipp & =keting
a sheet metd shop in Cazq $4: desi&n? technicel
marketzg
a notor newt in Cap j+4: accounting
a buLL&in& block &er iE Camp $4: loan, est- Y, - 7
=keting ad techaiczl
a cqeater shop in Camz ,#: nanagenent o~dz~*Ga
a sin - gain* - - shop - in Camp - #4: operating cagitzl
lo&, tec&cd
a provisic~ store iz~ Mz!y Village: operating ca2itd
loan. mement . accowt--
Tfris transport conpny has been k~ busaess shce 1972. IG -
suffered losses in 1972, 1973, and 1974. In 1975 *tezisiTe P-T -
accounting assistance led to a cost dysis capebilitjr which 3
tarn snabled donitco to negotiate a co~=tr;?cz -~:t3 Laco besea on
real costs. 'me comgany used severd EE dv5scrs iE L976 ad
1977 including one technid consultat froiii ZESC. 25mi'- *r3
been on its feet ever shce.
In 1978 P-W's only role wts occasional -s=ent COTL~%S~CC
and assistance ia prep-g for and negotiating -&e m-li? kc3
contract. Monitco's sales exceeded d,jCO,CCO b 1978. %e ccqw
enploys 120.

Rationtl l+lco~+rorks 3c (n1
The largest portion of UrT reso=ces to zsaist eest- e2taqrlses
izs been ailocztaC for -~ssist.z=ce ts ?7at131~l 2coCircrks
fnc. IE .1978 t-do CilZeront Zeace COTS Vclznteers assl~e6 ta
work vith 232 sent 'Ae nzjcr zortion of thsiz tke assistbg FwZ.
The tssistu;ce pov56ed by iFP- ia 1978 ir?clx&e? shc3-car- credit,
bookkeepiag an6 fbulcid staterent proauct%or, z d 7dc;il.e- -3
and equipent seaair.
k 1978 it is estiite6 that salas tctdLed 3j9,CCQ, Gmss
Profit, 322,600; and net profit S9,8QO.. . LX eqloyec zn average
of 18 workars. Of the 59,800 of net prolit, a =ajcr corticn is
in accourts receivable. ~t the endof 1978 ,wzs k a ocerafhg
capital squeeze, but orders and advace Fwaxts were eqscte~ to
dlleviate tZLs by the end of J2.nuaz.z 1979.
In DeCenber '78, XhI eqlsyed e skills? prcducticr "ZGer a c l
the President of -1 notifie& PZF that zs of Zzn 1, 1979, se vculd
persorlelly maage the day-to-day tffairs of zhe enzeq,r'-se a C nc
longer need the part tine 2eace Corps Vokteer accomts cle5.
Wl-t-he nanogerent by 2 najor sharaholder ad 2 mle? 2rdrlctimi
. should have a oositive izpact on the ccqerg's gerfcrace ad
relieve PP? of the nee2 to al1oca:e zs mcb the -& rescu--ces to
Fd as it kis in eke gasz.
'Pbis woodworkSrq shop next to rZEF's ia&a.st=i-d tszase cmtiaues
to operate without P-FF assistace. Xr. Keita reccezes thr t&
aterpr1se will not- reach its flfi jozenial lstil. he re--es f,-a
Larco end mqes the woodworks WelZ.
Ifr. Keita Us been recective to approackes &rrzm.pd by-=
whereby Skadhavia wood product mnuZactaxers bzve Cisc-aseL
proauction in Liberia lor eqort to Skzdinz~La a& SESI)~ .dta
jobt venme and/or gerkershis. agrements Set-aet2 Fz- Keita ac
his zjor smart custGner.
-
Contrzty to P3T rec%aecdetiors che owner decieed lezse -
the bzkery to a Lebanese entrepreaeur who hzs sikce sub-ler ic to
aother. khile the bee= ccntinues to operzte profitably a&
gay the owcer a resonable lease fee, TPP coz=siders its 2uvoiveaezZ
irt the project to &-re fded to achieve the inted@- Li3eS.n en-
tre~rceneurial developent objectLve.

'Cci3.e it is clisappo-hthg ths the Xoeria f-3 c e
3m31e's Inu do not l~arn how to nanage ad oFerate it, tbej have
profited frm *Lei- c-mership ad reinvested the bcone t?lerefrcn
i3 2 relatively large scale f w vent-ure ir Tzppeta. 3. bn
has been well run and bo& pztronized ad enjoyed 37 the Ve4~ge
COrnGlRIity.
In k w t 1978 ?%F assipne6 a &l-enteqmise a6v';sor to
contact the iinreashg nlmber of =dl-scale ycOuckg ets ia
Unification Town; to determine their leeks; 2nd to select sme
for IZP assistance.
Tke nost interesting of his selection me the sis y.kt-h&
enta- rise a d the sd.3 fomdry. The Z'F adesoz r=comen&ed
that a afted phter be @ven a loma in the for= of sl;s3cfis,
brushes and. a wide color selecticn of e-el p-kts. TSe a.i.Lscr
then securd some orders for the rev sterprise ubich -we=$ fUeO
cuickly and -dtL high quelity wormhip. Since taen, the eaeerrise
has grown steadily. The PAT appro?. Tech. Advtsor zsked the
sizzdl foundry to d e
sane eqerkensdl czstinqs for t 20-dw
watering device. Their work ~s good ad nor= orders rere skced
-with the foundrg.
Two Cia-= block =chines, 4 wheelbmws, 8 shcvels, EC%
scne -1 tools were sold to 2 Uair'icai5m Z"nm block der b
Zulj '78. He has been proaucing a eve of K)O builw- kLccBs
per 9 and sell* the3 at % per bloc2& laterite P;lr LC%
ceznenr; ever since. Be eriploys 6 persons f U tke ia tdo 5-m
block nakhg te-.
i?.ecentlr talks have started betdeen ?E? 30~5sors 2nd 2 sheet
netal shop, a woodwork5iQ shoo a& a motor xechenic in ik2ice.ti.cn
TOM.
m's low cost construci2cn dv%sor found thas ccntr-ct workers
livin~ at Dulay village to redcce tr=?ugort costs neded a sdl -
provisisn store f~rs~ndries. Afterbug.i2gandse~s~1es -
. at cost for severel ronk&, he pezsuaded a Liberia ;rcnu: to ogen
a prcvision stors in the hllqe. Sae '~u loaned IJ4CCO by F3F
:or building an& initial stock. The store has becoae a zgular
trldi;y station for thee nei&hborirq villqes and shoulc? be able
to st& loan repapents b June '79.

Develo>nenr p l b g
Adzrlt educetron
S w and analysis of comunie problem
GWent intern ad >r=ctic;tl e-eriscce prowas
kvestaect zttmctioo
In coordination with the ZT~oaCounty S-e~htendent, tke
Bunl Develognent Tzsk Force, and Lamco, PFF jartici~tes in longrvye
development planning and conducts feasibilie investilgaticns
into proposals for major a&cultu,z^1 and faresky develowe~t
projects us- mco-created irrigation potentid- mere is i2creasing
zwareness of the need for massive enploynent gmeraticn;
not only in antici?ation of ircn-ore depletion, but &so to ccpe
wit;? the no& increase in work age residelts kcl-g ofl's2rk
of Lac0 enslogees.
Adult Zducztion
2E1s contributions to a&dt education result lrsn ?zzicipetim
of ET stzlf in- educazionzl sezinars an6 neetizgs of Teke:Saorid
institxte (ur evening Egh school for eacloyed zchlts) ; A2icaa
Susinesm's dssocia~an (a Yekcga cbptzr of za hte-mztlcoal. assoc.
to promote the development of bus~ess 3anyeezz skills); SMa
Rot- Club; and ElCct. In 2~tion, F3!F staff conduct aeet3gs on
We Liberizn economy, career planning, md othe- subjects when requested
3y insritutions and eexies such as Cuttkgzon College,
Cniv. of Liberia, US Peace Coqs etc,
Stud9 and Analysis 010 C O I X I ~ rroblezs ~
PFP has fc& that c o d t y prob1s.x such as golmization by
nationdity, wUe not str',ctly econonic pmbl-, neveIrtZeless c a
affect developnent adversely. merel'ore, wor!sLag wit& the Lnco
Community Pl2nning Dept.. l)EP sstgf nenbers sddress thenselves
to these pob1ea.s ad endeavor to f* and reconre soluti-ons-

ach gezr since 1975 ?ZP zccepts s+desta 7htez-z~ Zca
Cuttington College k Zuij uld Augxt for sract=ce emerlace
k I..'= usisted eote-)rises; L~iversi3 3: Li3eria
stxients in Dec., Tan., ad leor.. fcr agzic-dt-~-& a5 -+roc6
-aP1llzation internships; and vzcation st&eats k Dee.,
Jan.. and Febr. fron 3ooker :iash.ington Ins.T'-r;Ze, Ca-zoll
Egh School, and high schools -in Sznniquellis a6 Gvta for
12 weeks of practical 'work in theiz chosen vocz5ons (i-e.
office admin., accoupthg, narketing, L C , cmerce,
etc.).
The priinary objective is to attract iz6ijiC- wLth
sound educations and etbLczl trli"in6 to enteqrises i3.
Gpcer Sbba County, There is a chzonic shortags of slqh indi~i;duals
because the concessioos and govement &e tke
mst pnmising school leavers.
The program cost S'PF a?grox. 57,000 iz 1978 h subsistence
wqes, housing, furxAFme, tras~ortatlcn, salEies
of st& program suge,-visors, and s2ecitl eqi2~ezz ;u=-&es
such as sdety shoes and glasses, breatfing fil~srs, ?sbbe=
boots, rhwear, work gloves, etc. requirer', :c obey work zegLat.',ons
izi force in Pekepa.
-u 1978 46 sweats received 3racticzl t = u ad
e~erience of 5 weeks cr Longer duration. ~. 3ese kckdtd 5
fron Cattiqton, 1'7 fmn hiversim of ~ibe252, 4 9mn 3kT,
19 fzon loctl k&gh.schools- Si3: ;revious EE s+x&ezts
intens are now full tiae enployeas i3 Ytkepz ==te-r:ses.
College swents aced 3 eveag sezizars ger reek
while b Yekepe designed and conaucted by -W :s rive then
additionzl careEr Wornation and to emlain -2ie connecr5cn
bet-xeen 'heir studies and their internshi? -#cz4 e-erisnce
whim is scmetines not aware=

Mr, Sven indersson: productim of xe-Sab Louse 2~r-t~
for 3e5is 3s h SveBen at
Natiooal %o~Jrorks.

LOCATION OF
PHASE I PROJECT AREA
AND PROGRAMME AREA
,
i
\
27 i
-
a. ezat~~
n.
n

The average size of ttte suul15012er fams is akoct 3.3 acras
(1.5 ha1 . Tribal tenure pzodcminats. Land s:?or%a~e is zot a
inajor ?r=bles in t?ie ?rocrum;le .L-ea.
The number of fa- families in the Programme X-ea has jess
estimated. to be 28,000. The average 5- :?ousehold :?as 7.7
iaelnbers (1) and a L.E. of 3.7 (2).
The annual labour profile of an average smaUolder fhx is

Appendix E
The mi.? objective of the smallholder fa-~er is to aeot 5lly :is
t-do inin2aum requirments of becomi~g self-sufficic~t ir: his
fmily's staple food crop, rice, and of achieviy a de~rte of
security by diversifying his aqricxltural regime cn -&LC:? he
depeads Eor income in cash ane in !

- Increase 0.f incomes: increased incomes will help the
people to satisfy their individual needs and to meet
the cost of ccmmunity facilities. In the "Outline of the
Report on the Assessment of Liberia's Rural Development
Programme" (1) the per capita income of the target group
of the rural poor was taken to be $ 125 for operational
purposes. The average smallholder family in the Programme
Area, who represent 85 per cent of the population of this
area, has 7.7 mernbers and an annual income of $ 324, i.e.
3 42 per capita. One of the main aims of the Project must
therefore be to increase this income to 125. The most
important means to improve the incomeof the rural population
is undoubtedly agriculture. Rural industries and
handicrafts are also important.
- Higher incomes are Only one means of improving the living
standards of the nral population. The quality of life
and satisfaction with rural life are less dependent on
personal income. Thus, the Project further aims to ensure
that all the rural population have reasonable access to
community facilities such as education and health facilities,
roads and water supply.
- Large-scale participation. The Project should not aim to
increase the incomes of only a small number of farmers.
These farmers would almost certainly be the most skilled
farmers who already have a better standard of living

.
The desire to utilize the potentid offered by the operaZion
of a multinational coqoration in a developi.~ area gave -rise so the de-
velopment of the Viable Economic Community Xodel.
The equilateral tetrabedron,displayed on the facing page, is a
three-dimensional representation of the intecelatedness of the four ?rh-
cipd parties in the Yekepa Model - the multinational corporation, the
1 country government, the private voluntary organization and the
local people. Their bterdependence is illustrated in the fisyre by oua
side of each triangle touching one side of each of the other thz-ee tri-
angles. The tetrahedron demands four triangles for its geometric exis-
cence and the model tetrahedron comprises four equilateral t-s",angles
represent'ing equality and conthuiq contact among the parties inwlved.
.Each party 'has a unique blend of contributions and requirsments vhich are
discussed below and condensed on the tetrahedron. The figure is made
so as to be cut out and joined together into a three-dimensional figure.
A. The Four PrLnci~al Elements of the Yekeoa uodel
I. The W C -- A prime pu-~ose of any .WC operation is to
generate a reasonable rate of return on its investment. If the climate
appears favorable for such an operation, the W C is willing to provide
considerable amounts of finapcikt and material capital Csi'iz*
its design and technology capabilities, it can produce and market izs -
j'ruducts, be they from extraction or manufacturing. Long-tern political -
and economic stability are important to the success of the project a d in
the eyes of the .mC to minimize the possibility of nationalization, break-
downs h the perfo-ce of local parties' agreements and palfmctions

ajtillrlg ~thn-r supply flows. Although the larger 2WC operations are capital
incensive, in many cases they still require a considerable manpower pool
to be recruited from among the local communizy. Their labor, combined
wich access to mazerial resources can create widespread direct employment,
increase other incomes in the immediate vicinity, often generate valuable
foreign exchange earnings and thereby, provide the impetus for a quantum
leap in the overall level of economic activity the area.
2. -- The Host Country Govern-
ment'(H~G) has a broad set of national development plans. In pursuit o f
economic and social development fur their count^^, they tly to create the
political and legal framework within which the MNC can function succeas-
fully. The HCG is concerned with the overall impact of the MNC which often
represents, as in the case of WCO, a sizeable portion of the GNP. It
is essential for the future of the country as a whole, to encourage the
growth of subsidiary economic activities which build upon the resources
and capacities of the primary project. However, past experience suggests
chat few MHCs have successful models for viable economic community develop-
ment. They have concentrated, instead, on areas such as infrastructure
development which serves their own immediate needs. Consequently, one of
the prime concerns of the HCG is to identify and implement ways of chan-
neling the human and tecfurical beaefits from the MNC operation into sus-
h~nablc paL Lerns of devel~~pment
.
2. The Local Peoole - The local population living in the
immediate vicinity of the project xxll be most affected and bear the brunt
- .
of the project's impact. The people, who are very often sew-subsistence
rural dwellers living as they have for generations, are suddenly up against
something alien to their collective expeslence and may need assistance to
-

survive the radical and rapid chaqcs which inevitably occru. These people
vill furnish the bulk of the labor force, labor being a= =he outset, the
only asset they have to offer the XiC operation. Their other responses are
difficuit co predict. They rill be dete-ed by the cultuz-c conrerz
and social structure of the area. For some it will become an ogpartuxity
while others may have no iuea of how to cope with it, let alone profit
- by it. Considerable experimentation and experience by PVOs has rapeatedly
show the local people to have significant poZentidL for self-help dvolve-
ment. To utilize this contribution, the people's own assessmaz of their
needs and their eqd participation in decisions beari;rg upon the develop-
ment of their community must be actively sought.
4. The Intermediate Oroanization -- Gne parcy h zhLs srra-
regy must be in a posicion to recognize and guide the long-tee ho-
listic nature of the develogment process tluoughout the whole life cycle
of the project. The development agencies have the eqerience and credi-
bility to perform this vital function. They bring a wealth of tesred metho-
doligirs and skills in the areas of appropriate technical assis-ace, both
soft.Jare and hardware, training and promot* local entrepreneurship, im-
pro- the self-sufficiency of the agricultural co-ty and consrruct*
liveable and affordable low-cost housing. Confidence ip the PVO comes
from their neutral stance as the represents tive of the aevelopmenr process.
Ln this way, they are b~ a position to successfully act as =he Sroker among
the other vested interests vithout being compromised. This, LI ,?,
. all'>ws Lhc cteveloyrnent a.gency to mediate betueen the p-iea, to seek fi-
nancial arrd other support from multiple privace and publlc so--ces and,'- -
most importantly, to identify and foster the contribution of the local

B. Relationshios Amone the Elements -- At the center of the rela-
taonship between all parties, theremust exist a clear understanding of the
speczal and essential resources that each has to offer to any operation,
combined with each party's healthy actitude toward The other's expecca-
tions and apprehensions. Such a realistic assessment would appear to be
one of the key ingredients for the success of any project. From it will
follow a general agreement in principle that carefully considers each party's
position, particularly those least able to' express and defend their in-
terests; that is the affected population li- ia the vicinity of the
operation. Such an approach than points the way to a long-tenn, 'Ul-win,
110-lose" strategy. It recognizes that situations which give rise to agree-
ments change over time. Therefore, change must be seen as a natural phe-
nomenon which demands a continual dialogue and continuum of cont acrs
if it is to remain dynamic and process-oriented. The linkages wuch exist
at all levels - the political, financial, perso~lal and technical - offer
the opportunity for a successful long-term partnership.. The crucial
question is how to imaghatively manage the impact of tfle ANC operation
and best utilize the capital and technical resources of the MNC so that
the .WC has a steady profitable operation, the host government's natural
planning objectives are complemented and the local people have a long-term
viable econormc community. The conceptual strategy PfP has evolved as
a result of its practical experience,with its Liberia program points the
way toward the beginning of an anywer.

7
-
i: :': .r Partnership for Productivity -- April 1979
/ Appendix H
Fax PRODUCTION
(X11 after j years of program)
Comprised primarily of rice, boch upland and swamp (paddy). T=adltional
shifting cultivation of rice in upland =eas; new tadmiques atroduced
to make use of natural svamps in valle?s producing paddy rice.
Production Statistics
Paddy Rice: 1 acre produces 30 b&s per *eld per annum
2 yields p-a. due to application of modem mechods
and fertilizer
Therefore, one acre produces 60 ba6sp.a. (X bag=lOOSiS)
'*holesale value of 1 bag is $25.00
Therefor9 1 acre produces 60 bags/ 60001bs, i.e.
3 tons valued aZ $1 jOO.OO
Gpland Rice: 1 acre produces lj bags per anmzm ulth o dy 1 yield
Theref ore, 1"acre produces 15 bags/150016/. 73 of a
tan valued at $373.00
at present Liberia imports approximately 33,000 tons of rice _Jar apmmr.
Nimba Co. alone has an eszimated deficit of 5000 tons per anmmn and'rice
is the principal foodstuff of all classes of people and sectiolu of sod'aty.
The target of rhe project is therefore, zo incksaae produczibn of rice
_oar-c~cularly of higher yielding paddy to a 'total of 2,000 tons per axtizum
by 1983. The IAMCO conmamity provides a ready market for,tLe i=k~ased--
production with 3,000 fully employed workers at present wi-A 20 years
estimated norkiPg life remaining in the mine.

Various farm sizes/mixes are envisaged to create a total increase
yield of 2,000 tons, ranging from 2 acres of complete subsistence produc-
tion tbrough 3, 6, 10 acres up to the largest of a 25 e re mixed farm.
The range ia size allows fazlners of differeing activities and viability
to be assisted and at the same time be awarCof possibilities for growth
and advancement.
The example of the mixed 25 acre farm is outlined here psimanly
for illustrat9ve purposes. The target number of 40 such farms indicates
one possible mix of farm size aimed at producing approximately 2000
tons.of rice by 1983. The 25 acre farm will employ 10 workers, 5 from
the farmer's family and five paid workers and is based on an average
f-ly size in Nimba Co. of 7 to 8 persons.
The Mixed Farm
j acres upland rice
7 acres paddy rice
10 acres tree crops (coffee, cashew,
2 acres legumes (also tubers/gains)
1 acre other (fish, poultry, animals -
Total 25. acres
Target of 40 mixed 25-acre fanm*. by 1983 produciag:
200 acres of upland rice -- 150 tons
- -
280 acres of paddy rice -- 840 -- tons .
coco
480 acres 990 tons per annum
The orther 1,010 tons needed to reach the target of 2,000 tans -61-1
be produced among the other smaller farms with approximately the same
acreage for upland and paddy rice.
The target of 2,000 tons broken down by year is as follows:
.
s

- Year - Cum.
- Acres
- Tons
1979 50 150
1980 100 300
1981 120 360
1982 135 Q5
- 1983 155 465
- 7
TOTALS 560 1680
- - Toos
Cum.
- Acres
125 93.75
Note:. Total acreage to be in produczion by end of 1979.
Income -- the estimated income from rice production
5 acres upland rice producing. 15 k-2 --
per acre O $25 per bag $ 2075.00 -
7 acres paddy rice producing 60 bags
per acre Q $25 per bag lO5OO.OO
Total of 495 bags selling for
Exoenses
Labor costs: $500 per worker per
annum x 5 workers
Hilling costs: 495 bags x $3.50 per bag
Fertilizer: 3 bags per acre x 12 acres x
531.50 per bag-
Seed rice:. 3,516 per acre x 12 acres x
50e per lb.
Renzal of roto tiller/thre.sher/insect spay
Estimazed income from sale of rice $12,575.00
Estimazed expenses for rice production 7,376.00
?let income $ 5,199.00

Other income from mixed farm (net figures)
Tree crops (pr~ncipally coffee O $100 per acre
x 10 acres) 1,000.00
Legumes (1 acre for subsistence, 1 for sale) 100.00
Other (-5 acre fir subsistence, acre for sale) 500.00
1,600.00
Total income: $6,799.00 per a ~um after j years +
There are costs involved to clear the land ready for planting of rice
which have been estimated at 8300.00 per acre for swamp rice and $50 per
acre. for upland rice.
Cost to PfP for clearing swamp land is $300 x 7 acres $2,100.00
Cost to PfP for clearing upland is $50 x 5 acres 250.00
TOT& $2,350.00
Consideration is be* given to offering a loan to the farmer to cover
this cost which will be paid back to PfP over 2 years at lo$ interest,
with repayment schedule as follows:
Year 1 -- Principal
Interest
Year 2 -- Principal
Interest
Total repayment to PfP

Income from E ked 25 Acre Farm
Project~ons for lncome from the creatxon of -&e fbzs to commence
after 1933.
. The t-do main sources of income will be:
r
A. PfP will receive $2702.00 per farm as repayment.for
start-up costs principally land clearing for rice production. It is
estimated thax 20 farms of 25 acres each -dill be brought into production
each year providing a total revenue of $54,000.00 per annum. (20 x
$2702.00 = $54,000.00)
The costs to PfP do not involve capiral expenditures.
The front-end loader used to clear the land was provided to Pf? by W'CO
when it commenced the agricultural arm of the program.
B. Part of the seIsice provided to farmers will be chs
leasing of mechanized fazm implements. They are 2 farm traczors, 4
roto tillers, 6 tiueshers whach are already owned and depreciated by PfP,
and other items produced and maintained by the X.T. Center such as pumps.
Revezlue
1. 2 tractors O $9,000.00 $18,000.00
2. 4 rot0 tillers @ $2,400.00 9 ,600.00
3. 6 threshers O $600.00 3,600.00
4. Xisc. 3,600.00
Total from rental of m a w e m $34,800.00 per axmun
Total from start-up costs 54,000.00 -
Total revesnae from farm development $88,800.00
There will be revenue from at least two other sources for wfrich ic
is difficulr to provide good estimates. They are, however, 50ch +sag&
as integral components of the overall strategy. FL-srlp there is -he

"start-upn income from land clearing of smaller farms, 2/5/10 acres which
will produce approximately 1,000 zons of rice from 200 acres of upland
and 280 acres of paddy. This would procide approximazely the same in-
come as from the larger nuxed fa-. .
Secondly, PfP will begin to charge for its advlsory service ad-
ministered by extra workers to farmers afzer 1983 if the fa.nner proves f
profitable. The serrice will be provided free for the first 4/5 years.
A.T. Center
Experience gained to date indicates that the small businesses set
up as a result of the training and establishment of potential entre-
preneurs will be able to repay a varSring per cent (15-3046) of their gross
sales to PPP over a period of 5 years depend- on the volume of business
and size of available markets.
Income projected for 5 years are for:
4 charcoal businesses each costing $6000.00
4 brick a businesses bP $8,000 each
$24,000.00
32,000.00 -
8 misc. businesses: woodworking, blackslrciths,
formdries, @ 2,500.00 each 20,000.00
Sale of ae;ricultural machinery costing
20,000.00
Total revenue spread over j years $96,000.00
With a five-year payback, this provides income of $19,200.00
per annunz.

Low-Cost Self-Helo Construc3ion. Trainim and Devolo~ment
During 1975, 585,500 was paid -haugh ?f? co Pf?-assiszed Liber5:a.n
low-cpsc conscrucrion contracrors . Expan- this actiy-zy .~ll creare
w
five,contractors by 1983, each produca gross sales of approximaxely
580,000 and paying PfP 15% of bas gross of $400,000 ($80,000 x 5 years)
i.e. $60,000 per annum.
Commercial and Lndcstrial Enternrise Develoument
: Consulting, accounting, audit- fees at end of 5 years -&I1 pro-
duce approximately $j0,000 per a ~um from the more successful enterprises.
Tocal revenue to PfP after 5 years:
a. land development 388,800.00
b. A.T. Center 19,200.00
c. Low-cost construc~ion ~O,OOO.OO
6. commercial and isdustrial dev' c 50,000.00
Grand Total $218,000.00

Y)W COST RURAL ncxuxxi
SPECIFICATIONS EY 1'FP/L.I~U
Law cost construction in rural Liberia has to be very lor cost as
the annual per capital rural income is only 9120.00. The conaistant
rise in building material cost has forced necessary changes in the
structural design. Theae changes are not advisable for any area that-
has a large degree of temperature change and should be adjusted accordbg
to the purpose of the building. For family dwellings, use the following
specifications:
Foundation or Footinq:
The foundation is simply a stone and mortar laid structnre that
is trice the width of the wall to be placed on it (6" block:l2" foundation;
8" block;l6" foundation). The stone or rock is collected locally by
7. yousg boys who are paid by cubic meter. The sand is collected in the
name manner. The aa7ar mix rill be determined by the type of sand used,
but in most cases one bag of cement to 15 cublc feet of sand will give a
2,500 p.8.i. mortar. 15 cubic feet are equal to three larp wheel bartors.
The foundation should be at least one foot deep in well packed soil and
extend 3" above the final grade level. The foundation must be kept at r
constant level so the buildins site should be prepared before construction
beginstoaweon the foundation depth. The top of the foundation should be
left rith a rough finish to insure a good bond between foundation and
block mortar.
- Walls:
The walls arc constructed with cinvaram block rhic!! is lade of local
soil and 10% cement. The best possible soil is the dirt obtained from
temite aounds, but other soils may be used as long as the= is not a
large percentage of clay in the soil. The dirt is first acretned to -ve
larp stones qnd vegetation. The screened. dry soil is then mixed with
cement at the ration of 1 to 10. At this point a small amount of rater
is added to the mix and then formed in a block press rith 30 pounds per
square in&- pressure. The resulting block should measure 6" x 6" x 12"
and sflould be left to dry at leaat five days before being laid.
A11 walls should be raised at the same time to inwe s p od locking
comer between outside and inside walls. 'The block wst be laid rith a
maximala 3/4' joint for pod structural strength.
The joints of the block wall shoyld be full a d then mbbed -0th -
rith the block surfacs to avoid any exposed block edges, as the exposed
edge rill reather quickly. The mortar for the block is the caw aisture
and strengzh aa the roundation.
Yindors and Doors:
The windows and doors are mde in the simplest faahion possible.
'The windovs are really nothing but mooden shutters constructed rith 1 x 6
lumber with 1 x 4 backing nailed together as tietly as possible. Lch
window and door require three hinqes.

I
The door and rzndow frames are 2" x 6" lumber, installed in the walls
as they are being laid with 4" nails driven into the rood at the bIock
. joints and mortared in to insure a tight fit.
Roof Structure :
The third course of block down from the top of wall rill require
metal straps of 3 feet in length to be folded upward and nailed across
the 2 x 6 wall plate. This is used in the place of anchor bolts to
insure that the aoof structure does not become dislodged from the walls.
The roof trusses are then nailed to this 2 x 6 wall plate. The
trusses are made from 2 x 4 and 1 x 4 lumber or can be constructed from
natural sticks of at least 2" diameter. The roofing material used in
E I ~ s . - ' g a u g e galvanized zinc which is nailed to I" x 4" purlins
that are placed across trusses on 4 foot centers.
- Floor:
For fasily dvellings that do not have heavy furniture a 2" cement
floor bas proven to be of adequate strength. The cement floor is dxed
in the same way and strength as the foundation and mortar. Xbile the
floor is still wet, a fine dusting of pure cwent is trowelled into the
floor for a smooth finish.
- Note:
Remember that all of these specifications rill vary according to
material and quality of tradesmen available. %herever possible a local
material should be used in place of imported material.

LO* CUST 3-RWll HOUSE
-
YAT%RIAL STI?l.;X
Foundation: 26.5 26.5 + . 22.5 r 22.3 * 25 + 15 + 10 x 1 x 1 + 27 = 5.25 yda.
5.25 yds - 30% = 3.75 neters-
1.75 metma rock + 2 meters aand + 15 bags ceent
-
. Floor: 25 x 21 x .166+ 2'1 = 3.25 meters sand = 17 bags cement
.5
Fill: 10 yards compacted dirt
%ails: 26 c 22 + 15.5 + 10.5 + 25 + 10 + 10.5 x 7 x 144 + El.== 1483 blo- x
10% = 1632 blocks cenent = 1632 + IM) = 17 baga cement
Hortar: 119.5 r 7 + 100 x 5.5 + 27 = 1.75 yds = 1.15 yds sand - 9 baga caoent
Daor:.S: 3' x 6' Frame: 5: 2 x 6 x 16' = 80 bd ft
Door: 15: 1 x 6 x 12' = 90 bd ft
Backing: 5:l x 4 xl2' = 20 bd ft
brdrare: 8. pair 3" hinws + 5 towel bolts * 5 hasp& staple
1 box 3/4" scrtrs
Window: 5- 3' r 3': Frpre: 5- 2 x 6 x 14' r 70 bd ft
Shutter: 8- 1 x 6 x 12' = 48 bd it
Backing: 5- 1 x 4 x 16' = 16.66 W it
Hardrare: 7 pairs 3" hinges + 5-tmel bolts
Post : 1- 4 x 4 x 8 = 10.66 bd ft
Roof: Truss =2= 8- 1 x 4 x 14 = 37.33 bd St
4- 2 x 4 x 17 P 45.33 bd it
2- 2 r 2 z 16 = 10.66 bd it
up: 18- 2 x 4 x 12 = 14 bd it
Purlin: 36- 1 x 4 x 12 t 144 bd it
Zinc : 121- 2' x 8' sheet
30- lbs zinc nails
25- lbs 4" nails
25- lbs 3" nails
20- lba 2" nails
Paint: 8- gals. [Brom) Paint (Oil)
Cuest :
Sand :
bck:
Luabcr :
Zinc :
Zinc Hails:
Nails:
Paint :
56 baga or 6,160 lbs-
11.25 yd3 or 8 meters3
2.25 ;1d3 or 1.75 ntcrd
716.64 bd it
12l sheeta
30 Iba.
70 lbs.
8 gals.
Inside Plaster (OFTIONAL): 128' x 7 x .021 + 27 = .75 ,d3+ 440 lbs c-mt .

\
Ail ample eszinatizig i- c2is text a-e based ot a buCCks
(20) CdezCJ feet by (W) forv feet. The walls az-e all (7) seven
feet hi&. There are no intenal rdls ic tss re= sanpie.
Tke foundaticn sho~2.d be (6"), six inches longer -&er the
walls so as to place the wall on c~nter of foundztion.
Foundation: = 20.5C40.5Y20.54.5~1.5 ivide x 2' deep /27=i3.5 S.d.
13.5 yd minus 3% = 10 meters volxme. .?!ke volme
is divided by 2 as the volume is filled 1/2 sad
and 1/2 rock. The sand volume is iidV:plied by
6.5 to give the number of begs of cenent =eq&red.
Exzmpl e : = m.gc20.9~.'+.5 x 1.5x2/3 = 13.5 - WN = 10
meters/2- 5 meters rock 31- 5 peters sand. 5
meters sanG times 6.5 equal 32.5 or 33 ba&s cemenc
Bill : = 20 fcot wicith tbes 40 foe leek t-Jes 1.5 fest
deep = 1200 cubic feetm equal 44.5 cubic yard
sand. Ciibic yds and ninus jC% = 31 meters sanC
balls:
a p l e
= The amount of mate-ids will dezerrd or the m e of
materials used b the walls. 3 4 ~ it s ~ is necesssry
to detcdne the wall area in sq-e iootqe. The
square footage is then adtiplied Sy 1- ta eve the
square inches, zter dete- zke sqiare inches
of wall area it then requires to dete-me tbe square
inches of buildi~g zaterial plus t5e sortoz joint.
The area of the bliildin& materid is dete-ed by
multiplyhq the heigt of saterid plus 1/2 hch
mortor joint, by the width of 5ui1- zaterid
plus 1/2 inch joint. This area is divicied -kt0 +he
.znches of w a U =ea, which is ;lul?:;'-pLied by 1.1B
for. breakage, and tbis number will equal the aztount
of building mterial needed for the -d.
- : 20+40+2OcV0~7~44= 120,960 sqwe h&ss. Cin~e~vn
biock = 6.5 x 12.5 or 81.25 sq. hches. 120,960
hches divided by 81.25. eqd 14-SB.7- block tiaes
1.10% equal 1638 block.
Pfoi5zor: = Length of all. ralls thes tl?e height, dLi,ded ?)y id,tbes
5.5,di-videc by 27, equal the c-bic yai~s of sandbubtract
tht cubic yards of sand by 3046 will give 'Ae
cubic meters of sand required. P-e c-ablc zeters
of sand is multiplied by 6.5 which will equal 'Ae
number of bags of cenerrt needed.

. .
. .
i -- . ---=s iaterior length, tines depth,
aqczl rcL-sl* .;I' . 5722 . nec8ed for floor. me cubic meter .
c r' szc =-~l-+ .-,---- :; - Gp
. .
iy 6.5 equal zmber of bags of
- ' -
1
ce=er< =eecsc.
= l?xj9~,166/27 = 4.j cubic yards. 4.5 pas, - 3& =
5.25 setsi.$ sac. 3-25 meters sad x 6.5 = 22 bags
ceaenz.
-
-. . -.
. .
-ri cda: = ~ ~ JQU $ su9t 2 c?etermine if a concrgte tie bean is
~tcesszrj., as the bean will acid $1.30 per linual foot
ol' w d 1 to cos-z; of constr~ction. As a general rule ~y
juy+bg tb- ., is ag larger than 35 feet long will
." . . ..
reqilzs i 5 inch i.eidarced concrete beam, To determine
?he =azerizl for said bean, adci the length of all wells
-.",-- -... &<
i,-4 ,rlu;piy 37 tSe width and multLply zqain by the
'cel&t. %.is cubic footage is ther: divided by 27 to
bit.e~_ia? :ka cabic ysxdage of sand needed. 'Phe cubic
- ys-bgs is ther subtract d by 3% to give the cubic
- ..A--.. . -.
P
zeters oi ah-a. h e dub c neters of sand is nultiplied
. ,--
DJ o.> to dz2tezziii?e the number of @ss cement.
- u,AL.-. = 20+0+20+4~. jx5/27 - 30% x 6.5
. ,
_~.-&$i . .~ 20-0-204 = 12Q1 x .5 = '60%5-30/27= 1.11. 1.11 x
.30 = -0.35, i.ii - 0.33 - .75 meters san0. .75 x. 6.55
-4.87 or 5 ozgs csnezt-
-
I. e : '= Z O a + S 0 4 = 120/6 = 20+4 comers aqua1 24 anchor or
"J" bclcs.

This t~ss requirss 4-lxcrY12' plus 2-.Sxl4' ghs 1-2~2d4' thus
2-2xrrXl4=28'~2/3 = 18.6 bd. ft.
1-2~2d4=14'~2/3/2= 4.6 bd. ft.
4-1&d2=W1/3 = 16 bd. ft.
?he total umber of trxsses wili degznc on the typ: of roof tc bu
cmstmctad. First ve will datamine lor a gjble roof. ?or 2
~.-ble roof, first divide the length or' &ke buil&ins 21~s 6 fct,t
by 4 ?lus 1. This gives ths olldcer of tyzsses reecea.
.>ein@rs: = The strbgers or purlh =c tha 1x4 tkat cfir zhc is
nailed to, This w i l l requize 2 st=.iwers at tze pe&
of the roof and one strhger at every foU foot cs-tez
down the length of the truss. T+ks dso ~gpiad for
tbs hip ends.
Linc : = For gable roof 'he len~th of b~l-g plus 6 feet is
divilded by 1.5 a d then mltiplied by tins nu3~r of
sheets to covsr the Imgta of ?ZLSS. 'Po cr?+e-t
the dber-of sheets needed to cover t;?e leaggt! of
truss, the length is divided by 7.5 tbes 2 for $52
Cdo sides.
lint cail: = number of sheets t-LESS -25 box squl nuricer 05 boxes
of nails ne.:ded.

Pd-t = Coe gillon of oil pizr covers a?-zodsately 350 sq.
fedt of surfnce. To acterrlz~? the . ~ c w of t ~:.ht
ne-dac fizsz it is r?acesszFj to deternine t3a-sqxxe
surface of lumber used. in all windows and Coors.
mplzr = ?he house iu this t a has ~ 6 rirdows a d 2 doors. The
windows,ne~s~e 3'x3', the uoors natscre 6x3. Therefore,
the fornula is 3 thes 3 tbes 6 plus 6 tines
3 tines 2 or JxJx6= YL squ~ze ft. Plus 6x?x2= 36=90
square ft. This numbvr is rnati~liad by 20 to equal
1800 which is divided by 350 'to equd 5.14 or 5
e;allons paint. (uainder, the mmber 20 which nultiplirs
the squ. footape is a constant,, .this aeas it is always
used.
.
+
boors &
Gindows : = Tho windows and doors used in n low cost bush hone,
are made oo the construction site. The windows are
really nothing but shuzters, of thil sbplast construc-
tion possible. The windows and doors consist of 1x6
'.umber held in plzca with 1x4 backing. To demonstrate
;h
;

kgts = &ch window a d door requires three "T" hinge - or 1'h
p.& each. They dso reqube coe towel bolt eaci. o r :!?is
. .* house it -+&11 require 12 pair of hbhes, 8 towel 501=, act 2
hasp, for the doors.
mcD Lccx

. . . ,. ., i.
J . : 2.
.......
-. :.,- * : " .- .- . . &> ~. .:.
: i
atrati-ze Committee on. .Coordirrs$ioa (XC) t.ached' P . bad 6' .:. ;.;
... - . . rrr . - .. n*-A,.; . -- - -
mest xi& . .- &--at on. psrtioipeti& 13 ... 9 . gut . ... -i-' . . ..... ..
....... ...:.... s i.. ... - _ . :. I.- . . * - i . . . . . ...... - . .< -.
.?::...~ >.
?.>= .>< --oh ~kerii, bsd been ont, of air- .8&eotad. eauntrbn;~ L.1f rdii r-.~..s:.:. ..- .-. -.T
. . , !. . .."'k*,e:.. .+a- . > *:, .>- .:. :. -->:.
week tfist, (8) --eat G d .. cuoplle - . . . t .- ~ la--. . , ". - s ~ .. ia?: e -; . . . e: .
-.
..

11. 3e Agenoiea 'ihlch 3s-m >ad =sej~c-~i>Fliq Zo= (-%%atflg
e=d stinilat* ileveloyent * the =%?= &=as '=- been,
olltll recently, quite saoaeesful Lx yozing the ZemL 02 oaa-
oolounneea of the rz?il meidenta tovarda &nmlapen+r lay*
down -ko b-40 md eockl bf=ss~hzzs ia a- ma*,
c. co~

'uttzemed 'by th9 aetahliehment of a "bottcm uy" approaoh to
dnvetopnent of the rn.d k-aan wi13 meke ynsible t h 0-11-
ing of the oreati7e energlee of the r?lral popla fito prod=-
tjvo ~.otivltiea
on a sue iainln(r bwia.
15. The moaeesfnl p-auit of euoh m a.pgroaoh requirse
br-ag bt0 be?= the ahtegiee of decentrdlization, cook
dinstion, sad papule psrtioipstion in a multi-eeotoral eiio*;
.hut thl~ in would =quire very speoiflo actions at the
aahionsl, 1004 and inteam3tioxriil level.
16. At the national. level, a stzsdiICL.Y: of adsting dew-
lopent Aenoies will bss9 to be undertaken with the 8in of
etrengthea thelr overdl oapabilitp fo pursue more effoc-
tively thek development efforta aingly md oolleotivelp 836
a oonoomitent removal from witfZi3 their purview those aotivitiee
wuoh rn peri~heral
to their major taak of developmsnt; a re-
orienting of augportfng agsnciss such tfiat theiz aocou~ting
procedures and fl3enolsl oontzols help rather than hinder the
development effort ia the msal ertas; and a molewing of-+& '
oomposi-tion of the national p b ~ ~ bodies % f ~ vitk th. aim of
inolnding greater wprseentatioa of local ~ a ~ a t i o n s .
17. At the loo& level, a et;.engt~eninq of the exis*
loodl naobisexy la neoeeaw to faailitate +%:he snucseaf%Z ha&- .
fez of raegonsibility Bnd s delegation of authezitg to &-
County a&&.istratlone. But in order to ogerstiadiaa and
i.!aati~~iona.lise +.bee looal saohineriee, it is ielt thst t?ae
pr-iglae of tbe aepasation of plsn for?mrlation and plan *la-

B
?LX~/~~~/l - Page 8
mon~ ?np-opri~te yo1.itioal ad occ.io-eounonic arr~unent
t]rou;,h ~~hich our dovclopmm~l poiioics cen be n?mt suaoeaafdlp
roaliaed; and
. \WX11*;A!;, our p3licy of aimul%anoous dovdopmcnt
tkough concez~ed actions by the ~arious governmental bple-
!/ -
montinc agenoieo has inz=oduced -act projects into a nunber
of =.dly ioolnt~tl nnd oconomically deprosaed am-; aad also
policy of widar dispersion of the fruits of aocio-econodc
development has aroused the rpi-al po~ulation and ocoasioned
Government bureaucracy to become more responsive to the needs
of the ma1 poor; md
25. EEEUAS, We L-e now entering a new rural development
phase, characterized by z greater conaciouaness of development
on the part of our ma1 reaidents and conconitznt increase in
the demvlds fo?: mre and better aerpices end oppor.hurltie8; a
bdtor gasp of and sensitivity tow~azh rural development on
tho pnri: of this Ldministration; much greater insight into and
n oorreoponU~q appreciation of tke complexity of rural develop-
ment a d its inter-relationship with national development bg
both locd and national agencies; and a greater aympatby for
and complement^ asaistanoe to our approach to ma1 develop
ment on the part of Fntarnztional wades and mnlti-laterd '
a d bi-lateral donors ;
26. XJtl ~ O I, W i l l i~ a m a. Tolbert, , Jr., Rssident of
the ltepublio of Liberia, be- in a bettor position to make a
frolttl .wsadt on the seemiqly *tractable problems of the
aation'a under-development in general a d ma1 at-tion in ,
gartioular, and by the autharity vested in me, do heroby OrdPr:
k. That the long-tezm =a';icnzl Objectives on dewlopmsnt,
adopted by fhc U7tlor.zl P'hzi3.n Cotrncil in Hay 1972,
be herekj r?-?f.i~=ued; nmely, 7 i) itiversification of
productisn; (ii; dis2crsion of sxio-economic activi-
ties thr?u.&out the comtzy; (iii) tctal involvemeat
of tta cnfira ppulatim LI the daveiopmeat efforts;
nnd (iv) equitable dictribn-tion :f tho benefits of
eocnolnlo now-kin, dovelopment and dlveraifioation so
an >.: era^-d zn accdptabie sta&d of living for all
Liberians.

(i) dsvalopaat yanciee sad oaer insfitutions a?
the natioad level ae MU aa at tka locsl level
will be rset=aot.ued, mang others, by s*ngtteninq
and -~tiondlz~-, fo aarncs tie ?-ticn
of sus2&ed cffeoti-nt identiflcazion, F-1
implementation aa& sMustiorr of
pojecte. Fczp=~ses of Lm erareiae, +A
davelcgxzt ag+mseiee sf tira 38tioa Iern1 &a
ohsaified ra-.

(b) *.up>ortiw Ministries a d agecdee such as
Einis.tq of iUmnce, ltinistrj of Pl~nning
md Eoonoaio Aff dm, Civil Sorvioc Agency,
Gonerd :;orviceo Agency, Lkre~u of the
Uudget and the Institute of hibllc Admini-
11 trr~tion.
(ii) The re-orientation cf on-going programme8 and
project3 which have patentiel for rural devalop-
ment tbrough the martmtzation of linkages within
and betveen efforts at rural dsmlopment,
(iii) the programming of nsw progrsmmes/proj~ts and
those in the pipeline in a mamor to ensme
that priority is 6i;iven to those which are most
likely to satisfy the basio needs of the ma3
people.
(iv) due to the many 2nd complex unhovns in
rural development, npproprists meRauzse
as re-organization of institutlona and
coordination of ~ ti~ties, along with
relatively larger reoources, will be devoted
to statisticd and ressarch activities
relating to nud life; and also for
the aetablishment of overall physical
plans germane to the mral environment.
(v) with the increased responsibility, autho-
rf:y and accountability at the locel
level, trstnin,- will be re-inforced to
assure not only the manpower requirements
of local admidstratioas but ale0
the re-orientation of attitudse end oom-
mibent of sunh oadsae, gzrticularly the
~ouths, towards rural peoples and the*
lives.
(vi) mral deoelopmcnt in Liberia must be
viewed as an integral part of zhe nationfa
ovornil dovalopmont and onnnot bu treated
aa a separste function or activity.
(vii)
clear g~ilalii?c!s for dotalo~ment activities
at the varicu political sub-divisional
levels, together with a sepazation of pla
formulation and plan implementation at the
country level, is neoe:;a;szy to operationalize
aud iatitutiondize thu atr'tsgies of the
new approach.

( 7 ) th~ as~iz%ti3as of $ha =.lral =traiCea?a c a
cr17 be satisfied 37 (i) a cation& a?pxach
deaic-ed to support and facilitate rat-d
development in the rural areas, -6 (ii) a
"bottc~up" decision W g lrocesa w%ch
w i l l in13~e an attituda of salf-relhaoa
anleaenergies.
and ieaeea- heir cssti-ra
(kc)
the multi-lateral a d bilatersl dcncr
k-encies czn help Liberia's developnent
effort by ze-arient- their policies m<
proascues to complement rafiollzi 2116
local initiztina.
3. Y h t in order to cperztiodize tine above Tactical Yaaauz9s,
the foll~wing Follow-ug Sctiona are to be taken:
. .
(i) all of tinose involved, dkeotly or iahc* uiYa
Liberia's socio-economio development at the local
level ecd at the nationzl level, a=e &-acted to
take bediate steps ?OY~=& tthe rs-ozisntatieb
md ze-modellirg cf &Aelr pocedures ~d acti-rities
the areciion of the above Skztejiss a C .%cfioal
Xeasures. In tke procees, a tsto way occsnltation
vith County Xnhist=aticns mt be eetabllshed to
ens=- that these Stzategfae and Tzotical #esarr,-ea
are rztional intamoven with a strengthened Csuae
Iais+ation. h this logad, an 9volwze=+ ia
Liberin'a socio-economio developmect ia =ecoqLzed
at ail stages; i.c. identifica-llon, pro--,
fnplenentation, evolue+icn and/or opera3ion.
(ii) at the rrctionnl level:

tz+.'.-.n in tho yi-rate coskr csxecttid
with 'I,: berin's aocio-i~ormic deve'lopment ,
j 1 . 1 oo:~r:oro:o~~n, ifitcu~i
Or;;ilr, t~ntiann, Youtii Or:;'ruti:mbionu, Vol.fr\rs
Or~nnization:~, Ccoperuti-fee , r-rd Uuahoon
Ejtablishmente shall submit not later
th-m 31 Deceaber, 1978, to the Eurd
P.lelopment Task Force to be estabUxhed
by the besiclent, detailed Planof Action
insicat-the present nature of ita , .
developmental functions, adninistrative
err~nqenents and activities a d how, these
fur.-tks., m~nigt~etive arransrernents and
--
acti~ities are to be re-crisnted end restructured
to fulfill the raouirementa of
the adopted Stzategies a d Tactical Measuzaa.
at the intarnational level, each multi-latetal or
bilzteral exkerns1 asaiatance agency is requeated
to provide the Goveroment, though appropriate . ..
channels, an indication of the possibilities to
orient it0 policioo md prooodurea for anniatnnca
to Liberia in 1b.e with tho adopted development
Strategies and Tactical Neesures such that its
eosistvlce willfully complemant and ~ o ~ i e
with the development efforts of Liberia.
\
the Ninistzy of Pl~mning and Eoonomio LUfai:s 18
hereby directed to submit to the Satlopel Planning
Council by l :'arch 1980 an overall medium-tam
Cstional ~o~!konomi,c Develoment Plan to take
effect in fiscal 1980,'81. This will be
fodated within the fr-dework of the newly
adoptad national develoy!Ient Strazelies a d
- Tactical arieztn..;ifi.
A "3urd Devel6pmont itaak Force" is hereby established
for a two-ye'- l;eriod. Tho Task Poroe ohall aclminist=;rti:ely
be attached to the Offioe of the Vice
Pzeaident of the Republic of Liberia who is hereby
appoicted as the Chdrmm of the T~sk Borce. The '.
Vice Eesiciant in con-~ltation with and approval of
the Freside:;t s&*.ll ollco all other appointment8
of a yo,"e3c.f.z;L.l nata-e. Tke Ruzal Developcant
Ta~k 5'0-2s shall c c o r ~ t and e mouitor the iaslementotion
sndfollow-ug of these new dewlopwrit
proctmea. To detedm the ex+mt to which the
new SXaLagias and Tw.tioal 3feaswes e=9 being fuliilleG,
it shall be th:! fuctions of the Task Force:
. :
:
, . .

(b) to evnluato and sonitor the extant of the
trzmf ar of euthoritp :m& =eepocoSoi2i ty to
tne county 1%-1 u d below e3d the delegation
of au".':rie to Lccal =apresentatL?es of the
iapleme~ti3g z d au~gcrti3lq mi-1stzfes ud
zgenciea. with the ojjectivea of emu-ix . .,
apeeay delivsm of xescuzces to.sntisfy the
legithate aapizationa of the --A people;
(a) to organiza action-oriented atuLtoa LI all
pertinent ospecfa of ,~rzl developnent vith
spcial reference a d eapkasis to the Strztaeee
and Tectiael Meaeurra adaptad; such staSse :o
contiaudly enioze =a aonitor, the c-*
ormisation, activitiss ~nd pcrfomazcs or' 528
i.wplomuntir~,q !\lid mr!rporting miniclt.rioa rrnci
agenciee and the stmcture at locel,. netiosd
ond fntenztioxizl levels a d the -ooorU=stsd
md timely de1lver.r of hputa et all levela
&&oqh an qapro.oriate w-rnent eystan of
operatfocal planlag and ?msssa controls;
(6) on th basis of such skaea, to make peciodic
recommendations for further sotione with a +-ev to
~chieving the jwqoaee ol' the St=ategies cad .:
Tsctical K 3 ~ s ;
(e) to pre2ere gaidelines for =he bplaaectaticns of
tke Strategies emd to recder euck advioe ard . .
*zaiszace to the i=eLev^&t autfioritiea es -4 be
lequfxad;
(f) rn ieter than 31 Y=ch 1973, to pap- for
submission to the Xational 21'lsnnFry C ~ c i l
n aora btdled taaticd plan of action ?or
thr *lamentation or' &&e rzew Stretee-eo, for
the aqiddanca cf the Xkis-tq of e3d
Z~ocomic ?Lefl'-s LI fo+zzdatiq the lee
Satlorel Socio-Zuoncnic ??a.
Ginn under xm bnnd FL& the Seal

2'. ?he ikscutivs Order Fa intended aonq others, to con-
aolidnte 'he trends which B-le bcth explicit and imglicit in pre-
vious proncunoomont of Covomt~nnt; to flooularnto tho Lnglementn- z ,.
tion or' till n.gprcnch to mtlonnl devolopmunt in general end real
~lavolopmont in partioulrlr alrandy discernible its embr~onio
form In i:'ational Planning Couccll docu~nta; and to &-tik%io=-
lize ,?ad ayateaatize the- kinds of activities in the .ereas .
vhich hve been precipitated by tactics such as Ball3' Time md
rotation of hdependence DRY celsbrations among the ~o-aitiaa.
8 . The motivation of the reeidents of the rual sree a d ..
their self-help aotlvitiea coupled with the sup&ti~e eotibns
of fioctoral agencies and County BWnistrxtio& have come.ebout
29. Implicit in the Executive Order is the belief that the
exist%- projects and progr-es sre Fn the riaht direotion,
. .
-
. .
. .
. .I
. . ,
.*
. .: I
, . , .
1zrge17 through the Prasidentts personal interrention. 372%
vhile t.Mn process has indeed heightened the level 'of conaoious-
,=.
. :.. :. .
motlri of m:d roeidenta ~nd Government employee8 and haa made
poofiible the penetration of development into someof the rurd
.-re=, a process which will both diffuaa and aslatab &aveIopment
acti~itiea i.=~ the me1 areas is now called for. The Ekecutlye
. -
' . '>
.
- :
'.
.-
A . '. ..
.. ...
bi.. ..I 3- - :
.. ' .. ... ..:
Order is therefore an attempt to tranafom the pesaoml and .- ,
q~bolic act8 of the heeldent into such z process, through the
' . . . .
i
hplenentation of the newly promulgated Strategies znd Tactical . . ... . . 1
:. :+= ...
Eersu-es . . ,
but rrhat i3 now of prime 1;mcrta~ca is the welding together of
these'activitics Into a consrent dnd well cocrdhated ayatam;.
.7 n-pten which by ita very design will rsm-re the impedimenta
wltlo!t !wu c=.Lsi; :uiii tima frtui;l-t..rto tho dlnporolon nnii auculo- . .
. - .
ration of &?elopzent asti uitiaa. ~. . . . , . 7..
.
. , .-
. * !
. r
,
.. :
. .-. -4. ,
,. . .$.. - .
JO. The Executive Order mat therefore, be effec%ated b . - .,-
the fieli? an auickly aa possible il' the moti-iation of the raaidenta .. . ,
. .
..
-- . '4 .;
of'the mrJ areea is not to be dissinatd by frustration. ht . .
. . .
t!lL: (!am ?I*: necoaarxily .vnn n, discard4 of ox!otL~g praJacts
a d procmmes for new ones. . , .
. . .-. ,

jl. a1 attxpts will be mde by tbe Task 7orce -te ewv=9
tkt the rxpid prc,gcass envfsa,pd bp the eeCaElishment oi thia -'
-
proccns in achieved. aowever, it 1s realistic to note +hct 5.2
~i~wi.~; the geriod of tine ncxt .Fr?f~, projects and pra-ea ata
or>aized within the frmework of the elenents of the n-eu a-kgies
onl~ at the level of the Coullty anci not, Selow, oz? o e a
iisited rmber of =ew Wds of pznjecta sre b&oduced, it w ill
be e movement towa-ds susteizec? dewlopment vhioh awza well
for Z?e fuk-e.
32. Tke Zxecuti~e Order accepts the fzct *&f die-s ol
mnt -moblams should be solved.
'.

Urectbg that they provide aassssments of the ;oaPner in which
the* orgulizetio~; can 5e rr,tionalized to confor?n to tfie sfrate-
. me activities of the Exercise ctrc be grouped into three' ,.
caiepries according to the dodm,nt gqoee being semd. The
ihae categories iiiclude promotion and ccordinetion arrangemeate; .
pregarxtioa of place of action to implement the a.&ate@;p; and
progarstion of contribution to the 1980-198~ Medium-tern ~stional '
j;~~~op~o~-~~c~o~~~~~rn~o
ncvel~anon-t-r3-~;, Tho throe typos of activit iaa aro
desimed to be mtudlly reinforcm and, to an extent, will ta4a
place aiiziztaneously. Each, hawever, has. it$ ow? xsquired 'hput.', : .. .i
. . ... . -.
*-. *--. Activities -- c~ncern~~~i,S~~~~~omotion
and coor~tion: ....
+?., . '
jj. The Strategies md Tactiaal ileleaaurea, ih the fo&.of an
'
:kecutive Ode=, has been aromulgated bg the President .&a'-, . -:+. . ..
1978. Since the gropoads for tho adoqtlin of these ~tratigiee .. .
and Tnotical Mea-es for national development have far &&ecbing . . '
~ormo~~uenccu for the Natioa, it is auggestod that the President '-. ' . ' .
ahould 'dso make a mtional >rcadoast to &clw *i;ieayread ittontion .
to both the pcomu1,~tion of the now Strategic0 And Tactical Mee- .:
mrsa fox rarzl development as well a8 tile eedablishment end porn- . .
gosition of a Eurd Developmeiat Task Force. Suoh a b-~oaduast'cen
outlhe tine Ad~.lnist=atist-aticcfs ccntiiius2 seazch for ways aad means
of raiaiag the livqbg stan&-ds of the poor of %%is society from :
mx: to mttresaes by traciq the varverious development oriented
&tiom initiated by hLs nCminiatraticn since 1971. In addition, . .
. .
the I'rceident cim call on locnl experta both vi+&n &id without
Cave-lment ?a offw their expertise on e. ~oluat~y basis in the

36. The Bural Deveiopment Task Force, esta5lLahad by tae
~zscutive Order, oen beooma fucotioaal by duGt I. 1578 viA& *&e . .
t-,ppofn&ent of it@ members before that Zata. Uso, by h p t 3;
s - . -2-<
177n both midelinon for naoeanmcnt of key private and public :. . . . -
wncies, institutions and orgzaizetion end =sqwet for =ei= .
submissions of draft asaeaameota, by Septeaber 50, 1978, &od-d -.
. .
be fozwdad. Isloluded in Sia jackage will be i let& b - .
. .
the CL?i-= of the X ~ a Development l
Task ?o=Ce o,rfi&il? .
'
Lmitiog '&ern to pe-tlcigate 21 the hLIal Devalcpent ?23t
..,- -.
Ezercise.
37, Sepcate briefing aeeaions -will be ~3.1-0 by
Aqut 15, 1978 with Henbers of &&e Legislak-e; Kembers of
. .
3. 'I?loao Sriofi* socnionn whioit will bo oc-aponaorud by
the apropziata Miniatrlee Jrr? tbe %ak Zoroe uill 3e in
$he Lzst Cdo veeh of A-t 1978. n e puz7oae of nee%*
is trio-fold. Z'L-st, the Tzsk Porce "tends Co brief tke %+of-
?ate on the action8 taken by C+vel-uoent sbcs +Ae d;rr2 Cunf&=eaoe
I- I -

I l l ~ ! l ~ l:.l:Ly ~ ~ : S ~ R 1.1 n~t. phnnrt. .:nclond, tho l'uk Poixe oxptlu'ti, to
ol,i..-.j.u (:omxnto on the oxorcinc from the rcpresontativos' of
ke:r :qyaxios, institutions at2d orpni5ations in the- pablic end
~rivate oeotors as well am some feedback from them on the kin@
or* eqertise, a3a the possible duration .of such eqertisej. they
~ill re&cee in c.:ming out their rea?cnsibilitiem in the Zxer-
ciae tocether wiLh teems of reference and Job desariptiona for
t!le experts.
. .
39. By Scptembor 1, 1978 initial ae1ectio.n of local private
and pujlio serrice exgezts for volunteer se-ce tc local A-i- . .
strations end Civic and Social s el fake Or&zationa as well da
1: :
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.,
.- . . .. .
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: -
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their briefin- and orientation be completed. -. .
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.!.0. me national voluateers identified and selected for
uorv.loo %IT the rural nrens inunt be prcfeesionnlo in diaciplinos
tihioh .?re relevant to developmental activities. However, while . .
-- 1
acdenic i~ualfficatione will be helpfull, local eqerience &ad
,."
. .
.,.
~. .
-
... .
". >
ocrnaj.tsant to ntnl develoynent will be the major oriterta for .-
-- .- - $.
czl be assigned to the lccal add& '.
selection. ~hese~mlunteern
.- ,. - .
atrations on the basis of theiz experfise and chiioe if locatioxl.
S&litiojzll.z, the Superintendents, upon a detesrmlslation of their
. .
. .
om re+rement for ergertise, can initiate the preceaa of - .
identfXping and selecting the loozl erperta they desire and
=om the Task Force of same. i?urther, some attempt will be
m.dn to invlve sembers of youth soupa and other pzivata okgani-
r,::tiom with the raquicite oxpartise. The Task Force will also
meet periodicnlly with Liborinn profcsaionnl~ to test idea and
elicit 6%-gestiona cn issues pertinent to ita activities.
41. It is envise.ged th?.t by September 15, 1978, the ?lace-
me:? of these eqerts alcq with ezangements for their aecond-
ment, trmcl and su'osinfmoe will begin. This pruces.9 is
ea~ler-,tui to be undertaken jolntly hy the Tmk Poroe and the
Liberian htitutc of ?ubllc LW.at2efion.
i

3 . A nation-ride radio a d taleviaion panel diacwslon
~ 9 be 1 jrogramned by August 15, 1978 with smbe-rr of-the Tgk
. -.
Yozcs. The panel discussion which 1s -tended to genente - .. -
nationnl Uscusaion should be desimd to both . .
at.-+temeuta aade bq- the IlasfBent as well as hacate aoae of '
the tec?.n'cd. aagects, eqecta$ione ez~d L~ctioul d? t&e Taak
. .
zorce o;ier t b cext se~eral mnthti.
ia>or?at for wnciea, hatikatilts &
looked 5 by obaoleta le@la:ion
a-%-t=afive k~sagemi?a%s Mcb mj be
effecti~e
3erfo-e. Such oonatzzts
Li the ~aaeesaments.

XDT4/mc/1 - Page 20
aa pzivnte inoti~atione, agencies a d or~i!32tio~ is a
necesn-J first step. As such, it is proposed that the Teak
&roe prepsre ad sabmit guidelines 57 Augzst 1, 1978 to all
, zctive a d potanzicla active egencies, *:izutiona, eto.,
involved in ryra?. development or activities supportiva of
rural development for their cornideration prior to participat-
ing in the brief*-$ aessiom noted above. The Mizlistriea which
me 00-eponcoring the briefing sessions will be aaked to for-
was6 to the participating organizations these guidelines and
otiir relevant material along with the letter of iwitation not
latar than August 15, 1978. The guidelines aze intended to
provide the pe-ticipating orgaaiaations with 2 mlstivelg eaag
refereace point for their &aft assessment task which is ta be
aubnitted not later than September 30, 1978.
47. By .337Tovember 15, 1978 the Task Force o a re- the
draft assessments along with its own comments to the various
- O I , ormnizntionn nncl 1:lrrtitutiunn in ho3.h tho public nnd
private sector for finalization. For thoae aspects auch aa
ooorriination of socio-economic and technicel research which do
not fall within tine perview of any siqle agency, organizazion
or institution, the Taak Farce will still make tie neoeasarq
asoeasmonta. The Taak Force should also reoeiw final aasesasents
from all xLmncios rmd inatit~tiope not later thaa Decemt
...her
51, 1978.
4.3. B*.tween January 1, 1979 and -oh 31, 1979, tfie Task
Foroa &sa.ld analyse the final assessments and submit to the
Dationd Pin-3 Coacil b~ lrluah 31, 1979, a detailed Plan
o.f Action for the im~lemcntrrtion of tho rursl development
strategies and tactical measures;
49. A major activi'ig vill be pralininefy identification of
pro-es and projeata n;?ropriato foz rtmd development in
- L-,
- '.:':kg Li-o acccvnt erist3ag condifions and the applica-
- ria,
tion of *he naw strazegiee end tactical meaau3ea. As alrsadg
.
. '1

.:g=e=d by t;?.e ;;CC T-2:; ?ox2 or: 3sz-zl 3cvelc?-esf, ezc5 G.S. age=?
-,ill prou',ce ~7 e==l:r >.

A u-y 2 L s h ~ of a ~ ~otivitiea ~ of the Exeroise is ?resented
below:
1. Il_rkotion of tho Strates
(a) 3riefLng sessions for Legdslators.,
member6 of Cabinet, Superintendents
Heads of Goveruoent Agencies &ad
representatives of Pzinte dgenciae,
Inn titution and Orgsnizations .
A-t 1978
2 weeks
(b) Organization of panel discuaaion awst 1978
2 weeks
(0)
Task Force vfsits to all counties
for kriefing Councils and Committees Segtember - Boexuber
and olarif ying tsska . 1978, 3 months
2. Assess~ent of count? s&idstsative
syatemn end swoaration of Plan of
Action
.-
(a) ReorrLtment of intermtionel Awgrzet - September,
tcdc consdtulta on pldng and administration 1978, 2 moa&
(b) Seleotion briefing and orientation of
local privata and public sector eqerta Auguat - Segtember
for volun%eer service Co looal admini- 1978, 4 weeks
atratioas.
(0) Placement of national volunteer
experts.
(d) Prepzratio3i of ?re- asses+
mcnt rsporta by national eqerta
mine: cotmty/ret$otml npproach.
September, 1978
2 weeks
August - September
1378, 5 vaeka :
(e) Tzsk 3'orce Workshop with hatetional
todo conaaltanta, US*
prelimfosq reports (d) &on for
Xovember, 1978
2 web formulation of guidelines for furtkar
aaseesments of counties and follow*
n regionalization approach.
-
(f) Preymtion of a~aonsmonta of Counties xovambsr-Deoembor
by internationnl consultants with 1978, 6 ceeka
Suoerintendenta. keeping in mind
re&onal development oritaria

( ) %view ~ynthesls of c3mt7
anscssnezto (f) abovo by Teak
Borce sad interrutional condtanta.
yl?a., 1579
1 monca
(h) Find eduatioc of asaeamtent
reoort by Task aorce end Super*tendents
and preperation of Plan
of Action, for mbmissioc to
Ja. - ?t&-ch
1979, 3 zonYks
Sations1 Pl- Comcil.
(3) iisoistancc in Frspnrxtion of =an., 1979
3ntiord Socio-Zcon~dc Develm- Teb., 1980
sent ?la coxmiatant with 2rcc~tive 1 4 Jont;=s
We= 1 for submission to Katiod
Pl- Council by Yg-Oh 1, 1980.
(c) Preperation end evaluation cf
%ogress Report for t2e ACC Wal
development exercise on the first
?ham to Jme 30, 1979 vitk oolljboration
of UH -0ies.
(a) Guidance end coordination of iJ'N
agencies in thek staaea for
reconadesance end >reject idcntificcltion
or' aectcrd cm2 count?. ?rojects
to be fncluded.3 the Xatiorel
Socio-Zconomic Develo~ment Plea acd
UN teohnicnl assistance m v m .
(e)
Fodation of a aecood-we EiDP
aroject for h?e~=~&tioczl asaistznce
I- 3plementatioc of tie Tationd
Socio-Zcononic i!evelomell?; PI=.
(i) Guidance a d coordba=ion of eLstiz2
or new pilot or denonat=ation gr~jecta SeptaIzSez, 1979
at local lnvol 'n line with ?l,m ~f
to Z'eb., 19EO
:\ction cu~d yrogarat.ton of gatLord 10 sonA&t
Soaio-Zconornio Develognont l'lm

. - - . -. -
-.- *
I . . l'comzntion . . , of "vl reoort on
a P C
0 0 ------+
(a) Beport prep~ation by ~roject June, 1980
ooordinator. 1 month
50. The financial ilwementa a m in two parts. ?he first
pat, representing Government 1s inpats, tot& $205,961 for fiecd
1378/79 alone. The eeoond part, representing the inpnts of tba
~,-lito

tunoo lo tho lood ICOM YM~O thoi-. ser-ricee will be =?&=ad.
55. Provision for office spece for 10 pezsona ii dso i3elded
in Chverzment'a inputs. W s
mininun eFce requirersnt size apart from its own staff, if will
is envisaged by tb Task 3-e aa fta
. .
host oericdZorilly, over the clur~.tion of the ererciae, met- ad
workchops with paticip811ts; provice office support for all ccs-

57. Provision Fs TO be aade in tb 2xcrcise for tie sub-contnct- -
ing of the nfne con~ultants on rural development pla-e and
a&iiaiatration. The Govemzmnt will undertake with the assistmce
of the United Hations, the task of identify* and nsgotiatirg
the avidability of these consultants as sp exanple of taohaical
oo-operation anong developing countries (ttdo). It is emoted
that the Country or Countries will make provision for the release
of experienced experts for tbia activity in Liberia upon mimburae-
~ n of t their aderg, travel costs ad subeqstence in Liberia.
It hw been estimated tkt such exports could be obtdned on a
tcdc mrragement at a cost of 38,000 at tka most per consultant -
for the Llree-month assigoment. The County Superintendente in
Liberia would be eqectad to co=oprate in Peking eccnomical
subsistence ar?x%ngeizent for the oonsultsnta in each of the oounty
seats.
-
XnGment :
5a. loxu vehicles, 2 Pe-oet family ~ ~ aad n2 Toyota s tand
Cruisers, are to be pcovided to the Task Forcs to assiat fn the
transpornation of fhe consultznta. l'he family wagons will be
utilizod in traspa-ting project staff between ninistriea, agenoise,
cud other gwvezzment institutions in aad arowd Monrovia. Tb ,
Land Crdsera will be used by the project staff eagsged in snaistbg
+he load Govervnent Administrations for hter-connty trawl.
5*. One Miseognph Fkchbe, One Photo Copy Mshcine, 'PYO Cd&tors
and Your Tpniters are to be prodded to su~ort reprodnotion
operztiona of the office of the ask Force. Administrative aupport
in the fom of supplamenta to the &vemmnt budget for 2 seabtaries,
fuel ad nabtenulce and the sAationery aad su~lies to 8 total of
$5,000 sro to 3e provided. Contingenoiea, specificdly La respect
of pos3ible extensioa of the duration of shcrt tan! conaultancy
semices are to be psovided. At tbe end of +A6 pojeat, dl
provided project equiprent will be tur?lod over to UEBP for naa
LII fukm dizect support projecta requir- these inguts.
*

60. The Central Govorchont hp1ementh.g md wxortiq ancfee
a d Inntitutiona in oonnoction with ?re?arstion of ds'alled 21-a

I
~~/'Doc/L - :'age 28
In terzro of promotion md coordinztion, the a-~rcise will
result in a vide diasemilnation of the new stratag?' ax? the mobill- .
zation of governmental and non-govanmental reeowoes in support
of it.
62. The Rer~ise will also reault in a series of Plerzs of Aotion
by CounCf ;Idminlstratlons, Gooernment Agencies arid pivate sector
orgzzations which indicate +& present na*e of *heir developmental
functions, administrative srr-emnts and acti7ities zad
how -2aee functions, abilinlstratiw arrangeunta yrd actiplties
&?e to be rs-orieated and re-etructured to ~XLfill &&e raquiremsnts
of the rurd development strategiee and tactical meRsucea. kee
will form tfle basis for e draft Xational Plvl of Aa3$,01?. on 'seesurea
Q be taken to implemnt the zf?w rurzl developmnt strategies.
6j. FWlly, the Exercise will mnlre poeeibla for indunion in
the new National Sooio-Economic Development Plvr 1900-1964, a
draft seotian on the rural development aagecta of the inoluaiw
;~pcta of external assistance.
"

aazt. has also czeetzd a h-al Deveiopsent .Tr& ?orce-wkAcD- is :a.&d=i-. -
strativelp attach& ta the office- of
.
. . . . .
. .
. -.. . .:,.- -. .: . . . . . .
. ~- 5.. r
.... . . -. . . . . . .
. . .
. - ~. .... . .
....
.
the Tice.2esident.azd c ~ d s a - ~
- the Vice kesldent of LiSeria as Chat=*&, d .fcez.o*A~.ze~Be:s~
. . . . . . . . . . . . ...
-.
. -
on SekE of. th+ Gav-eat hss also ..... -
. -

. ,
. -
. . . .
. . .
. . . . . .,
. .
. . . .
. ;-. .
Fi 3
. . . . . ,,, . . . . . . . . . . *,
,. ........ . ..... . . . .... -
... ''I : -
. ,..+. , . .. : .;. . .
. . .; ~. .
. . .... . , . . . .
. . . . . .::. ........ . .
=efaren,ce of tbe Rural 3evelopnent Task Yoroe vhich, amcg othar things;, ; ,
has the respcnaibility for orchestrating the' Tda-Year Rural Developent ~
Pilot Rsrcise. ...
The entire &al developant exercise viil be pxesusd & thee' , ' . ., .. .
. .
. . ; . . . . . . . . . >'.. '. .:..
disthot but ove&ppiw phases, vith each phase having its 0% 1 . . .. ,..,
. . 1.. . . . . .
. .
richeddes, tasks aad gods. Phse I which began with the h-,=l" , ' ; .....
. ... . . . .... . .:..
.. ..I . .
Develcwnt Assessment assion vill tamiziate after tge estabiisbent .', . .
. . . ........... . g..i . . .
... i-*-'. ' ., ' .
. . .
of z X%tiorel ?Ian of Action fDr the impleaeatation of thi Strategies "....
. . . . . -. .- ..:. .... . .
an6 Tectical Meesures. Phase ii &hioh will begin tovazrda therod
. .:- : '. .: . , . % .
. .
...
:', . . .
. . . . .
. ;.! . . . . .
?kaoe 1) possibly in JsaE-try 1979, will have as its .&jar goal 'the
. .
. . .
. .
iderrtificatioq of projects sld grogrannuas to be hplemented &the
...
. . . . .-
&-; . . . :., - . ,.: .. ..' . . i .
. . .
z a l Gees within the term of the Bztiond '~l& -of Aaticn as r&ibli.shed :. ,. ,.
. . .. .. .,+: ... ; .. ,-.-, $ :
-. . ... . .
.....
5y ~ a sI: e ma2 III v~ch is 'viasled aa the e i d phase ii the ...... , ,,. .. ,: . .
. , , ,_ ._ ;.- ' . .:>.
.. . ,'.. . . . -.
'F
Bercise end All overlap with the latter part of II, possiblg
. - . . . '?
" . . . . .
..; . . .* i
in July 1979, will involve essentially the detailed progzarming bf . . . ?.
==a1 de~elopment projects and 2rogrsumes identified in the pra~ioaa
. -
. -. . ..- . .
phsse ac6 ircludad in the 1980-44 Fedlorn T~D' ~oci&~corcnic I&. . . .
All actors in the.3~~21 Develoynent~Eierciae
vill be oonstantly
.: .
.......
. . . .
L . ' . ,..
-. -. .
. .
i=foned of the progressbeing de, the tasks for vhich they vill'
. . . . , ..
. .
5e rssjmnslble znd the kind of 3u.ppaz-t vhich viii be avhlable.
. . . . .
Souever, oC bediate ooncem is the proced-aes'to be follcved and
.
Yte activities to be undertaken in Phase I.
. . . .
, .- ,. .-
hse I of the %3rcise is pa&-ily
. . ...... . . > .
concezea vith the establish-
===? of a !:ationel Tlan of Action for the bqlenentatim of the nev1-y
.. , .

ti-re units belm the level of the C O M ~ as veil ta aontaaous &/or
. ...
.~~ .- .--
. .
tzaditional ht1t;ltlona of the =aral people; and pimtd hii++

Task Force felt that the ecriicz &tee, i.e. September 30, 1978 and
Decezlkor 31, 1958 ~io~ided adsquate t3e for aubmiasions of the drdt
a d fhal asaesssents resgectively. -her, theaa eclier dates'
will make it possible to maintain the a&e,dule owisaged . . in the. :
@ecutive Order.
, ... . .. . .
. . .
'P. . ...
The esrlier dates for the aaseaamenta also irean that the process
of identifying and eelectizg local volunteer experts to.assist the ..':.:.
.. . ... . - ..
County Adminiotrations ad Social Welfsre and Civic Organisations
6 .
. . .
mat be acoelerated. The Task POZ-,~ haa suggested two poesible vays?'
. . . .
.* '
of doing this in its papez, "lmpletezlizg the Ezsontfoe Grdern-. .: l?x- . ..
..
., . . ...
. .
. .
some deciaiona mast be t&en quickly Ff this Bzerei.se is to be . :< :
? .
. .
. ,
. .
. .,:. ,:
aescingful. As such, thoas pazticipnts .who., would. li+e to- bays: . ; -ii' . .
. -. , -4,.
vol~uztteers should indicate this to the Task Force as ear1y:aa pooasihle.'
. .. . .
Addltlonallg, the raepccsibility reat uith each,~om&ent Ageacy - -I.. '
a;?d -st= as well as each Local ~ ~ a t r a t i errvislj3e.i o a .as ,. .t:. :., .
. .
reqPiring external tecMc4 aseistancs in the auhmissionof its : .
fi3el assessnecta, to t=2.nsmit to the Task 3orce by September- 30,
1978, terma of reference and job deacriptiona fcr the eqerta. . -
neee shculd include a short bsckgso~ on the Qancg, Xiniatry *r
Local Abbist;atioc, the kizcl of technical assiszance nasded, the - *
dntles cf fha expert, the de-etion for which the expeitiae is rsqrrl-ed,
4 facilities which vill be mde svailable for the expert.
It mat also be poi~ted out that the asaecament task is meat
to he ncre than eiTher e ;orod recital of existizg problems dr a
aera cataloging 03 each qencg's pre3er.t developmeat fuxtions,
e.&mhistrztive ar=qcrr,eata end ectlriti;s. These slementa ssa ideed
. .
. .
, .
. -
...
*

: . .
. ~ . . - <
.. .. . - -. _ . .. -
. . . -- -.. . .
. .
essentid and vill shed light ot the agenoy's jrzssexA ce~bllltics.
. - .-
-zi. . . . . - - . .
Y-
.e.*
.
of the po%entids inherezt b. eeoh agenoy & the 3r+ocnditioc~-~-.. . . -. . . t s..:-
. .. . . . . . .
tsak is an artiniletioa by each wncy of, -sic< ,%. 3t: yg& .tLe t -
-.. . .
-.- 2 :: ...-r .
:-
totd strrtegies cen .be Zuil? ;mlamente& a. ... the sko2ast pd+sibls .- - . . - .
. . -
. ~.
. .c
the. . . . .- .. . .. . .:.
. . .:. /: - -. . .
- .-
of cIt-f+, the T2ak irorre bs. di-rided *Ae &-as 02 activities ht3 .

(5) evelo lop linkages between yam: ar-. sctivitiee . : . .
~ o a
..: . .
amail acae indrstries which can either . ' . .....
.. .
. . .- . .
m;plp you with imta (sazvicas 2nd prodnci;a) or . :. . : . '
. . .' .
" .;. -. ... . .
J . '
vhich you say be able to sumly .dth inQuta. . .
.
.: :. - .
.
..... i. . '
. . . . ... . ::..
11. C~?C/SOCUL W3T2hsE OEGXTZhTZmS ...
.....
r,.
ci
, . . '1 .... I.... ..
..*L~~.
.; >-;* .,: s .-6 ,
. .*
. .
' .
.. :>..:,, ......
*

. .
the rural sreas has csatributed to the desertion .of the. k.&as- :,.-'. , .
by the able- bodied f cr the .concoesicn enolavas and ~o&?odd; ?.,%a
.prbcesa has tanriz5. to creata problems ..both in the areas . ~ fk&
. *e midation bwne as- well a8 at the: t e m l
t s .
'. l;
: 4 .... ':. .....
). . :.->. .*. ..
. .. . . ' ,< . . ,--.:. *: . :.
: .. . .
.vh%~h. ........ ,_ :
..: , . < . . . .
poiiita:.g.the .. :., ... ..: ~:. .,;: .. v.. . .
. . ;; :; ..... ..: , .. .1.
. .
.me Task Force theref ore, beliwhg the*; the.-k.&+oprne& ' . .' . . . . .
: . .......... .,: : ?... -._ -.
. . . .
.d,ecelerate,if .... .' -. .... . , ,.:
of ezployment cpportunitiee k?. the,. mxal .areae. .?dl1 . . . . . . . .
-
idras, -&ions, ~ropcsals,'etc., ia" ..
idantifyicg h e necessa?i prrconditicns far dch
nndartaklngs a d in whichthese ?xe-condfticns
cza be =st.
~ .,
. , . . .
. .
' <
Indicate to the Task Force go& nidmm ~~r,~~'eq&ites - .
far.
,. -
the decentralization of activities as \ell as :.
the Uad of eoncomic lkkngee which cerr be genersted.
t.p yaur activities ad lccztioc in key rural aeas.
~.
. .

kz5cg %a 2 1 6
Task: "orce would lee m e
. .
cd kiplaezt- stages. 2018 spc~F'i-,
. . _ i
. ~. :.:
... .7: .
. . _ ... . . . .... .-
.. -
ZeeCcack :-on & t kal&~+~:. ' -
. .i

. . . .. ,. ,.
.... ,:. .
., - ,. '.. *.:,
. . .
. . . :.
. . . .l.'
. . .., .
......... .IT
:..-
, ......... '
'.
- . .
. , . :... ... > .......
. . +.* . : .....
.mTT/2cc/l/m./l - ?a& 10':'. 1;: .:.
(1) 5 e utilization of the pevelopment Budget to , . . . -?. ; r . I
encourage the integration of development projects '
s
'
in. the' pl-ing, gro+pa&ing a d bpleme&i& . ,
atzgee. This cokd gossibly be acham-pllsheh .anoag.
. . ,..
.....
and
. .: .
. . -. . .
aganaiec by the Ustry of P w . . ~&&&c, . '
. . . . . . . . .
.I :I . ..::> . . .:.
;:
affai-c~ ad by "Budget ~o&ttaek" within es& ........ . . . .:. ., . : , ..>: ,. .. .
.... . . . .
amcy, if in assessing the budget- ;:1 . ' ...... . ., '. :

(3) The eotablish8nt of f 0-1 fw.~ctioaal li-s
emong Donor Agenciea partici?ati?=g in Liberia's . .
. .
. .
. . -.
Rurd Developzmrt effort. Ws ahould be' done . . .
.I . , %.
. . .
with the aim of minimizing jurisdidtionsl conflicts .. . . . ,
.... ..
. .
among agencies, as well as effectuating coardir?zi'sd ......... . . . ,
. . . . . . -. ,. .
sssimtase to the entire Exercise. . . . ,.. i '
, .. ....
\ ?. , , . : .
:
. . . . . . ~ .
CmCZUSIc~
. . -. . ..
. : ..,. . ' . . - 1 .. < .
. .
. . . . . I-. . . . .
As noted earlier, the above possible avenues of. acti~Fties . . - ....
. . -.
at this ti& rerely eqloratory and a-e. fatanded to offer sme .:
. . .
.: ', . . ...
.. .. .. >
r..; ,. . .. .,~. '. . .
.^ ~ .. . . .
tentative ideas of .the Task Force. The. list is theref or0 neither . i ....
; ... r. . . ....
...
&nstiva!'nor definitive. Emever, the Task Force feels. that. t@.,.. . ,;.
. . . .
..
. . . .
of auch ideaa can begin to genente additional thoughts .... a-. .: :] ':
. . . I . . .
sugge$tiana on the pert or' .participants and set tfie. stage for .f&h,+ - -
: . ..:
. . . . . . . . .. ,
. . ..? ., ..
I'.,.; '.

. F-roject Y!--er:
Appendix K
.. 0. 101
.ormvlA
REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA
MINlmY OF PLANNING AN0 EtOMOMIC AFFAIRS
- A un he~eby forwarding for your iafo-matioz co;m
of a colicy caper w&ich contaim our .ziews on tl?e
basic ixstitational frazeuork 2ecessarr for a or=-zeC
crow to assist in tine aevelopect a d pronotior of
small-acale enterpzises k Liberia.
and zegaz5s,
?he Project
Partnership for iroductivity
Yekeg, UWCO
Liberia

-ETT3ODUCTiON
One of the basic 0bjecti~~S of the econopic de-loooent
strzteg~ of the Liberia Goverr,nent is the fuller -+icipticr
of the Liberian people in the nation's econonp. me develoyent
of Liberian-ovned smzll-scale ente-isea ia one of the *dap in
L
-&ich this objective of Gove-ent con be accompliaked.
It is recognized, however, :hzt the c~Tent 2evelo~ect pla~
hid cot zdequntelp deal with the izatitntions and ylicy aeamzes
necessary to encounqe and promote the developent or' s-all-scale
enteqrises. As a result, many of the -problems vhich plagued
this aector of the economy a=e still present.
Secently, a number of institutions, sucb as tbe iicrld 3azSz,
TJHDP, FXO, PF'F etc., bve shown inte=est in asaist21g aad Sevelop
ing small-scale enterprises in Liberia. UaDP bas established a
project in Lofa Count7 designed to promote ryal kdaafriea
requirinq a very lov level of cagital. P-e World 3adc, 2ogefber
with the Sibez- Developent Coqioration (ZX), hs Sew a
nation-vide swey to find out what would be needed to assist
small-ecale enterplaes. The ktch ordaatfon, ZO, is
woru vita the iiberis 3ank for Develoyinent a=d Imesbent to
develop an assistance propoaal to +he B e ~ e Tor r the ~ develop - -
sent of this sector. The Or~zzation, Z-etshia :or P-C&LC-
tivi*/Liberia and its affiliate in the USA h ve been vc- 9
Jppe= Yizba for about four peazs.

!:D
"OR CCOR?IYATi??T
The proliferation of concen and efforts shown by the
abovementioned institutions and the need for systemtic glan-
ninq for the development of small-scale enterprises require
coordination, so thzt Government can be in the qositicn to
effectively assess the impect of the o-?en11 ?ro,-rm. The
Liberia Tevelopmant Corporation (LDC) which was established by
Govement to perfom such a task, anong other things, ia theze-
fore the approgriate agency to coordinate all proglmm dealing
I
with teckical assistance jcd the develonment of small-aczle
enterprises in Liberia.
.~SrnUPrnI?TG OF T3C
In view of the added em$-iasis which Govement is placing
on snail-scale enzeqrizes, it is quite evident that the present
or@nization of LDC is not geared towuds providing the kind of
supqortive semices which will be necessary to develop small-
scale entevrises. 'riithin a re-etrctured TJC, a new departnent
should be established, staffed with qualified personnel end
equiqged to do the following:
e)
b)
help in the creation of Liberian entrepreneurship
by conducting shark courses in accounting, bookkeeping,
small business namgement, etc.; in
c~llabo~tion with the Siberis Opyorhuzities
Industrialization Center.
identif-y tnd develop projects requiring between
$1,000 - $50,C00 investrent capital;

c) assess Xzket ap-,?z?dties for szll
businessnen; =i
d) ?nvide aavisoq ac-=vices
In order to hprove the c?pbility of -dC to effectively
execute these responsibilitie:, U C will' be requizcd to pre>%re
specific term of reference cle*rly defi~ng jobs -dhich sI..o~lz,
be occupied by com~etent individul's. '!he tens or' rer'ererce
shad be *'.rrwn uq by ;.k=ch 1, 1?79. Imiloiduals ~ 5 tcorsidsra- h
ble experience in ?hi: field md jmvided uder aq- tecjr;iczl
,
osslstace =-=genent will foa a part of the ope-=tiq staff
of the small business dewztmnt iz i3C 3rd vili be =Cui=eO to
to c z q on the jab zfter the ten of the foreiq enezta e~irea.
+zr-lic.~lar attention he8 to be Jaid to tine quality of this staff,
Liberian as well es expztritte.
Xhile the= is no lower 1%: vi-th reszect to the s5ze or
carritzlization of a small bushess, s csil~sq of 3:O.CCO a?zerrs
to be reasoc+ble. Dea~ite the 1-t of tEz ceilia-, Gover==ent
would =Is3 encouzzge 3ushess oenazes 31 a somevkt L-gez
cagital outla7 and emplo~ent effect, -8kich itodd atill 'ZT+ to
be conaide=ed as "s~zll scale", but vonld zot specificall7 cone
uzder this >rog=arme. Gaverr?menr will give attention to *&is
asject when fodathg the -msoectiv~ st~-3egies r'm -2e Secozd
i7ationz~l Socic-?sa~smic 3es.elapent ?la (.iulj. 4933 - 19e4).

?IYAXC 13G
The unavailability of capital and the absence of credit
fac~litier .are tvo of the major impediments to the development
of snall-scale enteqirises. The Govenment therefore attaches
hi,+-priority to the setting up of an appropriate frznework
that will ensure that conceasio~ loans reach those enter-
prises whose projects have been properly screened by the agency
designazed to asaist ?nd provide senices to small businessmen.
The ~ationaf Bask of Liberia will be resoonsible for prc-
viding cre&ir to projects approved by the Liberian Cevelopment
Comorrtion through a credit line made ~ailzble by the World
a& an$ other multilateral and bilateral agencies interested
in the pzom. Financial instlzutions such as the Liberrt
Ed& foz Development and Investaent, the Xatimai Xousizg and
Sa-ring %I&, the Agricultural and Co-operative De~elopment
aank and Commercial banks will be encomed to make loans to
Liberian business under the Credit Guanotee Scheme of the
National bank.
With respect to control of businesses ti??* receive loans,
it should be absolutely clear that only fully-ovned Liberian
busineeaes will be beneficiaries in this prow.
The entire prom will be actively reviewed by the 3oard of
the Liberia Develoyment Cor;lontion to ensum the desired r~sult
of giezter participazion of Liberians in tbe ution's economy.

~ ~ ~ 93 ~ ~ m S ~ ~ ~ > ~ J I S ~ ~ I ~ H ~ ~ I ~ ~
Given the shorttge of jersocoel 93d ,-sources, =he star'f
of the smzll Susizess dewrt3ect of XC IJroper ehoul2 foczs it3
attention for the i-rmedirte 3ture on a fsw L-~EI? areas. ?he
JSDP a d PFP which isve already began ror4 in the x-a~d ~ z a 3
vill be peetted to continue under the -3rella of LX.
FOLLOV-F? -
?he development of nwment skills kt Lijeria skculd
not end with £0-1 training ?romes. :n order to Eevelop tke
sgyopriate Susi=ess climte a d attitades, effo-es to pcmte
Lijerfza entreprenemhip should be accmmed by a cz-efal
follov-u? of each enteqriae vhich hs ?&icqxted
-_ i- the jrc-
ma, eo that on-the-jab advison se-??Lees oaa 3e --endereE as 2
addition to fc=l -merit co=ses.

13 tne UiJ3P project document, ::c 3rc progosinf 'xo as?ects of
assir,tnr.cc to r'i~'a1 entreprbneux:
(a) i l ; techaical, 02 nccountiq sup~ort, where37
busilcss e::tegsion agent:: tioul6 emlutte the possibilities
of n~ir
assist each potenti31 eatemrise 7k thc a2propriate
nzeas of support, trainLz5, coorclisation and supervision;

I
~f tile ?.i?Tr: ~12s to be creeteii es n brand] of IX, this would be a
5002. zol11.ti.m Lor insuria!: full coordhtion of thoir efforts aci
fac pnx-cnting the establishncct of another ~ktitntion. However,
wljile PY? has made p?at 3raCress in assisting ent2epreneus in
the LW;0 area, LCC's fuctionc me about to be redefined, and their
ca~a5ilit.i.e~ ,:~iLl not 52 a5le to be detexined 3efore e few yeers.
T5erefore if the R!?IC is establishec? mder ?,T sann~enent an&
~er.:c;-: with LDC, there is a ?.2?..-2= . that ~ C ' S takeo-rer might
r:cp,--;crzc!.r: pffcct "IT' s aal=eaL:,' .::uccessr'ul onzoinr;. onerntiolls. For
this rer:zon i xculd su.;cest ti;:;:: t-hc 2TiC 5e established initizlly
oa m 2t::;onornous aEenc7 with t!ic proq?ect of mer~;Ac with LlX ar"ter
o fo?~ JCais or' operation, when it ill be possible to determim the
exnct forn of the relntionsbip. ,
R!EC could Le set. UT, $a the caEez ol' the current a-~agerpest for :
"Soysto~n Imtit;lte", OPE ot;-ics. For Zoystotm, operntions are
overseen 57 a 3Lz~tor who is ~esporrsSole to a seven-msn boa=& of
rep;osectetives r'rom the Ei&copalChui-oh (Cbai-nuan), the Flstries
of Justice, La'aour, e l Zducation, Arniculture, a d the Difectsr . .
himsclf. Ti;e Ins'titute has it= om autonom~ for h i r k personnel, ~
.
sslazits, etc. P-banci33 coues. from three souzces: a $W,CCO
7eazl7 allotaeni;, dishmed c_u;rtcrl~ frsn tbe Y i s t q of Eealth
(mder t>e "subsifies" budget Ue) , donations, and profits from - -.
the onzoirz.; ?oulSq oroject. The Kbistzy of Eenlth is also
_sro:ri:.'y; $250,CCC3 m&er its developnent Suclget for an eztension
- of the ~stitute.
.

-'-- -..- ?kse L Ir?jec= Azea ii I-3C iz.+ll -6 -'-a
i3dcstzies ~ G O
,..- .,. ---- - --
Lez =f =-=-I
L C '9 ~ j-s=ify =ke i~=~.~sio- ;: + =:ily-z3=e~ei
-
-
_ ramorion se-vice in as= I Prajecz. Xever5el=ss, rxe
measures could be intrsducel lei-c -I 5 e ??ase I Ir;jec= ;s
assist specific r~-d ix5usrzies r?6 these zersil=ts c=clS =her.
be developed as the 3raject is extendel. The Ll+ckszLt:1s
workshops would undoubtedly benefit from C?e i-tz~?x=isr: sf
agricultural machinery such as Bower tillers. I~iti=l>z -, =5esa
machines would be providee by the Project Xc5zi~iscxetio;:
. .
2r.l
maintzined in +2'e XOA workshop at Gbedin. sowevex, xt :s Zczeseen
that res?onsibilizy for tbe mrihtenznce of tkse =ec>ir?s
would be quickly 'd+nsferred to arivate con==2==3re. The rice
mills would also repuire nore ar16 better re-,&= a1d aair.t=:ace
services than at present. Assistance to Kle blacks:kt5s azE
workshops to carAy out the re-szir azui rnzi:t%?+nce sf K:=se .;+=:^.ines
should therefore be one 0% the su?pcr= .seasilss ix-z=&ceE
by the Phase I Project. Ot??er ;aeas=es to be i.l=rclxel by tke
5hase I Prpject would ir?clude crainizg o r opez+=czs it z:le
rice dlls in order t~ inczease the teL?nical ef5iciency of
t%ese mills.
During project ?rep&-etion antact vas eszablfshee . '" ,.&e
maagement of Cne Patnership for Praczess (Jt?) ix or&= =o
ascertain whether 'chis or~aiza=ion would be ?re?azel == extend
its activities to Sic ihase I ?rojec= ker. The - - ?I
agreed to this proposal on coneition t?~az its s=r== iiocld 5e
assisted by a menber of a GeAmzn vcl?z?trr- ser?ice kr &eve-
loping countries. In %:is case the ??? vocld ie in + =osition
"-D offer its range of suport measures to soae in5~scries
in the Phase I Area.
On the assumption that such an &zzangenent w i 5 li?? 2-oule be
possible a total of $ 10,000 h+s been izclzdel in tEe Tc=rl
lroject Funds a d is irceneec? to provide zeii!a-=e-~ ceeilto
rural indu~-~ies. This aao~?: would be inckied iz 5 e
Revolving Credit Fund. at tile ACDB a& woul2 cr.9 be reiehsel
on "the agreement of the ?F?.
5.1.4 Social Services

TEE SWEDISH .L!PROACX TO E XiNG
(Available in &-R/DR files)

PROJECT LOCATION:
PROJECT TITLE:
FUNDING :
LIFE OF PROJECT:
IEE PREPARED BY:
INITIAL ENVI?.OW-?ZNTAL EXLYIXATIOS
RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DECISION:
NXGATIVE DETERYINAT
MISSION DIRECTOR'S CONCURRENCE: ,
Yekepa, Liberia
LIBERIA - Nirnba County Rurai
Technology 669-~13
S3,23S,f00
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR/AFR DECISION:
RECOMMENDATION APPROVED:
RECOPMENDATION DISAPPROVED :
5 years (2nd Phase)
Junes W. Dawson
Rural Development Officer
May 15, 1979
! . / , j
&no - R+ Ga~f i, Drrector b'
Auqust 28, 1979
Date

I. -i.ptZ~n Ot the hojec+
A. ZntTducttcl
rt L propcsd tnP.JU .grant of 33,2j8,700 t h AZtnarPhip
fa REdoc+ivity mmdatie (FfP) om a wiod cd fivcgrrrt to carry
outr~k0graahth.rrwafnx.lfrdtetryud~tm.l~
6.m-t. #P L a u.0. hsd pi- and To&* rgsrsy that

.auPuU-cPu2efrrra~th.~fPd*~atprofect
0p.rraam. a8 m t
frrripO m=fAm L -
w rhifttng
dtiv8eicn, -, Ltck at mgrimltur'al fnpRa, la
y&d&.luds rad lal -tabla Surpl-. HL & .ctfvitp is fas
aultivatim of upland ricm aortly for hAm -, M cecwies
*so-Oitbbnd. ~ U ~ o i t b r t a t d f ~

~dbltiuy, tm prohrtion in the project =a suifs-s
aiLtfv1tioo prarucu ud t.ck of w f-cfon. Ua* =a
-
iraath.uer~logFcrl~esa, .i.*. Fc.xpkn**.

111. Discussion of Pro3ect Ixpzcts:
In the completion of the Impact and Evaluation form we have
indicated low to mderate impacts that would be caused by t!is
project, These judgments vere based primarily on the findings
of a lengthy ?Znvhnmental Assessment of the Bong Cowty Rural
Development Project by the firm of Environment Consultants, Inc.
which found that the activities being undertaken by the Bong
Project did not adversely effect the environment. We believe
the findings of tihis assessrent to be applicable to t!e pro-
posed project because (1) t!e agricultural input packages and
technology being introduced is almost identical to t?at of the
Bong Project and (2) the overall environment of Nhba County
. -
is extr-ly similar to that of Bong County, i.e. the counties
are adjacent to each other. A detailed discussion of the major
project interventions is as follows:
1. Upland Rice: Unlike the Bong Project, the project is not
proposing the use of fertilizer on upland rice cultivation.
It vill focu on the use of improved seeds combined with improve2
cultivation practices. It will not pramot expanded upland
cultivation, but rather seek to increase production on a given
unit of land. It is recognized Ma+ upland ria farsin9
through shifting cultivation has a long term deleterious effect
on the environment. The strategy king applied to reduceex-
pandad upland cultivation is the promotion of fixed swamp rice
cultivation while at the same timc attempting to increase the
productivity on the m -1 upland farms. There is

empherical evidence from the Lofa Project, which is now enter-
ing into its third year, that farmors will abandon upland
farming for irrigated swamp rice once they are convinced that
swamp rice production is more productive and profitable.
2. Swamp Rice: Swamp rice cultivation involves the clearing
of vegetation from existing svamps and the construction of
rudimentary irrigation works, eensisting of a central drainage
canal, periferal irrigation canals, and earthen bonds between *ze
inOividua1 paddies. This work is generally carried out by
hand labor, except in rare cases wh@n working on a flood plain
that is Ury enough to permit the use of squipmcnt. Unlike
upland rica, chemical fertilizer (ma and ttiple sum phos-)
phate) is used and chemicals am usad to wntml weeds and
aotfxeaks of stem borers. The pruject will use MBA and
Diazim, both of which have been approved for use on (RTamp
rice in the Lofa and Bong County Projects. Only farmers who
h.m received proper traiaing in the use and application of
pesticides will be pcrmftted to purchase project financed pesti-
cides. Likewise, protective clothing and devices will be
employed where applicable.
-
Large ecale clearing of land for wamp rice cnlttvation mld
ba detrhntal to the euisting flora if it involved a rmb-
stantial araa. Hovevar, the typicril swamp w ill not ex& trPo
to thrae hectaras aad the total amapnt of 5wamg available for
-

potential development is only six percent of the total
project area. .Most of the vegetation removed in the
process of swamp clearing is large bush and sac pah
trees, since tropical hardwoods can not florish in these
super-saturated soils.
Schitosomaiasis is endemic to Liberia and the proportion
of swamp rice cultivation containes the risk of increasinc
the rate of infection if not properly monitored and con-
trolled. In the case of the Lofa Project, a schisto-
acmaisis m llience group works in conjunction with
the agricultural development teams to monitor both the
swamps and the workers. Swamps are cheaked for infect&
mils prior to being approved for development and monitored
on a reqular basis thereafter . Also, workers are checked
for infection prior to being allowed in theswamps anB those
found to be infected are treated. Though the use of these
control methods, evidence to date indicates that increased
svamp rice cultivation has not increased the incidence
or intensity of the disease. A similar unit has begun
wrk in the Bong Project.
In the case of the proposed project, there is a team
frum the Swedish Institute for Tropical .Xedicine per-=
aancntly stationed at Yekepa rorking on schfstoaolraisis
under the Liberian Institute for Biological *searcf...

I
I
I
I
I
- 4 -
This unit will provide surveillance and monitor the
the effect of swamp rice cultivation on schistosomaisis
for this project.
Coffee and Cocoa Production: Coffee and Cocao are
traditionally gram in Liberia as jungle crops, with
minimum cultivation and management. Under r improved
management these crops are planted on ground that has
been fallow for seven or eight years and the low bush
is cleared away by hand-. However, both crops require
considerable shade for proper canopy. Proper management
also calls for the use of chemical fertilizers
(15-15-15-2 and phosphates) and pesticides. Black Pod,
I
1 a fungus in Cocoa is controlled by spraying with cuprous
I
oxide and Lindane ia used to control capsids and myrids
I
on both coffee and cocca. Bcth of the chemicals have
been approved for use in the Iafa and Bong Projects and
wntrol of their use will be subject to the same conditions
noted above for the use'of pesticides on swamp rice.
-

Unlike aqriculture, it is more difficult to exarrine Lie
environmental impacts of the rural industry sector of this
project because it is impossible to accurately forecast what
types of entrepreneurs vill come forward to request assis-
- tance. However, to a large degree one can be guided by the
type of individual projects that have occurred in the past.
For the most part these have hen small operations that employ
approxiamtely six people, e.g. brickmaking, charcoal production,
furniture making, poultry raising and comercia1 pig raisinq.
Of these type of projects t??e one that could potentially create
a negative impact is charcoal production if it is not properly
controlled. There are vast quantities of waste timber from
the existing logging operation in the project area and the
clearing of swamps will create localized aupplies of timber
that lend themselves to charcoal production. Using various
intermediate technologies, charcoal production can become
an Fmportant source of off-farm income generation, but this
can occur entirely through the use of present wastage and
without the falling of trees for this express ourpose. Also,
the Forest Davelopment Authority is we11 established v i a
project area and enforcas logging and timber managaacnt a-0-
tiations .
the

- 6 -
A major thrust of the rural inZustry sector will be the
application of appropriate technology. By their very nature
these activities have a minhal envimnmantal impact: they
are labor intensive, require minimal outside energy sources
and are widely dispersed rather than being concentrated.
See also the Environmental Assessment of Pesticide Use,
Appendlx 0.

- act
1'. 7-=.7:". yj,cy %
1. Cbarqi?r; 2 ~ character 2 of t;?e la~e throuc:?:
..................
a. Incrz~sin~ the pas-~iaticn..
b. Extrxtizn natural resourzns ................
c. Lax: clearin? ...............................
d. Cttzgicr soil chazacter......
2. .Qterirq natilral Zefe.?sas....
...............
...................
5. Poreclosinq .inportat ilses......................
4. Jeopar3izinc r.ar. or his 13n3rk~...................
5. Other factors
r.-\TZ? ?c>z.Iy:
1. Physical state of zater........................
2, ChsC.cal azE bioi~ical stztes.................
3. ScSor~ical bala~ce.
4. Ot4er factors
............................

E. CUL7C?1Fi4
I. Alterin9 physical sl~bols ...............
2. 3ilution of cultxral traditions..........
3. other factcrs
....
P. SOCIO~CO::G~!IC
1 Chzaqes in econonic/ertploynent petters
2. Changes in population .....................
3. Chanqes in caltural patters ...............
4. Ot5er facto=s

-.--.-,n?. . .,----A
-
I. Internetianal impecr;s ........................ Y
H. GL..-
2. Contrcversial ir::pilcts ........................ L
3. Larger pro~rm i?pac=s ....................... %
4. Other factors . .

ENVIRDNMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE USE
Project title: Eimba. Bural Technolo=
Location: Nirnba County. Liberia
Project Number: 669 - 0154
Environmental Assessment
prepared by: Dale G. Bottrell
University of Califor5a
UC/AID-Pest Hanaqement aid Related
. Enviranmental Protection ?reject
- 2288 Fulton Street. Suite 310
Berkeley. California 94704 (U. S.A. )
Telephone: . $15/642-9950 (Office)
301/535-0740 (Residence)

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 USAID Environmental Procedures
In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
and relevant policies of the Agency for International Development
Environmental ~rocedureslwere developed and published by A.I.D.
in the Federal Register to insure that environmental factors and
values are integrated into the decision making process and to
assign responsibility within the Agency for assessing the environ-
mental effects of A.I.D.'s actions.
It is A.I.D. policy: 2
(1) to ensure that the environmental. consequences of proposed
financed activities are identified and considered by A.I.D.
and the host country prior to a final decision to proceed,
and that appropriate environmental safeguards are adopted;
(2) t~ assist in strengthening the indigenous capabilities
of developing countries to appreciate and evaluate the poten-
tial environmental effects of proposed developsent strategies
and projects, and to select, implement and manage effective
environmental protection measures, akd;
(31 to identify impacts resulting from its actions upon
the environment including those elements of the world
biosphere which are the common natural and cultural heritage
of mankind.
1 Part 2L6-Znvironmental Procedures of Regulation 16 of the Code of
Federal Regulations.
2~aragraph 216.1 (b) of Environmental Procedures.

As a general principle, responsibilities for environmental decisions
will be similar to normal A.I.D. organizational res~~sibilities so
that an environmental awareness will _permeate the entixe organization
and environmental considerations will be weighed with others in an
integrated manner at each level of responsibility. Each A.I.D.
official empowered to authorize funds will be responsible to the Administrator
for implementing these procedures and obtaining and managing
the required resources. .
1.2. Pesticide Procedures
. . gncept as ~rrpvided. in paragraph 216.3 (b) (2) of Enuiromnental Procedures,
all proposed projects involving assistance for the procuremefit or use,
or both, of pesticides shall be subject to Pesticide Procedures prescribxi
in paragraph 216.3(b) (l)(i)through (v). Examination for the project
shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social,
and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to
determine whether khe use may result in significaut enviroruneatal impact.
When a '&oject indudes assistance far the procurement or use,
--or both, of any pesticide registered for the same or sisilar uses in
the United States but the proposed us9 is restricted by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) on the basis of user hazard,
. procedures, set farth in paragraph 216-3(b) (b) (1) (i) will he followed.
- - In a&Iiticrn, the InitiaI ~mrironmental Examination vill include an evalua-
- - tian of th riser bar& assrriated with the proposed USEPA restricted
uses to ensure that the implementatian plan which is contained in the
Project Paper incorporates provisions for making the recipient government
aware of these risks and providing, if necessary, such technical assistant
as may be required to mitigate these risks. If the projecc inclu6es
- - . assistance fnr the procurement nr use, nr both, of any paticize other
-. than one reqistered for general use or for restricted use on the basis of
_ user hazard or any pesticide for which a notice of rebuttable presumption
against registration (WAR), notice of intent to cancel, or notice of
intent to suspend has been issued by USEPA, and Environmental Assessment
or Environmental Impact Statement must be prepared as specified in
Paragraph 216.4 (a) of Environmental Procedures.
: Paragraph 216.3 (b) (1) (iii) .

1.3. Need for ~ n v i : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~
Table 1 shows the es proposed for use in the Nlmba
Rural Technology Although the current regulatory status .
of the pesticide pf~r use in this project does not requlre
the preparation ofr~Mental Assessment (EA) two of the
pesticides are uncQAR review, service and Gram oxide.
Accordingly, to plthe necessity of preparing an EA at a
later date, if eiP~th pesticides become subject to an
RPAR, an ahas @red -at this time and is provided herein.
2. PROJECT DESC:~ BACKW.Om
2.1. Introduction
1t is proposed togrant of $3,258,700 to the Partnership for
Productivity FOU~~PJ over a five year period to carry out
a program in rurzry and agricultural rural development. PfP
is a US-based pril voluntary agency that has been working in
Liberia f u apprg five years. Tbe agency is based in Yekepa,
Liberia. the sitrLAMC0 irk ore mining concession. 50 percent
of which is ownec Government of Liberia. PfP was requested to
come to Liberia fining concession to carry out a program to
diversify the ecase of the concession area, so that Yekepa
wouldremain a vimmic community when the mines are depleted
toward the end ohtury. In the past five years, P£P has
assisted a wide lenterprises by providing managerial training
and assistance, and technical guidance.
2.2 The Project
Funds provided W project will be used to (1) expand and
extend PfP'S exismices in rural industry and appropriate
technology, and (ate a major program to raise the incomes an
and living standapproximately 5000 subsistance farm families
within the pro jet
The project also k to organize village development conunittees -
that function to t village self-help activities. The project
will be carried o\ two northern-most clan areas of Nimba
County. The projt encompass an area of approximately 1800 square
kilometers. It jthe large urban concentration at Yekepa
with a populationi within an area of no more than 15 square
miles. The human on density of the surrounding rural areas
average 40 to 70 Ee mile.

PESTICIDE
Trade name and
Cotmuon Name
. ., KL., ,$?
. , , ., J.. :,,j.:> .,; ,w, ,iqV*
i
!" , ' '. . ,
i
.........
, ,""

X - Propoaed for use on:
T - Tolerance established an8
E - Exem~ted from requirement of tolerance on:
Trade Name and ' APPLICATION PIlOCEOURES
Common Name
. . . .
,.,.
I SOURCE: Pam l3!embb Handbook. 1979. Meister Publ. C& .. - . '
. . . .
!
.a
?q,) :
.
.
.
. . .
>'l
. .
. . . ,
2 On August 1, 1979, USEPA proposed that emuIaifiaqla concentrates 40%. and greater of ethopriop bi. restricted and all
gruular and fertilizer'fo-letiona be evaluated to detonollne .+I. neea for.restficted..c~aaeification.
. .
; ...
t '
.........

The rural population is about equally divided between the Mano
people residing in the western part of the project area and the
Gio people residing in the eastern half of the project area. The
urban areas are much more heterogeneous: the 1974 census showed that
the population of Camp #4 contained a representative mixture of all
the ethnic groups in Liberia. Organizationally, the project is divided
into the following program areas and activities: -
2,L.l. Rural Industries - .-
. .
. . .. . : :-
. .. . . . . -
-
. 1. Small business management training
2. Management consultancy services, including boookkeeping
services and accounting training
3. Economic and feasibility studies
4. Market development services
5. Financial assistance (credit)
1. Research and development
. . . 2.. Pilot projects to determine technical and economic feasibility.
- : -Once- proven, they would then be spun-off to the private sector.
3. Maintenance training
- 4.- Technical back-stopping and support for those operations
spun-off to the private sector
5;r~Improved; low-cost building technology and contractor training
2.1.3. Coowrative and Asribusiness Development
1. Cooperative organization and support
2. Input supply
3. Agribusiness development
4. Credit
5. Marketing
6. Contract services (land preparation, clearing, spraying,
seeding delivery)
- 2.1.4. Farmer Traininq
1.. Operation of an existing danonstration/training farm
where short term residential training will be carried out
2. Rural developent skills training
3. In-service training for extension staff
4. Varietal trials
5. Seed multiplication
6. Student intern progvam

2.1.5. Extension Services and Rural Development
1. On farm extension
2. Organization of village development committee to
- organize and implement self-help activities
3. Support for self-help activities
-
3. THE EEiVIRONMENTAL SETTING
.- .-
4
-. ;- . . - . . ;. -
_
- The prg.j.e& -ar.ea:*mainly -consists. of highly dissected rolling up&d.
-. - .. .. -- .- - .. .. - ~ ,(Mino~~a~.+.>f;-th+~:area are hilly or mountainous. ) The valley bottoms
- . -. of the dense:dendritic drainage pattern are. swamps. The local- diff er-
- .: . ences: in-alt-itude between the valley battoms and upland are small,
. . ~ . _ .- ::noma~lLy.&tweenr10 and 50 m. Ferralsols cover most of the project
. area. The hills- show mainly shallow soils. A main ch'uacteristic
..-- of -the- upland soils. is a gravel layer with alternating de?th and thickness
which prevents root development.
Soils in the project area are d poor quality. They are very acidic
.r -:-:=nd low-in fertility. The physical properties are slightly better
. .. (goo8 permeability and drainage), although this is generally only
-. . - -true for the gravel-free topsoil. For these reasons, the agricultural
. - potential of the soils is moderate to low. Swamps in the valleys have
. . -- a high- potential-.for.
rice cultivation but would first require ictensive
. : -reclamation- measures. Swamps occupy about six percent of the project
area.
Surface water represents the main potential source for the irrigation
-of the agricultural land in the project area. It also supplies water
to the major towns. The ground water resources of the project area
are poor. Well yields are normally only about 0.5 liters per second.
Higher yields can be obtained only at those points where fault zones
or highly fissuredrocks are tapped by a well. Ground water can only
provide limited amounts of drinking water for villages. For most of
the-larger towns surface water will be the most exploitable source.
The climate at- the project area is governed by the movement of a belt
of clouds and rain called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
The ITCZ moves northward over the project area in spring and summer
and southward in the autumn and winter. The rainy season lasts from
- April to October: The driest months are December, January and February.
Average annual rainfall is between 2300 and 2700 nun. Rain does not fall
regularly; droughts occur mostly prior to the beginning of the rainy
season and sometimes at the end. This implies that there is a risk at
planting time. An early planting date is desirable in order to obtain
high yields.

- The average annual temperature is about 26Oc. There is little variation
.- . in-the average monthly temperatures. The daily temperature range is
greatest in winter (15Oc and 37O~). The range is smaller in summer.
The temperature during the rainy season is suitable for agricultural
. . . . production. The average relative humidity is high throughout the year.
: . . . . . .. Annual.- evaporation is estimated between 1400 and 1800 nun. Solar -
- . . - - . . -. ra-diation-.is: low ..owing to clouds during the rainy season and dust dur-
. ... - . . .: : . ~r : .inq ,the dry season;:; photosynthesis thus is reduced, having a negative
. - % . effect-on yields, expecially in dry season. 4. .
- . . ' ;.:?. ~lheniitive-.;vegeEat.ion is tropical rainforest; but native forest Kave
- . .. -~;;.be.en: din+nishecE..byr, +if ting cultivation and' timber logging. Secondary
. .. . bush,&:. various,-ages :and small areas of agricultural land have replaced
the native vegetation.
. . - . , -
.. . . .
. . - . .
. . . ~ -
- . .. - . ...
. ." .
~.
About:.lD- percent of the total land in the project area is under
- . cultivatLon;- about 95 percent of the cultivated land is occupied
by small-scale..farmers who employ a wide variety of production prac-
- :- - tices:.. : The: land is used primarily for shifting cultivation of upland
. . :r- rice with- f all-ow periods of seven to ten years; in addition, some
. . '.. i, supplementary: food crops are grown. Parts of the better land on flat-
ter areas are used for coffee and cacao cultivation.
.. . .
. . ~ . -,.--.
.. . A .
' .: The va-lley-bottoms, occuring throughout the project area, are used
. . . . . for: swamp r.ke::cultivation and other food crops under. semi-permanent
farming patterns.
. ... . .. - .. . .~ : , The- average.size.of the small farms on which the project will focus
. . .
.. . -
. ..
is about ~3.5: acres.:(l; 5 ha. ) Tribal tenure predominates. Land shortage
is::not a major problem: in the project area. The number of. farm families
in the project .area has been estimated to be 5000. The average farm
.. .
.. . - _household has.7.7 members and a labor equivalent of 3.7 persons.
. . ~
. ~
. .
.: - The annual.Labor:profile of an average small farm is characterized by
. .. . two slightlymarked labor peaks in May and ~ctober/November. Since
.~ .
. .. .. : the. labor forcer is largely under-utilized at present, hired labor
.. ~ ..
. .
... .
.
woul&the~tkcally not be necessary for farm work. Approximately -
armers, however, occasionally hire labor on a temporbasis,:especially
for bush clearing. Apart from the fact that
' . - - :. :, SCL percent-. 05.2
. . ~ ary
.. . . . . : .x r this work iz very strenuous, social prestige also influences the
decision to hire outside labor.
: : .: . .- The small-scale farmer ' s fanning operation presently is characterized
. by shifting cultivation, subsistence production, minimal agricultural
inputs, low yield levels and low marketable surpluses. The main activ-
ity is the miltivation of upland rice used mostly for home consumption,
. . . and occupies about 50 percent of the land. About 25 percent of the
. . . total farm area is planted to coffee/cacao, and the remaining cultivated
landis utilized for cassava (14 percent) and other supplementary crops
and vegetables (11 percent).
., ,
!
~~ .- .~~ . . . . . .~~ ~. .
~ .,

4. LONG-TERM PROJECT OBJECTIVES
A primary.goa1 of the Government of Liberia is to achieve self-
. . &ficiency.in rich production in-the early 1980's. One of the largest
*
. . . . . . single. akeas of rich consumption in Liberia is the LAMCO concession
. - . . . ........
.
.- - ....
?~ . qea. where..a.liigher. income level permits higher than average national
. :. .. ..... , .. ... consumption._"^ ......... potential for rice developent within the project .
.. .* ..-,. .'::. . ~- _.,:area is:'above.pverag&, but the levels of technol.ogy being applied re-
... . . ...... . ...... - ..
strictsproduction to subsistence levels.
. . --
- . ~~
- ... ....... - ........ . .. LeSS :than - ...... 1. .percent- - of the farmers use fertilizer and less than 2
. .- - .. ..... - - .. . - -. . percenggsq,*prpved seed. The agricultura sector of this project
- ......... . ..... . cordinates with. other agriculturally oriented projects and will pro-
< ............. - . . .
. . . .
. ......... . .~ - 1. .... vide,+e.training, inputs and marketing facilities to assist these
- ..
.- . . ..... .fanners- ............. -to max&.ze: the production of crops presently being grown and
- . ~ . will intrbdbce new ^food crops. The introduction of supplementary
. . . . . .
. .~ . . - . = . food cropswill provide improved nutritional balance and incremental
income' -to small farmers.
. ~
....
.
-
._.~AdGtionally,
~ .~ tree crop production in the project area Mfers from
.~ . sake
~ technbl&gi&l,problems,
.... i.e., poor planting stock, poor cultivation
~. . - . .. . practices. and lack of proper fertilization. With modern technology,
.:
.
. . . . +
. . it is-es&mqted&that
. . . . farmers can double the present yields. ...
~ , _ . .tree . ~op.
Rice and
. - .~ .
........... ..
..............
..... . - .-. . - &k national goal of ....... .- ..-..
self-suffiency in producing basic foods.
cultivation are the most practical alternative for most small
, fa~&&s..tb[ brek&-out of the subsistence pattern and contribuge most to
. .- 5.. -- -PROPOSED ACTION RELATIVE TO SECTION 216.5 (c) OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROCEDURES
. . . . . . 5.1.: ~ ~ Present
Pesticide Use Patterns in Project Area
--- ... ~. L .~ .. AS - noted. . . . above,.-about
...... 10 percent of the land in the total project area
~ .
.. . . .is-presep-
. being ...... cultivated. The major crops in the area (cacao,
. . ........ .coffee, rice,_veget+les) now encompass a total of about 1950 -2150
-. . ..... . acres - .~ to Table 2). An objective of the project is to expand
. . . . . - . the -area . . . w~iich
. . . these crops are grown; the five-year target is to
. ... . . - .... . increase, cacaa,,coffee, rice and vegetables from the present acreage
:. . ; about 5000, acres. Pesticides currently are bee used on a small
. . to
. . portion of ,thes; crops. PfP personnel estimate that 10 percent of
1.. . . - - ~- .I& . cacao .~ acreage .. is being treated with insecticides, 15 percent with
. . . . fungicides and 15 percent with herbicides: 5 percent of the coffee
acreage is being treated with herbicides and 5 percent with fungicids;
-
10- percent of the lowland, irrigated rice acreage is being treated
withinsecticides and 30 percent with herbicides; and 20 percent of
the vegetable acreage is being treated with insecticides and/ or .
fungicides.
w.

TABLE 2 SCOPE OF CROP PRODUCTION AND PESTICIDE USE IN NIMBA RURAL TECHNOLOGY PROJECT AREA,
: .:. i: : :. 8 ' UPPER NIM& "~1,3ERIA 1 'i. 1 .I ' " " ' , , I . , I . 'I
I . . : < , , . .
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ACRES
Crop Present Five year target
Cacao 150 600
10-insecticides
10-fungicides
15-herbicides
Coffee 600 2000
5-herbicides
5-fungicides
I
Estimated percent of acres now being
treated with pesticides
*
1 The list shows only those crops included in the project that will be treated with pesticides.
2 Estimates only for lowland irrigated rice; double~cropp?d each year. Upland rice riorinally
I
is not treated with pesticides.

5.2. -Anticipated Pesticide Use Patterns in Project Area
nough an objective of the project is to increase the area planted
. ..to these mzjor crops, PfP perso~el donot anticipate a corresponding
. . .:increase in the percent of crop acreage being treated with pesticides.
- ::: .:::Economic and low yielding potential will prohibit the use of pesticides
....
., . : r:on.mclxof the. agricultural land. Further, PfP personnel believe that
.- . ..... ... ... = tradi.tion&,~'nonchemical pest control techniques (e-.g. , destruction *
......
. . :. . :- : ,.:- be-:postharv.est residues,.:: crop rotations, hand weeding, planting vegetables
.................. . - 1 . . -..- ... ie: new un;infeste& axeas) are applicable- throughout much of the area,
and these techniques will be encouraged.
RECOMMENDATION:
. . .: ~roject.~. persoknel: should maintain accurate records on the kinds and
... -r -.. amounts of pesticides being used on cacao, coffee, rice, and various
- vegetables-in. the project area. 'A base-line survey shouldbe conducted
. -. .-at
the: inception. : of the project; the survey should be repeated every
=.:.yearrof the project-:to reflect changes in crop acreage and any changes
in pesticide use patterns that may occur.
- . -. . .......
-~ ..... ....... . be-: recdmmended'. 0nl.y:
.. - - ...
, - to the non-chemical control techniques; pesticides that pose minimal
. - :' - risk tm: humans-, -beneficial non- target organisms and the environment
. . .
should- be sought and encouraged. The use of any pesticide should
.~ .
-'always-:be based oneconomic criteria to determine when and where control
is truly justified.
Praject-personnel- should encourage the use of the traditional, nonchemical
control- techniques knownto be effective. Pesticides should
when definitive. data demonstrate their superiority
'* 3. Procedures Prescribed in Paragraph 216.3 (b) (1) (i) Of Environmental
Procedures
. . . . . . .
. ; , . : .- ? ....... - ....
-
...... (a:).:. The *EPA registration status of the requested pesticides.
Pesticides requested by PfP for use in the project are shown in
Table 1. Here, common names of the pesticides will be used. Crops
treated with pesticides in the project (Table 1) will be used for
human or animal c~nrsunption only when appropriate tolerances have
been established by USEPA(or recommended by the Food and Agriculture
Organization/fJorld Health Organization and when the rates and frequency
of application, together with the prescribed preharvest intervals,
do not result in residues exceeding such tolerances.

Two pesticides, ethoprop, dazomet, are proposed for experimental
pwrposes only; they will be used for research or limited field
evaluation purposes by or under the supervision of project personnel.
. . - .
As- nated .in footnote 2 of Table 1, on August 1, 1979, USEPA proposed
.~
. . -. - ..,
- . -. C. that- emulsifi?+Me- concentrates, 40 percent and greater, of ethoprop -7
. . . . . - .
.~. - . .:be -restrict&b.qaus& of its acute dermal toxicity; and USEPA proposed
- : . .~...
. . :;, ,-t,.-a-lE. gran&Ia?ziandd- fertilizer f ormalations he evaluated to determine .
- . - - ,;-. .. . -:the-nee&fo~Lrestricted
- classification. Tolerances have not been
. - . . - - . . , _ . .-.. estal?15sfreckfdr ~ ~ o m on e t any crops to be grown- on soil treated with
the pesticide.
- . . . ., - - .- _ .: .; earbawl 5.s progosed for use on vegetables crops shown in Table 1
. . ~- . . : aria: also. rice.-- i Phe insecticide is registered by USEPA for general
. ~ 1: ..-:use on all-. of .these.crops except onion (it will be used experimentally
.~
. . . , : . -only on omon,: applied by or under the supervision of project personnel,
.. .. -
. . . .. . and the:. -tzeated onions will not be used for human or animal consumption).
. .- - .~
.. - -
i. . !RE insecticide curfently is undergoing Pre-RPAR review by USEPA on the
:i :. -7.- : r basis .thatLC may cause teratogenicity (abnormal formation of f etusf
. - 7 .LC::-'.T-and.
. f etotoxicity (toxicity to fetus) in experimental animals.
:.

KPA is proposed for use on irrigated rice. Ther herbicide isnm
. . used on an estimated 30percent of the irrigated rice in Upper Nimba
County. Though not: registered'by USEPA for use on rice, the material
. . was approved for use in a similar USAID project (Lofa and Bong
counties) in Liberia; no know adverse effects to the environment or
humans resulted. .. .
2,
. . .... . . . Cuprousoxide, a fungicide, is proposed for use on and coffee. The
* . - .. . .-
~~ .. pesticide .iS: iiot registered by USEPS for use on either & these" crops,
- . .- . .. ~ . .,. but -is-exempted from requirements of tolerance. The material was
-
- - . 7 .- .- '-:. ... approve& .fbr..us.e

. . - principles and application of IPM and the proper use of pesticides.
. . . . - - : --The-lack of cqp protection specialists properly trained in ecological
. principles of pest management is the chief obstacle slowing progress
. .
. . . - in IPM in Liberia and other countries of West Africa. Being cognizant
of this the West Africa ace Development Association (WARDA), head-
, :, . quartered in- Monrovia, recently organized a Seminar in Bobo Dioulasso,
. . . . . .
.. ~ . 5 upper: volt* to-review the status and prospectsof IPM in rice in
. .. ~. . . - --.- West Africa. - : WARDA currently is determining interest and funding .
,
.~ . . ~. .- .. -;+mechanisms; required to initiate-a program for the developnent and. -
...
.
-.
. implementation of IPM in rice in the region.
- . - .. . - -- . . = - FAO,::USA-II)-and +ather international organizations are sponsoring some
~. . . - r-re.s.&ch:pn .the'developnent of IPM systems for various crops in the
. . -. . ,. . -.
.. . ~. region-. - 7 Hwever, : international efforts inIPM in the region are minimal,
.. .. . ;--and. there are virtually no efforts in IPM in Liberia.
-- r Because-of this lack of expertise in IPM there is a tendency to
.- . - - promote. pesticides,as.a first line of defense against pests, especially
.. . .. . .
- - :. in- highly productive areas being developed for agriculture. ~y contrast,
. ... . . - . . persons trained in intergrated pest management would lean more heavily
- . : on,, the use non-chdcal methods of control, using pesticides only after
. ~ 1. : 1 I : -.:.the: non-chemical and. cheaper methods failed to provide effective control.
- .-
.
- -. RECOMMENDATIONS: - - -
.. ~. .
. . . :--~:ThelUSAl3 mission to Liberia and the Reghnal Economic Development
. , , . I Semi-: Organization/trest Africa, in Abidjan, should support efforts
.. .- - - - :, . :by- F A to: proptote. .increased emphasis in the developnent and implemen-
.. . - . - :.tation or-integrated pest management in rice in Liberia and other
WARDA-Member countries in West Africa.
. .. . . . . . :- USAID should. sponsor- =-training program for PfP employee, Mr. Buxton Coop
. . er, in pesticide. management and ecological principles of pest control.
.. ..
I. -,Mr.- Cooper-is a.native Liberian in charge of developing pest control
. ' . . re~ornmendations~ and pesticide training programs for the Nimba Rural
: . '- ... : : Technology projrct, The training program should not exceed a period
. . ~~ .. - . I .!OF.
three'mon- in the USA under the direction of the UC/D Pest
... . Management-&Related Environmental Protection Project, university
of California, Berkeley.
- The intensive training program should be geared to allow maximum
- exposurcto the principles of IPM(via discussions with and lectures
by experts in the field) and proper use of pesticides, including
familiarization with USAID regulations on pesticides and the USEPA
certified applicator program. UC/AID Project personnel and Dr. F-
W. Whittemore, Environmental Coordinator, office of Agriculture. XCD
Washington, D.C., should beginimmediately to work out details for
his training program is the USA. The idea of such a training program
has been discussed with and is supported by Mr. cooper, PfP personnel

and USAID personnel in Monrovia. --
.. - - .
Uponcompletion of the trainirq program in the USA, Mr. Buxton should
beappointed as project coordinator for pesticides and pest management;
. :, ...
s
........... .':amajor- responsibility would be to coordinate training programs at
...
- , the Farmer-Demonstration Centers and pesticide monitoring (refer (d)
(2) below).
. .- - ., ,.
*
' .
............
,

- --- --
ang progFms;- The store sells all the protective devices recommended
to ensure safety.
*
A responsibility of PfP extension workers operating out of the Farmer
Training Centers is to follow the progress of the trained fanners:
proper- use of safety apparel and devices and disposal of used pesticide
-:. containers and left-over pesticides are stressed.
.. _: . . ~ _ . > .
~ ~~ --- -

:.. . -As noted, USEPA has place carbaryl on the Pre-RPAR list on the
. .
basi-s of -eviaence that it may cause teratogenicity of fetatoxi-city.
. - . Project pers0Mel should keepabreast of any subsequent USEPA
ruling on carbaryl.
~.
. :. . . =-.. .. X& noted aboire- under (d) , the pesticides will entail three levels
~.. .. :.: of-:dperatibn.+: Proce&res to mitigate the hazards from their use '
d&cr&d
below:
in. that section. Additional procedures are recommended
.. ~
.~ . .. . - . :. : -: C-.:-.&re~
. .
r-i>r&jedt:.-personnel involved in the use of pesticides shown in
abie:l;-sho&d be thoroughly informed of the potential hazards.
&-project -managers should enforce, among project personnel and
rmer'cooper~aco&s, the use of essential protective appare1,proper
;storage:-of.pesticides and application equipment and proper disposal
used-.pesticide:-containers and left-over pesticides. Project pernnel
should- &sure that instructions and precautions, including
--:-stat&&&- regarding the time or re-entry into the fields after
-pesf:icide~application an, and the number of days between application
--'arid cropLharvest as specified on the pesticide label, are enforced.
A,' medical' .do~tbr,- Dr. Kell B. Jakobseni M.D., employed by the LAMCO JV
Oper.at%ng: coipany Medical Department in Yekepa, where the project is
to:& headquartered', serves as Public Heaith Officer for this area of
~iberia. Re has experience in the field of clinical diagnosis of
pestjdidepdisoning and treatment. It is recommended that PfP personnel
appraise Dr. Jakobsen of pesticides to be used in the project.
. . . . . - :--At all times during the project he should have access to an updated
.. .~ . - l2st of pesticides being used in the project and also toxicological
.
, . . info'rntation on each pesticide as supplied by the manufacturers.
.. . .
. .
. _
-- - - -'-Project-
'&SI!S~~U& should request his advice concerning human health
hazards w5thpesti'cide use and precautionary steps to mitigate these
hazards.
. . .. . .
-. . . .---;~helierbicide~~a~a~uat
... ..~ ~ . ,
. .
. ~
. - . -. :.,haza38 ~ f"any'-~e~tic~de
~.. . . .
probably presents the greatest toxicological
proposed for use in the project. The material
. . . ...
. . .. ..
should be used.o&v under strict supervision bv trained professional
.~
s.taff, It should not be made available throuqh the farm supplv store -
~.
. .
. . . . . . ... . for purchase bv. farmers. All pararauat use should be formulated with
.. .
. .. ' - :. wakinq ordorant havinq a meacapton like oder or equivalent.
- -Paraquat will be used to clear vegetation from earthean bunds separating
and surrounding irrigated rice paddies and to remove vegetation from
non-cultivated land being cleated for upland rice production. Project
personnel should ensure that the material is applied selectively to
these target areas and steps are taken to prevent its drift out of the
area. The pesticide does not accumulate in the soil and breaks down
rapidly. But farmers, workers and other humans and livestock should
not be allowed to enter the treated area until after there is reasonable
(14)
--
328
>

assurance,based on information on the pesticides label, that harmful
residues have dis,appeared.
Project personnel should ensure that crops treated with pesticides
for which appropriate tolerances have not been established by USEPA
- - - (or-recommended by FAO/WHO) are not used for human or animal con-
sumption.
- :;. . , I:_,- . . . - . L . Fin+Ly;:-2prgject; personnel should make the Liberian government aware
. - . . - - . :. .. - _ -:: . ;-af- the.-potentid hazards associated with use of pesticides in the
project.
-
. . - - ... . ~ -..-= =
.. . .. - . ,. : , .. . : .: . - (f)r The effectiveness of the' requested pesticides fox
the proposed use.
.. .~ . , . . . . .- -. : :The pesticides- proposed for the project were selected because of their
? - - -
-
. -known:rffectivenessin various areas of Liberia or in other countries.
. :No .quantitative data exist on the efficiency of the pesticides in the
,
~ ~ . . = .pr@ectarea. PfP recently initiated a study to determine the costs/
. .. -
. . . .. : -. :-benefits of .agricultural inputs, including pesticides, on farms in
. . . - -.
. . .,- .... - -'.the area, but results from the study are incomplete.
-- - ---TheMinistry of Agriculture in Liberiaendores the use of all
-
. pesticides proposed for the project. . -
~
-. . .
~. - - . - -.
. .. -
- - - . : . (:q Compatibility of the proposed pesticides with target
non target ecosystems.
~ ~ . ~ . ~
:.: ,. - -:
~.
~ -
~ . . . ~~ . ~ . .~
.. . ~~ ;-ti)-
.
(See discussion of (e) above)
. . .~ - - ~ . - - -. Jh): The- conditions:.undeK which the pesticide is to be used,
-~: - ~- . : : - -: : 5ncluding &ate, flow, fauna, geography, hydrology,
. -
and soils.
(See discussion of 3 above)
~.. %&-.availibility and effectiveness of other pesticides
. . or non-chemical control methods.
- . .. ::Due-:to- lack of quantitative data on pesticide efficacy in Liberia,
. . . . ~~
. . . . .~ : : . : it is not- possible to compare the effectiveness of the pesticides pro-
. - ~.
~ . .. .. -.: - pose&,for .the project with alternative pesticides. Unquestionably.
. ~
. . .: : however,-:. the insecticides proposed for the project pose fewer poblems
~ ~
~~ ~ ~. - -to humans -and .the environment than many other (e-g., parthion, methyl
. .~..
. - ~ -
. .
r . parathion, -&ieLdrin. DDT, chlordane, lindane) now commonly used in
the- area;- -There currently is no known cost effective chemical alter-
native to paraquat, probably the pesticide posing thegreatest risks
-- in the project: the non-chemical alternatives(hand weedlag, plowing)
(1s 1
. .

are-cost prohibitive. The other herbicide, MCPA, proposed for the
. . . . . project is. considered safer and cheaper than alternative herbicides
. . . .
-in rice. There. is no known cost effective alternative to cuprous
...
- ~. .oxide. Similarly, there are no known cost effective alternatives
. . . ethroprop and dazomet for the experimental use proposed . . in the .
project .
. .
. ............ ..... . . .The status- ........ of .... non-chemical methods was discussed above under (c) .
-. - - - - - I .,
RECOMMENDATION:
. . ........
....... . .
....... ...........
. . - .
--,. . . . .: Proje~t~personnel
A ........... should cooperate kith th= Ministry of Agriculture
. . 'n odtaihing- efficacy data on the pesticides used in the project,
ncluding :d&ai.bn the costshenefits of the pesticides and known
. . - :. - ... . . chemical? and non-chemical alternatives. There should be a special
.. ~
-
........ .
. . . . . . . effart :to find effective and. safe alternatives to paraquat.
- .- ~ - ~~
........ ...... - -
. .- -- (j).
The requesting country's ability to regulate or control
. . . .
. .~ ............. :the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the
-.
requested pesticides.
... .
'
...... , ..llh e @il.ity,:o£..&ib+a to regulate pesticides presently is inadequate.
. The ~inistq..of_'~griculture currently determines the pesticides sold
. . - .- . 22y_ci_mrmercal: firms and recommends- the use of pesticides in Liberia,
. . including-.thos~~proposed for the project. But it does not have an
.... - - . . ... . . .: ef,f ec-tive. enforcement mechanism for ensuring the regulation or con-
... . . -
-
. .- ,.gal.: o'f the- distribution, storage, use and disposal of pesticides.
-.-.......... / .
. - . - - -. . . .
. -- ~-- . There ig nw a proposal within the Ministry of Agriculture to create
. a. ~.~ crops: protection agency which would help meet this need.
. .
~. - As. disc~sed:above under(d1, through the farm supply store, PfP
. . .
. - . - p&sq*el are,, ablk to control the distribution of pesticides to
-
~A..
. . - .- f.amers: . in the . prpject area. Further the Farmer Training center pro-
~ - . -
. . . . . . gram provides- :a mqhanism for encouraging safe use of pesticides, as
discussed under (dl (2) above.
. ........... . . .
. .
-. ~ ............
.. ~
(k)- Thqprovision made for training of users and applicators. '
.. .- . . - . -. - -+See- dis.cussion under (d) (2) above, including the recommendation
. . . . . ... ....
..L . . - . . . . concerning $he training program for PfP employee Bkton Cooper)"
..... . . ~ . .
. . . . ......
. . (I) .The-provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness
of the pesticides.
Liberia currently does not have the capability toeffectively monitor
the use and effectiveness of the proposed pesticides. Therefore, any
monitoring must be assumed primarily by PfP personnel.
*.

- (See recommendation above, under (b) concerning survey of
pesticide use in the project area, and under (i), concerning
the determination ofefficiencyand costs/benefits of the
pesticides.)
.
5.4 Relationsliip of Proposed Action to Plans for Land and Resource
Use
-.

.: . , . ~
. . ~ . . . : 5.7.~-
..~easonably Foreseeable Adverse Environmental Impacts Which
~. .~. .
Cannot Be Avoided
. - The use of the proposed pesticides will undoubtedly destroy some
. . .- . . .- -benefical: Species within the target area,especially- natural enemies
. . ,.. . . . . . . . anal pollinators that inhabit the fjr6ated crops. Repeated use of .
-
,~
. . LI._
-
.:L - +nsectj+de~-; are: known to unleash.scane non-target pest species from
. ~ .
-
. . L.. . .- .~ .:. naturaz conjt~o:L:sausing them to" increase in abundance. Ecological
z.: - ~..:.:~seri@i0nsSi WiWn the cropr &cosystem are commonly associated with .*
.- . % . .- -, -, . . . heavy and $&s.crMnate dosages,%based on actual need and integrated
/. - - ;.
. 1 .... . .. . - ,,i ;wit;h :&her-;techniques
. . . . - ,-. ., .
(e. g., pest:-resistant varieties of crops,
.: . I .. .:-1 -:,..crapiGmtatiun: .various non-chemical:-.traditional methods) is the surest
.. - .
r .. .... way to avoid serious ecological !discriptions.
. ..
.*.
- . . . . -- . . - ;: . ::Human:healtli-hazards, wide-scale destruction of wildlife and buildup
.
. .. - ;. . of. harmful:peskicide residues in the environment can be mitigated
. - through: proper- training and by restricting the use of pesticides of
. .~
.- -. - greatest known hazards to project personnel.
- .. , . .- -. .-
., ~. .. ... .~
.. ~- " 5- S':. .. Relationship Between Short-Term and Long-Term Effects
". . - ~
- -.-_The pragas&.sction involving .pesticides, if properly implemented, ...
- - . . .
: .
. ~
. -. , v-prorniseds-.more effective and safer system of pest control than- ~- . -
:: . :: ..::?.:i: I now exists.. .: However, historically as agriculture has expanded and
- . - . - . .. .--.-. - .. 2- :--Znwified,;
.... irsxproposed in this project, pest problems have worsened.
-. - . . .
: . i. r : ..-Incxeasea .sevdty: with old pest problems and eruptions of new pests
.. . ... . - .A -. .
_
.- .. -.,. . ~ are-rormoonlq~
r assrriated with expanding agriculture that is based on
.. . - . ., . -
-. . . . . ; . .>mew .higk yielding: crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides and other
. ,. . .
~
. . . L. : . &ops bf:-the. so-called "Green evolution" clearly have dramatized this
_ -
-
. - -
-.:
-
L . .- Thus, the. proposed action involving pesticides may not offer
. ..
I - -,. . an.. effeciziue-lon&term solution; on the contrary,, pesticides at best
-. . .
. - . . -. -- offer. .tempo~ary:rreprieve to pest problems. The most effective long-
.
..
.
.-: :tern-. soIution. t@ pest problems in the project area and other areas
.
of. Libaria::willl.be- through integrated system of pest management that
, - --sprea&..the.~ burd-en:: of crop protection across the widest array possible
. .
. . . . . :-.--- : of biological, environmental, physical. and chemical factors. a

s
1. -..
.. ~
.
PARTNERSHIP FOR PRODUCTMTY
AUGUST 6, 1979
CREDIT PLAN
.
APPENDIX P
Pwpose of the loan fund: The purpose is twofold; to increase
, . . . : the.mo-y management skills of,small farmers and businesspersons,
- - . .~~ c:-;-;kthexehy
- -.. making:them eligible for loans at existing credit facilities,
. .. and,+ -tw,ai& ini:tbe ,@evelopment or expansion of selected farms and small
. . - .. . .
. . . .. :.businesses in &~d around the Yekepa concession area.
Loan Fund Philosophy:
I . : : . :. : .i -; :-I:..-:. PfP-Client relationship: PfP considers the client/
.. . . . - --- advisorrelationship developed through strong personal contact as the
.. z . :corners$one of- its;+oan Fund philosophy. During a series of meetings
.
ta-discuss the proposed project the PfP advisor attempts to achieve
- --three-~-goals: evaluate the economic feasibility of the pro~osal, gauge
. ~- . - . - -
:..: :=-ths oS the prospective client, and develop an atmosphere
. .
-. . - 'of:
~ 2kxust.
by=convincing- him of PfP' s interest in his project and assuring
:;u: him ofzthe coafiderrtiality of information which he is asked to provide.
.~.. . . . - these^ meetings also serve as an opportunity for the client to
devel begin a systematic analysis of his business. The dangers of borrowing
. . . are pointed out: t o refute the commonly-held belief that more money
-.
-. - .- is- the -solution.Sor.all business problems. The necessity of developing
. azbudget that.wt%cipates revenue and expenses is stressed as a pre-
~ ~
~ ~ .. . . condi-tion fof---the loan, and finally a bookkeeping system that will
. 1 . - -enable- the client to: measure the progress of his business is developed.
. . . . This.: systemis designed to conform to the client's educational level
and prior business experience and takes cultural factors into account.

. .. .
.. ~. ... . . . ~. . 2, Pro.iect Criteria: In evaluating projects for accep-
. . - .. . . tance,. priority is given to profit-making, self-sustaining enterprises
.-. .. that emphasize increased productivity or that add to the supply of
essential goods and services in the region.
- Where possible, enterprises are promoted that complement one
. .-. ~ . -.: . . ,-another.. . ~ ..For . example, buyers ' cooperatives are encouraged among simi-
... .. . - .,.;,+- ila~~.r~$+:-,en.terpsiises, links are promoted' between wholesalers and re- fi
. . - .: . .t&ls& :&-.,bo;th 5 L .~ . ..' .
#ail-
. .
and production-related enterprises are tied
..
-.- .~.
.. . .. : ;,.:. . ~ -
. . .
,toc regiona&.'.:transport systems. Local busi.nesses are encouraged to
.. ... ;.., . . . make use.-of- one another ahd lessen their dependence upon distant,
. ~
-~ ~-
. . .
. ~ -
costly sources of supply.
~ -
..; All enterprises are expected to keep some sort of records in
. .. . . .order .~hat,.per.formance can be measured. The system of accounts, as
. ...~. . . . .,. . .: .. mentioned above ,. varies according to the enterprise and, the ability
-
_. of the
~ ~ ~ client
~- to ~ keep.
. . records. These records are regularly :monitored
-
. . .. . --. b.y. PfP adyi~ors: who, at the same time, encourage the client to keep
. - .
- . .?
?;- '". ?.-z
. ~
-.
. ~. . .
~. ~
1
". up his loan repayments.
-... . . .-. ~ .-. 3.. I.9rocess of .fitemrise Development: PfP tries to ensure
that each business 6 entrepreneur be related to the level of economic
- . :activity of the region in terms of what and how much it produces or
~ ..
. .the quantit.y:;tnd pcale of goods or services it furnishes. Emphasis
.- .. - is,placed: on .beginning small, and to that effect, loan monies are pro-
- - -
.. vided% to,-insurq.only the -minimal. capitalization for adequate business s
.. -
- .. .. . . - performance. - Entlrepreneurs are told that these initial funds can be
. . .. .made,to-.grow if appropriate management techniques are foliowed, and
:the business- advicekhey receive is designed to help them master these
. ..techniques. -Finally, incentives in the form of additional PfP loans
or referral to 'the bank for a guaranteed loan are offered as a re-
. . ward for good business performance and adherence to the loan repay-
ment schedule.
- ~
2
~~~ ~ ~ .
.. .. .-- .. 33)

. ~
. ~
. . .. .
. . . .~ . -~ 4.. .-Interest rates charged on loans will be 10% per m um.
Small Farmers .
- 1. Only small farmers who are members of an Area
. . . cooperative- shall qualify for production loans. These farmers who
, . live in a .town~l (or- in several adjacent towns) in turn organize- them-
. ..
-..sel-vesr.into;.-a-l Town Cooperative Unit (WU) . One XU should have at
. ~ .. - ~ .
: . ~ .
least 10 farmer-members.
- :- ,:- . -2.-.: The outstanding loan per farmer-borrower shall not
: .. . . . -
-be more than.$1,000 at any one time for farm development and/or pro-
- duction of upland rice, swamp: rice, coffee, and/or cocoa. A farmer
--may apply up-to- a maximum of one hectare development loan (either for
.swamp rice, coffee: or cocoa or a combination of any two of these
. -crops) and up to a maximum of one hectare for upland rice. He can,
-
- ..-however,. apply for a loan up to four hectares for upland rice if he
has not signed for any development credit for cocoa, coffee, or
-. swamp rice.
+
. - : ..~ ..
.... .. .. 3. Except for cash payment for labor in developing
~.
-new farms for swamp rice, all loans shall be in kind such as but net
- l.imiteck to. planting materials, tools- equipment, fertilizers, pesticides,
herbecides, etc.
~.
.
..
. .~.
.
; - !&.:..The Area Cooperatives shall be entitled to get 5%
. - r-mark* on the value of all production inputs served, as part of the
. - production loan package, to farmer-borrowers.
, . . ~
.. .
~ .-
. .-
-5. Payment of loans shall be in the form of produce
- . I. - to; be de-fivered by the farmer-borrowers with the assistance of their
. ~
Area
' 'ICUto the Area Cooperative. The produce is to be liquidated by the
Coaperative.atthe buying prices prescribed under its Liberian
- - Eroduce.HarketingCorporation (ISMC) Licensed Buying Agency Agreement.

.....
The Area Cooperative pays the farmers whatever amounts are in excess
of their indebtedness (principal and interest) out of the liquidatioll
price of their delivered produce.
6. The Area Cooperative gets three-tenths (3/10) on
. all.interests on loans it collects as its service fee and remits
.......
the. principal. .and. balance of interests of all loans collected to the
Revolving Credit Fund.
. . . --
...... ..,= .,; -. .: ; : ..::.; ,:7..- :. All repayments in the Revolving Credit Fund shall
.........
....... , be.kept ag the- source for funding succeeding farmers' loans.
. . . . .. . . . . .
.
,. , .:? -.;: ., r . -, . :8. :;. NO farmer who has not setteld his matured loan sa-
tisfactorily can be extended another loan.
. . .
. . . .
. . ~ . . . . 9.!.~Overall repayments of not less than 90% of matured
. ~- . loans, extended to: farmers within a Town Cooperative Unit (WU) shall
...
. . - be-required .for the release. ,of new loans to any of the farmers of that
TCU.
- . . . ~.
...
... . . . . . . . .
- -: Small Business~ersons proposing projects must satisfy the
following conditions:
.....
~.
.... .: .:. ... l..,.Only small businesspersons or group of small busi-
. . . .
~ .
nesspersons without access to other credit sources will qualify for
loans.
. . . . . .
. . . 2. ~ -..Whose
sustaining
enterprise is profitable and therefore self-..
. . ........ . .
... . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . ...C ontribute to the general economic and social well-
being of the area
~ . . . . -- . . . . ..-..... ~.
. 4. Emphasize increased productivity, adding value to a
commodities or furnishgng essential goods or services
i

Below is a sunrmarypf the Lofa County Farmer Loan program. This will
serve as the basis for the ~ f~/~iberia loan program.
Kinds of Loans
A qualified farmer can apply for development and/or seasonal
loans for swamp rice, upland rice, coffee and/or cocoa. Development
loans mature- up to. twelve years with corresponding grace periods de-
pending on the-crop financed with 10% interest each year. Interest
- - - during-the graceperiod would be capitalized. Seasonal loans mature
...
... . - . : :up.on harvest-of the crop but not longer than one year at a flat
. . ~
. . . - ...
~. service :chargesf 10%. The Credit Packages for any season may be
. ~
... :-:changed!
from -time- fo -time to suit particular requirements of the season.
,-The loan for each particular crop are as follows:
1. Swamp Rice:
........ . ~. . -. - . a. Development loan which is disbursed in one season for:
. ~
.
. -~ . ~
. .~ - .....
. . ...... -
.- . - . ~~
. . .l. Cost of hired labor for the construction of head
-. - - . ~~ ~ ..... .~
.- dike, main and periphery canals,. bunds, and/or~
leveling of the paddies.
. ........ ~
. : . . 2. Tocds such as axes, shovels, hoes, cutlasses, sickles.
. ~~ .
. . - . - ~ ~~
- - -.- Re~a.iment -- In 6 equal annual installments after a two-
. . . .
b. Seasonal loan for:
* 1. Fertilizer
* 2. Seeds
year grace period
3. ~esticides/~erbicides
2. U~land Rice (no development loan):
a. Seasonal loan o dy for:
* 1. Fertilizer
* 2. Seeds

3. Cocoa. Xew Plantin~o
a. Develcpment loan (disbursed ovtr three years) for:
+ 1. Fertilizer.
. . * 2 Seedlings, including infills
...
...
: . . . . - . . .. , - -3. Tools such as axes, hoes, cutlasses, pingalins, sprapru
...... . . . .... ---.-
4. Shade trees
i - -. -.: 7 .: :. ,:,;;ELe&yrnent - In 8 equal annual installments after a three year
grade period.
. .. .... .
..... ............ a
............ .
. -
::.:.:,.b.,.: Seasonal 10% (disbursed from the fourth year onwards) for*
* 1. Fertilizer
2. ~esticides/Insecticides/~ur.gicides
4. Cocoa for Rehabilitation
-a. ~evelo~ment loan (disbursed in ons season only) for:
...... * 1. Fertilizer '~~
.......... 7 - ............ . .
2. Pesticide~/Insecticides/Fun~icides
3. Sprayer
4. Infill Seedlings
. . . 5. Tools suah as axes, cutlasses.
. . . _ _
. ~
...... - .. - . ;. :.: .Reva.wlent - In three equal annual installments begidniq on or
......... .... ........ i . . before the end of the first year. No grace period.
b. Seasonal loan (from second year onwards) for:
* 1. Fertilizer
2. ~esticide/~nsecticide/Fun~icide
* obligatory
.
.
1

- . ~
5. Coffee. Ne-f ?lan:ing.
, a. 3eveloprert LO.=-, (lishzsed over tkra I :-~-rsj -- for:
. . . . . - . . ... ~ ..
.._.,Ci :. .Repaynent . . - In four equa'. annual installaen-;, aCer s three year
grace period.
.. ~
-.... ~ . . .
b. Seasonal loan (from fourth year onwards) for:
~ ~ .
LOAN PROCEDURES
* 1. Fertilizer
2. Pesticide/Insecticide
.- . 1. Identification a=d qualifications of farme~borrowers - The
-. -
~ .
~ . -. - . . . Agricultual Extensior. dides-(AEAs) are primzrily responsible for
. =
. .
. . . . . - ... ,
. _ motivating and iden*ify.bg prospective fanner-borrowers within
~. . ~.
. . . . -. _...:.-. . . . .. . . their - - respctive . . areas of assignment, The Cooperative Aides (CAE)
. . . - are primarily re:ponsibZ e for de terrmaing the credit worthiness of
.. .
. - .. ~
. . ~. ;
. . . .
. ..
.-
. .
. ~
which
. .- ~
~. the .identVied prospective borrowers. 13 all cases, a prospectiye
farmer-borrower mat:
a,, -Be actually tilling the farm he owns or will till the fann
.~ .
his Tribal kuthority has allocated to him.
s . . . . .. - b Be a small farmer of the age of majority who together with the
,. 7.
. ... . - ~~
....~
. - ~.
... -.* members . . ~ ~
. . .<
of his household do most of the farm work.
. .- c,. Be willing to follow advice from the proper authority on
. .
. , . ~
.. .. .-. - ~~
. ...
-: recommended cultural practices, proper marketing of his
~ .
.. . . , . ~. .
. produce and othez advices intended to improve his maan of
livelihood and quality of hi8 life.
* obligatory

.......... . . . . - .
.
.....
:.. ...... -,.,. .... ..........
. . . . .
.. :
........-..
..>; ::' .' - ~ .. .
. . .- ...... . . ......
........
_ ;.; , .-
.
e . -. .,
. .~ _ . . ....... .... - . ......:.
Be a member of his br3a Cooperative and TCU md fulfill the
obligation an? exercise the privileges of hie membership.
. .ittend and ~erticipate in prescribed farmers extension a1as.e~~
seminars and meetings,
f. Have settled fully his natured obligations, if my, with hi8
Cooperative ..
?. - .: g, pave a farm witei I the cr~p/s
ir~r v:~ictl he wants the lo=.
...... ..-. . ........ . ..... h. Be carable of p. y! .?g ?.he ;ma lte is ap23 yh& for.
.. - . ......
2. Steps in Secur'ns t,heT_-pn_
. . . . . - . ....... a. ,--+,iden.:ifins
. . knd checks ihr quc;.ificcr;;ions of the prospective
- , . . . . .
. . . . . .
. ,. . . ...........
. .
~. . .. .,.
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . .... . . . . . . . .
. . .
..
. . . . .
-............
. . ......... .....
...
......... -. .... .....
. .
faqne~yborro :er. The ;i-;. di-.-2rsi.q cf a farming operation
will depend on the work force available to the farmer. Aide8
should investigate this aspect and not encourage farmers to
.. . - extend their operation beyond their management ability or
available work force .
. ...... ..........& ,. ". -'.+ ' . : . -- . . . . - . .
........
. -- . . . . .
"... . .
. .
. .~
b. CA checks his credit worthiness.
.... c.. Land Planning Division staff determines suitability and aka of Larm of the prospective farmer-borrower.
. . . . . . ~ :.~:.- d.. . ,If..the farmer is found worthy of the loan, the BEA concerned
. . .. .themfills
. - ... . . :...
' for him.
. .
......... - . . - . . ... . . . _ . e., This.
........
- . . . . . . . . . . ......
.. ~. . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ...
..... out items 1 tn 8 of the farmers credit application
. , FCA ia then forwarded to the Management Committee of the
. _ .!l!CU..for its recommendations. This Comittee is oompoaed of a
.... chairman (who is elected by the members of the TCO), the AEA
... . -
....... - . . .
..... .,.~. ...
. . . . . . . . . ...
,~
. . . . . ,.. . . . .~ . .
..
. . . . . ,.. . . . -. (who . - acts as secretary), and the CA assigned to the area where
., .
.. . . . -. . .
. . . .
: .the TCU is located, ~.
In cases where the Town Chief is not
. . . .
elected as the Chairman he will be an ex-off icio Piember of the
. , .TCU Nanagement Committee. The TOMS Chiefs of satelite towns
.. -. (in .osaes uhem the 'PCU oomn mom thrn one tovn) am .18e
: . .,% , ,
. . autoacrtia ez-offioio aa~bers
of thr CnmreZttoe. 'Ph. Codttw

. ., :, .-
.. . . .
.
. ~ .
.
. . .. - .; . -..:verifies if all information in the application is coxmot.
. . . . . .
.
.- -. . . . . .. .;The - Secretary than completes the FCA from itus 9-14 if
. . ~. - .. . applicant is considered suitable, except item 12 whioh i8 to be
. - -. -. signed by the Town Chief concerned if the farm rightly belew
to the pr~spective farmer-borrower.
. . - . . - . - f. . ~. - .The. FCA is them forwarded to the Diatrict Credit Committee
final approval. The DCC is composed of represnkr-
. - . . -. . . .. . .- - .. . . ...~ . . -~ . (DCC).-~O~ . ~ ..
!
. .. - ---
,.. . , . . - . . . - ,- . tives . . . ,; of the area Cooperative, the Cooperative Officer (co),
~ . -. .. -... . - .~
. ~. .. -. .
~ .
and the Agricultural Extension Officer (~0).
~. . . -
- .. .... .. .. .- -h. ::The -Carmer-borrciwer slgna gr thunb-_~ri.++,~
- ~ .
. .
=~ - . . - . . .
~~ . ~ ~ . . ~ .
(if illiterate) #a
-:-+w-,&grearnen-t; Then this is couate~signcd ty the authoris&
. -~
. . . . -~ .. representative of the Area Cooperative.
- ~
-
... . . ~.~ . ~ -.+.
~. -- an approved L-a Sehedule (ALS) is then prep.rsd by tha
. .. ... -..
.. . . .-..~ . . .:. .~oope-rstive in . 7 oopies A separate US 28 pW
. . . . - ~. - .. . -
- .. - . ~. .. - - . :aopy.,to CL, fifth copy to the CO, eixth oopy to tho 190, d
-, seventh crgy %o the Cooperative.
. .. . . .. .., . ,: I- -.: 3. - Loan -Releases - D m
~ .
..,
. .
~.
. . .. . . .. . .
~ -
aompletion of all the afo-ntiorub lwt
~ . - .
~
-. . . . . papera, the following steps sue follavod for tb
release of tlre approvet 1.b itemar
(1 ) The AEA prepares in triplioate a Piold .InspotLon
Certificate (FIC, in whioh IM tartifha th.t
tb. X w q M rorf hu F..n eorgl8f.d w tb. f.sr .1
-0-8 L.1- Of apB0f.fi.d 1- -ti#.
i

- ,. ..... . . .~ ~. , . . .: - .,.;
Distribution Of PIC oopiesr
First cbpy - farmer
Second " - BE0
Thirt " - AEA file
. . . . .-(2):. Farmer presents hio FIC copy to the CA at the Cooperafiw
.:Sub-cenzer or at previously designated places when WI.
loan caiiuoditiea are stored.
. . . . ~. . =.. . 3 'CA 3113 ous in quzdruplicste the Commodity Relesse
... -. ........ ! .:. -. .. o;>.>.-,--.c
. - ................. . ~ ~. -. .. - .: A+.+ :Inaoice (CRI, . covering the commodities authori..d
for relercie.
....
f : .........:.... : ......-.
. .
.:1::5. (q) .:After the farser sipm .,r; thumbprints dl oopies of hhe
..........
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . %XI, the CA iss%e3 to hiu the soumdities and the third
. .
~.
.
......
... ....... .-
. .
'.' -%.- -&o$y of saj.2 %?I, The firs3vo xpies are than forwar&d
to the Cki,
... ' . . . . :-:(5)' -CK kee;:s the firs.: GOX o; -3" FIC ?.:I& fourth copy of the
CRI a? :a??': f hid record,"
ry ........
-
-.
....... . . - -b. .-Gz*h .-Items (labor pa-pents for swamp ~i.i,= farm development):
. -
. . .............
. . . . . . . - .- . =Swam> rioe labor payments will be made in j releases, a
........
. .. ? . .............. .... .. : :: .: a :fir& of 25% of the contract amount, a second release of .a
" ,...
. . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . . "-- f:. .- : :-.:- ad&tional 2596 of and a third release of 50% after all work
. ~
. . . . : . . . .,
has been completed.
.. ........ : '. 'rf- -'(1-) '-' We Agriculture Division field staff assist the farmer to
-. . . . - .......
...... . . ..~ZZT 'u':;. look foz a contractor to do the development work.
. . . .
- - . . : . : ( 2 A oontrzct in three copies , is
. . . . . . . . . . ..... ......
............. . .
..
. . . . . . . . . . . .
- :,
then drawn up :
-. betweon the farmer an2 coztraotor specifying-
......
. . . . . : . . . .- :. . ." . . . (a) Swamp Number {to be provided by Land Planning
. . . . -
. . ... Di-rision after their survey of the place).
. . .
. .
... . . . .,
(0) L w
(b) Coop membe-ship number of farmer (from the BLS).
......
noabar of f-r (from thr w).
. .
I

- I I;. ..; 145); The BEb initiates pymetnt prooedura by i8.rrfne Labor
......>.... . ..... . -. . . ^ -~. ..,... .
:.. ......... . .
I -. Payment Authorization (LPA, in three copies.
. .
........
A . -. .. - (4) The AEO certifies to the correctness ofthe LPA and
. . . . . . .
~~ ~
-. - forwards 2 copies tn the CO. The first set of LPB. for
-
. . ~. . a particular swamp must be accompanied by the first 2
. ~ . ~. - . .. ......
~
4
-
. .;. .~ ... , . .-
. 2..-.-
. - - - . - -.. 2 ... 7 ... :
. . - --.- _.* .. -. :.-- ,,i-. + 3;-: =. ..-
...... - -
. .
. ..
. . . - ..Is ,- ;zs xnl-:; 2y.i~:
copies ?f .the contract between the farmer (a) and the
contractor (s) .
- I 4 5 ) The CD %hen prepares the Labor Payment Receipt (LW,
. . . . . -- .-.- ~-.,$ in 4 zopies and, together with Finance Diviaion
. . .
::-.:(m), pa,:ks the money in 2nd sezls tine money packet for
each individual farmer.
. .
. - - .-
.... .. .
...... -- *(A) The, first %ree copies of the LPR, together with the
. . ... ? . . ... - . . . . . .
... -
. . . . . . ....... -- - 7 -
. ~- ~
-
correspo?~dlhg packed md sealed money packets are then
.
...
...
..... - -~. i-. - - I given by FD to my of &he authorized field staff after
. . -. . ................
........ - - .-..
. . he 8i&r these oxt oa +Ae LPB Distribution Iboolrd.
. .
.
- ... ..... .---. =
.... . . .
~ ........ . . .... . ~
....... . ~ . ~. ~ .
. - .. .- . . . . . . .
~
-
. ('I)-- In oasa tt-is person 5s not tb? me rho -8 paymrnt ta
- the iarders, iie x3t secure a ?'i.~:,riify Pecket Eeceipt
- ~ .>
. - . ..-(WE, fza~
. . over the L Zs a16 mney 2acl.et;.
. ~
the zuihorized payor to whom he tm
...... . .. . -
.- . . .~-. &al-,Fhe .. ... C i concerned shall release the noney packet unowned
~ . .
. . .
........
. .
.
............... -. - .-
tothe farmer in the presence of the the contractor. Up(0
. . ......
. - . .<
~~
r
.....
. ~
......:
- 'Ws receipt of the packet, tie famer signs/thumbprint8
. . -the first 3 copies of the LPB, then hediately opens the
-..packet, counts and cays the money to the contractor in th.
.... -.
....
.
.................. .
.........
.. - ,:preseuce of the CA. The CA then signs the LFR certifyin#
- thst he has made the payment.
, . ....-. . . . . -~. . . . ;.- 7-i.7 ,. :()).+ The CO forwards the first two copies of the signed LPFI te
. . .
.
-.
.
.. , ~ ~ . , ,
. - - .: 1- the Central Office and retains the third copy. The f m
- ~~.
....... . .........
. -. . . :;.copy. goes to CD and the second copy tn FD. Likewi8e am
........ ~~
.~ .
.~ . . ~-. in No. 7 above, carriers of signed Lmts have to sign TR
......... . . , :
... .. .. . . .
~ ~. ~ . . - u 8cknrvle@aant of thFr recaipt of tlnrr doouaento.

... . .
4. Loan Collections
a. Not later than 30 days before tix lo= repayment far a parti-
...
.... ...... ... -. cGar crop is due, 5he Cooperative prepares in five copies
'Schedule of Reasonal Loans Due (SSLD) for the area covered by
.
each CA showing ;he principal and service charge due
- ..
. ~
.. ~
Distribution of copies:
First Copy - CA
Second " - CM
Third " - CD
Fourth " - CO
Fifth " - Cooperative
..........
. . . . . . .
b,- The. CA advises the TCU Management Committee on loans due from
... .....
their numbers.
..
c. , TheTCU Management Committee advises farmer of the ohligations
...... . . . . . . .
. - .......- .......... -.
. . ,
. .
. . . . - . dueand the date the Ccoperative will come to the Sub-center
. .
. . . . . _ ,.: A.v - _ to
, ........
.collect/purchase the produca to be delivered 3y the fa'mers.
~. .
- . .
.
. - ........ 6. -. Farmer-borrower . -. . -. ..*. delivers his produce to the Sub-center/Coopera-
. . . . . . ....
. . . .
.. ~
tive .
.. ..- . e. - . Cooperative liquidates the delivered produce, and pays the
:, . . '3 .. . - . .
fanner for whatever is in excess over his obligation, giving
... ..
.... ... - .... ..... . . . .
. . . him a liquidaticn slip for their transaction.
. . . . . . . . . . .
:. ,-
...........
. . . . . . . . . .
... . . .
. . .......
. . - .
.,... - ..

. ~. . A qualified fandr may tpply for new l.cana if:
.
- ~
. . . ~ .... ~,.. i .... .... ..~: ~- --
I
.
-. . .-
--..... -. .- . - ..x -____.-i_:
: .......-. 2; .....
a. He has setticd his previous matwed lcan.
b. The overall repayment of matursd loans of all the members of
his TCU is at least 90%.
c..,Hisnew loan including his old loan shall not exceed $1,000.
.. ......
Applications for reloans shall be submitted with the foil-g
accomplished forms:
a. Farmers Credit Application.
~. .... ............. b, ,Lo+ Agreement (for new seasonal or neu development loans
..... - :.....:.... .;
...
. .
.......
.~. ........ - . ~. only), No new Loan Agreement is needed for the eomsponding
seasonal loan intended for the same crop which vaa covered by
..... ... ..... . ~. . . . . . - ..
.......
. . . .
the pievious Development Loan Agreement.
6. Comuutation of Reuayments
............ - :~- ...: ........
. -- - a. Seasonal Loans - payable upon harvest of the k p finaacad
........
.......... - . . . . . . . . . .... . .but..not later than one year from-date of the loan at 10% flat
... ......... : ...... -. . .~.
service charge.
.... . ~
---
. . . . .
. - . -. .... .........
-...
1.
.Total amount due ~principal
principal.
~. . . . ~xa&le : Loan - $450.
. . :
/
-. a. Principal - $450.
- . .~ -
- ..
-- . - - . .
+ 10% service charge, on the
. Service Charge (10% x $450) - 45.00
Total payment due = $494.00
...... . -r. .... . - . - . :7-.~ . b. Development Loans .- No installments ara due &wing the lpMe
I 2;
. . . - . . . . - .~ . period of the loan. However, the principal plu the Fnkramt
; . - -- < ~ . -.
.-. -. ~ . ,. . - .. -
~
~
-- . - . . atlw . . a year are totalled (capitalized) by the end of th.
.. ~ .... . . . -- . . ~- . . ...... grace period and divided into as many equal yesrly instrllwnt8
. . .~~ .
- as called for (refer to section E, 7-5) in the terms at fh.
- -
the
psrticulsr Loan. The yearly installment plus the iatoreot of
loan balance are to be repaid by the borrower.

I
. . -. Example of Elev Cocoa Lcsn Rxauent S?hetule
. -. .. .- ....
. .
. .... -- .- The...table below is >roviie?. fxc uot: in expiaining to farmers the
..... . ~ . . ~
. amounts ..... due each . year for repa;--se:lf of a c e h e ? ? new ~ ~ cocoa loan.
. .The amounts might be someirhst rx:?- or le.:s d:;pe~d.'.ng on the price for
. . . . . . . . . .
fertilizer in future pars. ,I L\:, the a- omtu -vould be reduced if the
. . . . .
.farmer does :l;otv..take tk: fuil t~?is packag.? x if he arranges transport j
. :
.~ . .
~
.
~
. . . .
......
. . ..:. . .........
... of.,his . . -.ownse.edlings. . . .
New C~UOE! loa-.S ere fo:.: ?2 yeam with 3 years
. . . - . . . . -
...
..&
.,.. ... - - .. ........
....... .- . - ...... - ..-... - . -. . -
r7 :~: .i:.; .apy,,are,,applied ....... .....- to the development lc,a.n accclmt. Therefore, the
.... = y
" . .~.-'. . -

Year 4
,
. . .
7/1 8 - NPK Fertilizer $110.00
...
Semi ce Charge
11.00
- -.
- ,
. . .
./. -.
Dev. Loaz Installment
Dev. Loan Interest
50.82
- . , --- .
*-:- -: -. -
Total Payment Due
-ALiiI
-

. -
Future Use of the Revolving Loan m d:
.. . .. . . . It would seem highly probable that there will still be many
. ;,.
.. . smal1,husiness persons - both farriiers and commercial entrepreneurs
. . . remainingoutside the scope of institutionalized credit sources at
.. . . .~ , . .
. .
. . the -endi of.,the :grant period. The PfP Revolving Loan Fund would be
. .
. - .. ...l..
. the ,po,ss$ source of loans for these people. However, since
programs-proposed for the program area
- + .A
= =
. I:. :thew :&rs,.a,rpumber of credit
.. . .
-- .: -$h.e. nature-and degree of the demandis
-
. 1:. : .. --:
5 be. dertermi;nad by ~D/~iberia ~issio4
-. r year grant: period. If there
. ~
. that will have to
. . something
. .
rind PfP/~iberia after the 5
is a continuing need and demand, by
. -small business persons outside the scope of the other credit sources
..for.,access :to PfP credit facilities then the Revolving Loan Fund
.,
- . will be-granted to PfP/~iberia to continue its loan program.
.. . . .

x
4
APPENDIX Q
Linkages Between PfP/~iberia and Related Agricultural Projects
The Central Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) locazed at
Suakoko is to become the principal research institute in Liberia at
the pational level. As much of the basic research has been conducted
. ~ . -~ . : --- - elsewhare,-.-:e.g.-by IRRI in the Phillipines and IITA in Nigeria, the
. :.
~ ~ . . .- ... emphggip . at-CK will be on.adapting and applying this research to
1
- -.
~ ~ .
conditions in Liberia.
. . It is~.understood from the Project Paper prepared by the Centre
for Agricultura1,Sciences and Rural Development, LSU, Contract # AXD/afr-
. .c-1532, that one of the principal goals of the Centre is to cooperate
~ ~
and coordinate- closely with the Development and Exten- programs, e.g.
Lofa and Bong County Projects and PfP/~iberia. They will conduct local
.-.+-verigication
.. . trials, develop viable production technology packages,
-- -demonstrate and disseminate the packages to farmers ria extension
- services and provide a flow of information and results from the fanners
to the researchers and back to the farmers.
PfPL~iberia has been engaged in such a strategy in a limited
way with a demonstration farm conducting applied research,. an agricul-
tural extension services and appropriate technology center. The services
z e to be considerably expanded and strengthened as explained in the
proposal.with emphasis upon rice production, tree crops, cocoa and coffee,
L legumes, roots and tubers, animal husbandry practices, and appropriate
agricultural technology tools.
The considerable task of raising subsistence food and cash crops
production, however, will necessitate the promotion of extensive re-
search-extension-development program linkages. PfP will cooperate with
all parties, expecially with CAE& to create such a mutually beneficial
network aimed directly- atiassisting the Liberian peasant farmer.