Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai - Cucurbit Breeding ...

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CHAPTER FOUR HERITABILITY AND GENETIC VARIANCE ESTIMATES FOR FRUIT WEIGHT IN WATERMELON Gabriele Gusmini and Todd C. Wehner Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 This chapter is intended for publication in HortScience
Abstract The cultivated watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] has fruit that may weigh from 1 kg to over 100 kg. In recent years, preference of consumers has shifted towards fruit of smaller size than the large types traditionally used for parties and picnics. This trend has produced increased interest in the genetics of fruit weight, especially among watermelon breeders. The genetics of fruit weight in watermelon has not been studied widely and there is little published information available to help watermelon breeders in choosing the proper breeding techniques for working with fruit weight. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of fruit weight. Six adapted cultivars having the largest and smallest fruit weight we could find were crossed in a half diallel. We made controlled pollinations to produce F 1, F 2, and BC 1 generations for testing in 2004 at two locations in North Carolina. Generation means and variances were calculated from single-fruit weights. Giant-fruited parents had higher phenotypic variance than small-fruited parents. Environmental variance was higher than genetic at Kinston, where the field was less uniform than Clinton due to poor drainage conditions. At Clinton, genetic and environmental variance were similar for 67% of the families. Narrow- and broad-sense heritability were low to intermediate and consistent across locations. In addition, a high number of effective factors was estimated to influence fruit weight in watermelon. Based on these results, watermelon breeders will have to use quantitative methods to change fruit weight in the development of new cultivars. Nevertheless, the improvement of qualitative traits in small-fruited germplasm may be a more successful approach than reduction of the size of large-fruited, high quality cultivars. Introduction The fruit of the cultivated watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] may vary in weight from 1 kg to over 100 kg. In the United States, commercial fruit are usually classified into four categories: icebox (14.5 kg) (Maynard, 2001). The smallest cultivated watermelons are typically produced by 'New Hampshire Midget', from the University of New Hampshire in 1951. This cultivar has fruit with oval shape, gray rind, red flesh, black seeds, and thin rind, and produces very early fruit of icebox size (Wehner, 2002). Fruit of smaller size (
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Abstract GUSMINI, GABRIELE. Inherit
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Biography Gabriele Gusmini was born
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Currently, Gabriele is planning his
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Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES...
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Germplasm and Crosses..............
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF FIGURE
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HERITABILITY AND GENETIC VARIANCE E
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Brief History of Watermelon Breedin
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absence of trichomes on the leaves
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The genetics of the flesh color in
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The primary nematode species attack
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1975), but no gene has been found f
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Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
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Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
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Table 1. Watermelon cultivars with
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Figure 2. Cultivar Allsweet, releas
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Figure 4. Watermelon seeds size: 1
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Introduction The inheritance of rin
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stripes. In his study, Shimotsuma c
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Diamond'), GG mm = mottled dark gre
Page 43 and 44: Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. Cultivars Japan 6 and Chi
Page 47 and 48: Figure 4. Cultivars Crimson Sweet (
Page 49 and 50: Abstract The watermelon [Citrullus
Page 51 and 52: The rind (skin) colors and patterns
Page 53 and 54: two hybrids are the original canary
Page 55 and 56: Names and symbols for new genes pro
Page 57 and 58: Salmon Yellow and Red Flesh During
Page 59 and 60: During our experiments we did not f
Page 61 and 62: Poole, C.F. and P.C. Grimball. 1945
Page 63 and 64: Table 2. Single locus goodness-of-f
Page 69 and 70: Table 6. Continued. z Generation To
Page 71 and 72: Figure 1. Intermittent stripes in '
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3. Moons and stars induced o
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5. Examples of unexpected fl
Page 77 and 78: Abstract High yield is a major goal
Page 79 and 80: States appears to be narrow, with m
Page 81 and 82: y using only two replications from
Page 83 and 84: value=0.0001), indicating that cult
Page 85 and 86: Levi, A., C.E. Thomas, A.P. Keinath
Page 87 and 88: Table 1. Analysis of variance (degr
Page 89 and 90: Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
Page 93: w L/D = length/diameter ratio measu
Page 97 and 98: dominance, and epistatic effects we
Page 99 and 100: thumped (Maynard, 2001). Weights we
Page 101 and 102: The giant-fruited parents had a lar
Page 103 and 104: Literature Cited Brar, J.S. and K.S
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Phenotypic variances by ge
Page 107 and 108: Table 2. Variance and heritability
Page 109 and 110: t h 2 n = narrow-sense heritability
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Continued. Effective Facto
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Each of the three cultiva
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER FIVE HERITABILITY AND GENET
Page 117 and 118: fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
Page 119 and 120: the technique described herein. Pyc
Page 121 and 122: 9 = plant dead. Plants with a disea
Page 123 and 124: The possible gain from selection pe
Page 125 and 126: Based on our data, Norton may not h
Page 127 and 128: Gusmini, G., T.C. Wehner, and G.J.
Page 129 and 130: Sherbakoff, C.C. 1917. Some importa
Page 133 and 134: Table 1. Continued. z Generation To
Page 135 and 136: w Expected was the hypothesized seg
Page 137 and 138: on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
Page 139 and 140: on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
Page 141 and 142: z Data are ratings from four famili
Page 143 and 144: CHAPTER SIX PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MO
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fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
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approach was successful in assembli
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subculture on artificial medium bas
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We extracted DNA using an extractio
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products using the Genescan ® -500
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(DNA/Polysaccharides) and 260/280 (
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Future Research Based on our prelim
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Gusmini, G., T.L. Ellington, and T.
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Perin, C., L.S. Hagen, V. De Conto,
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Table 2. Analysis of variance for t
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029 v 1 . 3 3 . . 3 4 3 3 . . . + B
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Table 3. Continued. 071 v 1 3 . 3 4
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Table 3. Continued. 113 2 4 5 5 4 3
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Table 3. Continued. 155 2 4 5 4 . 4
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Page 175 and 176:
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Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophores
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1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 + + + + + + +
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The genetics of rind color (or patt
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were not successful, even though se
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Breeding Methods Traits of interest
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alternative to biotechnology and te
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The solution to these problems is n
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Cucurbit Gene List Committee. 1979.
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Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
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Matthews, P. (ed.). 1993. The guinn
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Provvidenti, R. 1991. Inheritance o
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Souza, F.F.d., M.A.d. Queiroz, and
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Wright, S. 1968. The genetics of qu
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