Ex-Situ updates (March 2012) - Ministry of Environment and Forests

associated with these activities. It
has become necessary to provide
alternative methods of stimulating
natural foraging behaviour to meet
both the mental and physical needs
of the captive animal. Enrichment can
promote species-typical behaviour
by providing animals with a complex
and unpredictable environment. That
environment may include activities
that are both challenging and time
consuming and may serve several
functions, such as:
a) improving animal well-being by
increasing exercise, satisfying
behavioural needs and optimising
the level of stimulation animals
receive, while also attempting to
reduce abnormal behaviour
patterns;
b) educating both animal caretakers
and zoo visitors by increasing
natural behaviours, visibility and
activity levels;
c) assisting in the conservation of
endangered species by improving
the success of captive breeding
and reintroduction programmes
through improvements in social
group composition, the promotion
of normal physiological and
psychological development, and
the maintenance of behaviours that
may be required for survival in the
wild.
To achieve the continued benefits of
enrichment, care must be taken to
ensure that novelty is maintained. A
random or rotating schedule of
enrichment is needed to keep the
animal’s interest. The natural world
constantly changes, forcing animals
to adapt to new situations. Novel
enrichment can stimulate the same
flexibility.
We know that in the zoo environment,
the environmental complexity is missing
and the animal has to make little effort
for getting its food and security. The
availability of space for movement and
other physical activities like digging,
burrowing or nesting, is also limited and
the animals can no longer express their
natural behaviour. Lack of stimuli to take
up any physical activity (absence of
hunger and insecurity) and continued
stress due to non-fulfilment of natural
It is important that we
provide species specific
environmental enrichment
to the animals housed
in enclosure at the time
of conceptualising the
design of the exhibit.
behaviour lead to the development
of aberrant/ stereotypic behaviour in
the animals, which make them look
pathetic.
There is no denying the fact that it is
neither feasible nor practical to simulate
the conditions of the wild in the zoo, still
the zoo operators can provide the zoo
animals ample opportunities to express
their natural behaviour through
imaginative enclosure designing and
planned enrichment. The technical
help of behavioural biologists may be
obtained in developing the appropriate
enrichment plan for the wild animals.
Primate enrichment
Photo credit: Dr. Brij Kishor Gupta
The important components of
environmental enrichment are:
(i) Keep animals in compatible social
groups. Provide adequate three
dimensional space for exercising
the normal movement behaviour
patterns that is walking, flying and
climbing.
(ii) Provide suitable substrate to
facilitate the animals to satisfy their
digging, burrowing and exploratory
instincts.
(iii) Provide suitable trees, shrubs and
bushes in the enclosures to provide
the animals opportunities for
climbing, swinging, feeding, clawing,
playing and rubbing the antlers.
Trees take substantial time to
grow to the required sizes. During
the interim period, appropriately
sized logs/ branches of trees could
be used to meet the behavioural
needs of the animals. There should
be provision of alternative
enclosures for the ungulates living
in larger social groups, bears and
primates so that the animals could
be shifted from one enclosure to
the other to facilitate recovery of
vegetation.
(iv) Burrows/ dens could also be
constructed to facilitate the animals
to hibernate or to take shelter during
extreme weather conditions.
(v) Plant grass and reeds to provide
cover area for the animals.
(vi) Fix mud pots, tree hollows, bamboo
baskets to meet nesting and egg
laying by birds.
Function of environmental
enrichment
In captivity, most of the physiological
needs of an animal are provided by
its keepers, but a wild counterpart will
conversely expend energy meeting
these needs in an unpredictable
environment. Enrichment can promote
species-typical behaviour by providing
the animals with a complex and
unpredictable environment.
Uses of enrichment
In the wild, the animals have to
search for their food, shelter, con
specifics, predators and defend
territories. Changes in enclosure
structures, feeding schedules or
social groupings, can reduce
neurotic stereotypical behaviours
such as pacing or over-grooming.
Also, it can promote behaviours
which resemble those observed in
the wild. An enriched environment
should also offer a captive animal
a sense of control resulting from
the ability to make choices for itself,
whether or not to hide, what
kind of temperature and weather
to experience, and when and how
to feed.
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