Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai - Cucurbit Breeding ...

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CHAPTER THREE FOUNDATIONS OF YIELD IMPROVEMENT IN WATERMELON Gabriele Gusmini and Todd C. Wehner Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 This chapter was published in Crop Science, 45:141-146
Abstract High yield is a major goal for watermelon breeders. The objective of this study were to measure yield in a diverse set of watermelon cultivars to identify high yielding germplasm for use in breeding programs. Phenotypic variation for fruit yield in a diverse set of 80 watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) was studied in the field in North Carolina. Yield was evaluated in replicated experiments of three environments (combinations of two years and two locations), and two to four replications per environment. Plots were harvested one to two times, depending on the average maturity of the fruits at the first harvest. The highest yield overall was obtained from 'Mountain Hoosier' and from 'Starbrite' among the modern elite hybrids. Some of the new, elite hybrid cultivars were in the top yielding group, but there were old, inbred cultivars in the top group as well. Consistent and significant yield differences among the 80 cultivars across environments suggests genetic variation for the trait. In addition, high yielding cultivars for use in breeding programs were identified. Watermelon breeders interested in developing new, high yielding cultivars should make use of top performers in this study in their breeding programs. Introduction High yield is a major goal for watermelon breeders (Mohr, 1986). Earlier efforts in watermelon breeding involved development of new cultivars of different types with good quality and early maturity in the late 1800s. By 1900 'Angeleno', 'Chilean', 'Florida Favorite', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', 'Cole Early', 'Kleckley Sweet', and other open pollinated cultivars had been on the market for many years (Whitaker and Jagger, 1937). In the 20 th century, high yielding cultivars became a major goal for public and private breeders. Hybrids were popular among private breeders for protection of intellectual property and because of the results of many studies, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, showing heterosis in watermelon. The studies measured heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability in watermelon (Brar and Sidhu, 1977; Brar and Sukhija, 1977; Nandpuri et al., 1974; Nandpuri et al., 1975; Sidhu and Brar, 1977; Sidhu and Brar, 1985; Sidhu et al., 1977a; Sidhu et al., 1977b). Major problems with those studies were that heterosis was inconsistent over experiments, and that results were based on diallel or top crosses of elite inbreds, not on a random set of lines from a population. More recent studies of the effects of reciprocal crosses on yield components in watermelon 62
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Abstract GUSMINI, GABRIELE. Inherit
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Biography Gabriele Gusmini was born
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Currently, Gabriele is planning his
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Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES...
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Germplasm and Crosses..............
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF FIGURE
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HERITABILITY AND GENETIC VARIANCE E
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Brief History of Watermelon Breedin
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absence of trichomes on the leaves
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The genetics of the flesh color in
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The primary nematode species attack
Page 25 and 26: 1975), but no gene has been found f
Page 27 and 28: Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
Page 29 and 30: Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
Page 31 and 32: Table 1. Watermelon cultivars with
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2. Cultivar Allsweet, releas
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4. Watermelon seeds size: 1
Page 37 and 38: Introduction The inheritance of rin
Page 39 and 40: stripes. In his study, Shimotsuma c
Page 41 and 42: Diamond'), GG mm = mottled dark gre
Page 43 and 44: Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. Cultivars Japan 6 and Chi
Page 47 and 48: Figure 4. Cultivars Crimson Sweet (
Page 49 and 50: Abstract The watermelon [Citrullus
Page 51 and 52: The rind (skin) colors and patterns
Page 53 and 54: two hybrids are the original canary
Page 55 and 56: Names and symbols for new genes pro
Page 57 and 58: Salmon Yellow and Red Flesh During
Page 59 and 60: During our experiments we did not f
Page 61 and 62: Poole, C.F. and P.C. Grimball. 1945
Page 63 and 64: Table 2. Single locus goodness-of-f
Page 69 and 70: Table 6. Continued. z Generation To
Page 71 and 72: Figure 1. Intermittent stripes in '
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3. Moons and stars induced o
Page 75: Figure 5. Examples of unexpected fl
Page 79 and 80: States appears to be narrow, with m
Page 81 and 82: y using only two replications from
Page 83 and 84: value=0.0001), indicating that cult
Page 85 and 86: Levi, A., C.E. Thomas, A.P. Keinath
Page 87 and 88: Table 1. Analysis of variance (degr
Page 89 and 90: Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
Page 93 and 94: w L/D = length/diameter ratio measu
Page 95 and 96: Abstract The cultivated watermelon
Page 97 and 98: dominance, and epistatic effects we
Page 99 and 100: thumped (Maynard, 2001). Weights we
Page 101 and 102: The giant-fruited parents had a lar
Page 103 and 104: Literature Cited Brar, J.S. and K.S
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Phenotypic variances by ge
Page 107 and 108: Table 2. Variance and heritability
Page 109 and 110: t h 2 n = narrow-sense heritability
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Continued. Effective Facto
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Each of the three cultiva
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER FIVE HERITABILITY AND GENET
Page 117 and 118: fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
Page 119 and 120: the technique described herein. Pyc
Page 121 and 122: 9 = plant dead. Plants with a disea
Page 123 and 124: The possible gain from selection pe
Page 125 and 126: Based on our data, Norton may not h
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Gusmini, G., T.C. Wehner, and G.J.
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Sherbakoff, C.C. 1917. Some importa
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Table 1. Single locus goodness-of-f
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Table 1. Continued. z Generation To
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w Expected was the hypothesized seg
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on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
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on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
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z Data are ratings from four famili
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CHAPTER SIX PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MO
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fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
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approach was successful in assembli
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subculture on artificial medium bas
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We extracted DNA using an extractio
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products using the Genescan ® -500
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(DNA/Polysaccharides) and 260/280 (
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Future Research Based on our prelim
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Gusmini, G., T.L. Ellington, and T.
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Perin, C., L.S. Hagen, V. De Conto,
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Table 2. Analysis of variance for t
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029 v 1 . 3 3 . . 3 4 3 3 . . . + B
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Table 3. Continued. 071 v 1 3 . 3 4
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Table 3. Continued. 113 2 4 5 5 4 3
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Table 3. Continued. 155 2 4 5 4 . 4
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Page 175 and 176:
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Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophores
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1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 + + + + + + +
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The genetics of rind color (or patt
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were not successful, even though se
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Breeding Methods Traits of interest
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alternative to biotechnology and te
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The solution to these problems is n
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Cucurbit Gene List Committee. 1979.
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Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
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Matthews, P. (ed.). 1993. The guinn
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Provvidenti, R. 1991. Inheritance o
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Souza, F.F.d., M.A.d. Queiroz, and
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Wright, S. 1968. The genetics of qu
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