Contents - Cultural View

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AgentSheets 18 • Semantical Rewrite Rules: (1994) It became clear that Agent-Based Graphical Rewrite Rules used in AgentSheets91 and KidSim/Cocoa/Creator were not powerful enough for a number of applications that required more general pattern. For instance, it was simple to create a rule to make a train follow a straight segment of train track but the number of rules quickly exploded when trying to have trains follow all combinations of turns and intersections. Semantic rewrite rules could interpret rules topologically. With a single rule a user could create a complete train that follows train track behavior. • Programming by Analogous Examples: (1995) New behavior can be created through analogies. For instance the behavior of a car can be described as analogy to trains. A car moves on a road like a train on a train track. A challenge to this approach is conceptual exception handling. Analogies are often either incomplete or too general. This requires that users can refine programs produced by Programming by Analogous Examples. • Tactile Programming: (1996) AgentSheets becomes the world's first drag and drop educational programming environment. Drag and drop interfaces can be used to compose syntactically correct programs. In Visual AgenTalk (VAT), a rule-based visual programming language, users create rules by dragging and dropping conditions and actions from palettes. The tactile aspect of Visual AgenTalk allows users to perceive through drag and drop what programs do. By dragging and dropping conditions, actions, rules and even methods onto agents they see the consequence of invoking program fragment without having to write a test program. Similar drag and drop programming can later be found in the Etoys language (part of Squeak), in Alice and in Scratch. • AgentSheets Inc.: (1996) With the support of the National Science Foundation AgentSheets has become a commercial product. The programming model has been extended, more interaction modalities have been added (e.g., speech recognition (Mac)), scientific visualization has been refined (e.g., 3D real time plotting (Mac)), and AgentSheets has been localized (e.g., Japanese and Greek). • Scalable Game Design: (2008) A game design based free curriculum covering computational thinking ideas from elementary to graduate school based on AgentSheets. The mission of Scalable Game Design is to: Reinventing computer science in public schools by motivating & educating all students including women and underrepresented communities to learn about computer science through game design starting at the middle school level. The project is funded by the National Science Foundation. • Conversational Programming: (2010) AgentSheets 3 is the world first programming environment supporting computational thinking by providing information about the meaning of the program. Unlike visual programming approaches, which only help with syntactic challenges, such as avoiding missing semicolons, Conversational Programming helps with the semantics, that is the meaning of your program. Is this condition true right now? Would this rule fire? Why does that rule fail? A conversational programming agent will tell all this and more in a non intrusive kind of way. See also • Web based simulation (WBS) External links • Middle school students making games after 2 hours (YouTube HD movie) [8] • AgentSheets papers [9] • Educational use of AgentSheets in the Edutech Wiki [10] • AgentSheets Inc [11] • AgentSheets European Union Project (Greek) [12]

AgentSheets 19 References [1] Cyberlearning defined by the National Science Foundation (http:/ / www. nsf. gov/ pubs/ 2008/ nsf08204/ nsf08204. pdf) [2] Scalable Game Design Wiki (http:/ / scalablegamedesign. cs. colorado. edu/ wiki/ ) [3] publications related to the Scalable Game Design project (http:/ / scalablegamedesign. cs. colorado. edu/ wiki/ Publications) [4] http:/ / scalablegamedesign. cs. colorado. edu/ gamewiki/ images/ 2/ 27/ Scalable_Game_Design_Results. pdf [5] grape boycott project with simulation (http:/ / l3d. cs. colorado. edu/ systems/ agentsheets/ New-Vista/ grape-boycott/ ) [6] An example GK-12 NSF program using AgentSheets: the Memphis Tri-P-LETS project (http:/ / triplets. cs. memphis. edu/ index. php?page=project) [7] sample games called gamelets (http:/ / www. cs. colorado. edu/ ~ralex/ courses/ gamelet2006/ gamelets/ Space Invaders/ index. html) [8] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=hcS2CPrYUdY [9] http:/ / www. cs. colorado. edu/ ~ralex/ papers/ [10] http:/ / edutechwiki. unige. ch/ en/ AgentSheets [11] http:/ / www. agentsheets. com [12] http:/ / www. agentsheets. gr Oak (programming language) Oak was a programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name Oak was used by Gosling after an oak tree that stood outside his office. History In 1991, Sun Microsystems was attempting to develop a new technology for programming next generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to be a major new opportunity. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected the idea for several reasons (see Java history). Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new platform called Green and an entirely new language, which he called Oak, after the tree that stood just outside his office [1] . By the summer of 1992, they were able to demonstrate portions of the new platform including the Green OS, the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first attempt, demonstrated on September 3, 1992, focused on building a PDA device named Star7 star7 which had a graphical interface and a smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. Oak was renamed Java in 1994 after a trademark search revealed that Oak was used by Oak Technology [2] . Java 1.0 was finally shipped in 1996 [3] . Differences with Java Oak was the basis for what Java 1.0 became later, but there were also some differences [4] [5] : Several concepts were planned in the Oak specification but remained not implemented in the original language because of time constraints: • unsigned primitive types turned out never to be implemented in Java [6] . • The enum keyword for enumerated types was implemented in Java for Java 5.0. • The assert keyword was implemented in Java for Java 1.4 [7] Other concepts were different than, or improved later, for Java: • abstract methods were defined as in C++. • The package private access level did not exist in Oak. Classes with no access modifier were considered private. And finally some concepts were later scraped out: • All exceptions were unchecked.

AgentSheets 18<br />

• Semantical Rewrite Rules: (1994) It became clear that Agent-Based Graphical Rewrite Rules used in<br />

AgentSheets91 and KidSim/Cocoa/Creator were not powerful enough for a number of applications that required<br />

more general pattern. For instance, it was simple to create a rule to make a train follow a straight segment of train<br />

track but the number of rules quickly exploded when trying to have trains follow all combinations of turns and<br />

intersections. Semantic rewrite rules could interpret rules topologically. With a single rule a user could create a<br />

complete train that follows train track behavior.<br />

• Programming by Analogous Examples: (1995) New behavior can be created through analogies. For instance<br />

the behavior of a car can be described as analogy to trains. A car moves on a road like a train on a train track. A<br />

challenge to this approach is conceptual exception handling. Analogies are often either incomplete or too general.<br />

This requires that users can refine programs produced by Programming by Analogous Examples.<br />

• Tactile Programming: (1996) AgentSheets becomes the world's first drag and drop educational programming<br />

environment. Drag and drop interfaces can be used to compose syntactically correct programs. In Visual<br />

AgenTalk (VAT), a rule-based visual programming language, users create rules by dragging and dropping<br />

conditions and actions from palettes. The tactile aspect of Visual AgenTalk allows users to perceive through drag<br />

and drop what programs do. By dragging and dropping conditions, actions, rules and even methods onto agents<br />

they see the consequence of invoking program fragment without having to write a test program. Similar drag and<br />

drop programming can later be found in the Etoys language (part of Squeak), in Alice and in Scratch.<br />

• AgentSheets Inc.: (1996) With the support of the National Science Foundation AgentSheets has become a<br />

commercial product. The programming model has been extended, more interaction modalities have been added<br />

(e.g., speech recognition (Mac)), scientific visualization has been refined (e.g., 3D real time plotting (Mac)), and<br />

AgentSheets has been localized (e.g., Japanese and Greek).<br />

• Scalable Game Design: (2008) A game design based free curriculum covering computational thinking ideas from<br />

elementary to graduate school based on AgentSheets. The mission of Scalable Game Design is to: Reinventing<br />

computer science in public schools by motivating & educating all students including women and<br />

underrepresented communities to learn about computer science through game design starting at the middle school<br />

level. The project is funded by the National Science Foundation.<br />

• Conversational Programming: (2010) AgentSheets 3 is the world first programming environment supporting<br />

computational thinking by providing information about the meaning of the program. Unlike visual programming<br />

approaches, which only help with syntactic challenges, such as avoiding missing semicolons, Conversational<br />

Programming helps with the semantics, that is the meaning of your program. Is this condition true right now?<br />

Would this rule fire? Why does that rule fail? A conversational programming agent will tell all this and more in a<br />

non intrusive kind of way.<br />

See also<br />

• Web based simulation (WBS)<br />

External links<br />

• Middle school students making games after 2 hours (YouTube HD movie) [8]<br />

• AgentSheets papers [9]<br />

• Educational use of AgentSheets in the Edutech Wiki [10]<br />

• AgentSheets Inc [11]<br />

• AgentSheets European Union Project (Greek) [12]

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