Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai - Cucurbit Breeding ...

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF WATERMELON GENETICS FOR PLANT BREEDING Gabriele Gusmini and Todd C. Wehner Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 This chapter is intended for publication in Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report
Brief History of Watermelon Breeding and Genetics Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] is a major vegetable crop in the United States. Total production in 1999 to 2002 was 1.67 million Mg per year of marketable fruit, and the consumption per capita was 6.6 kg of fresh fruit (USDA-ARS, 2001; USDA-ARS, 2002; USDA-ARS, 2003; USDA-ARS, 2004b). In the same period, the major center of production was Florida (ca. 380,000 Mg per year), even though the state with the largest cultivated area was Texas (ca. 18,000 ha per year) (USDA-ARS, 2004a). Watermelon breeding has been going on for thousands of years, but 'official' programs in the United States began in the late 1800s. By 1900, 'Angeleno', 'Chilean', 'Florida Favorite', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', 'Cole Early', 'Kleckley Sweet', and other open-pollinated cultivars were on the market (Whitaker and Jagger, 1937). Initially, many different types were available to growers. However, as the market became more established, the cultivars converged on a few types. In addition, the limits to production imposed by new diseases favored the few resistant cultivars. In 1954, C.F. Andrus released 'Charleston Gray', with elongate fruit shape, gray rind, and red flesh (Fig. 1). It was resistant to Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, and sunburn. 'Charleston Gray' became the leading cultivar in the commercial market, although niche markets and home gardeners continued to use a diverse array of cultivars and types. In 1970, C.V. Hall released 'Allsweet' with resistance similar to 'Charleston Gray', but higher fruit quality. 'Allsweet' had elongate fruit shape and rind with wide, dark green stripes (Fig. 2). The Allsweet type was retained also in later releases of successful cultivars, even though alternative types have been introduced to the consumers during the last thirty years (i.e., 'Dixielee' and 'Crimson Sweet', both bearing fruit with narrow, dark green stripes on the light green background, or 'Sugar Baby', with round fruit and solid dark green rind). A major change in watermelon breeding in the United States occurred in 1962 with the release of the first seedless watermelon cultivar, 'Tri-X-313', by O.J. Eigsti. However, it was not until the 1990s that seedless watermelons became commercially important, due to the slow improvement in fertility of the tetraploid parents used as the female parent in the production of triploid (seedless) hybrids. In addition to Andrus, Eigsti, and Hall, a few other major contributors have improved American watermelons in the last fifty years. In the 1950s and 1960s, J.M Crall (University of Florida, Leesburg) released 'Dixielee', a successful alternative to 'Allsweet' 2
Page 1 and 2: Abstract GUSMINI, GABRIELE. Inherit
Page 3 and 4: Biography Gabriele Gusmini was born
Page 5 and 6: Currently, Gabriele is planning his
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES...
Page 9 and 10: Germplasm and Crosses..............
Page 11 and 12: GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES
Page 13 and 14: GENERAL INTRODUCTION LIST OF FIGURE
Page 15: HERITABILITY AND GENETIC VARIANCE E
Page 19 and 20: absence of trichomes on the leaves
Page 21 and 22: The genetics of the flesh color in
Page 23 and 24: The primary nematode species attack
Page 25 and 26: 1975), but no gene has been found f
Page 27 and 28: Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
Page 29 and 30: Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
Page 31 and 32: Table 1. Watermelon cultivars with
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2. Cultivar Allsweet, releas
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4. Watermelon seeds size: 1
Page 37 and 38: Introduction The inheritance of rin
Page 39 and 40: stripes. In his study, Shimotsuma c
Page 41 and 42: Diamond'), GG mm = mottled dark gre
Page 43 and 44: Shimotsuma, M. 1963. Cytogenetical
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. Cultivars Japan 6 and Chi
Page 47 and 48: Figure 4. Cultivars Crimson Sweet (
Page 49 and 50: Abstract The watermelon [Citrullus
Page 51 and 52: The rind (skin) colors and patterns
Page 53 and 54: two hybrids are the original canary
Page 55 and 56: Names and symbols for new genes pro
Page 57 and 58: Salmon Yellow and Red Flesh During
Page 59 and 60: During our experiments we did not f
Page 61 and 62: Poole, C.F. and P.C. Grimball. 1945
Page 63 and 64: Table 2. Single locus goodness-of-f
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Single locus goodness-of-f
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Table 5. Single locus goodness-of-f
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Table 6. Continued. z Generation To
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Figure 1. Intermittent stripes in '
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Figure 3. Moons and stars induced o
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Figure 5. Examples of unexpected fl
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Abstract High yield is a major goal
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States appears to be narrow, with m
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y using only two replications from
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value=0.0001), indicating that cult
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Levi, A., C.E. Thomas, A.P. Keinath
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Table 1. Analysis of variance (degr
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Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
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Table 2. Continued. Yield z Fruit s
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w L/D = length/diameter ratio measu
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Abstract The cultivated watermelon
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dominance, and epistatic effects we
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thumped (Maynard, 2001). Weights we
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The giant-fruited parents had a lar
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Literature Cited Brar, J.S. and K.S
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Table 1. Phenotypic variances by ge
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Table 2. Variance and heritability
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t h 2 n = narrow-sense heritability
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Table 3. Continued. Effective Facto
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Figure 1. Each of the three cultiva
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CHAPTER FIVE HERITABILITY AND GENET
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fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
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the technique described herein. Pyc
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9 = plant dead. Plants with a disea
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The possible gain from selection pe
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Based on our data, Norton may not h
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Gusmini, G., T.C. Wehner, and G.J.
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Sherbakoff, C.C. 1917. Some importa
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Table 1. Single locus goodness-of-f
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Table 1. Continued. z Generation To
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w Expected was the hypothesized seg
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on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
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on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dea
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z Data are ratings from four famili
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CHAPTER SIX PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MO
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fungus that is seed-borne (Lee et a
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approach was successful in assembli
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subculture on artificial medium bas
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We extracted DNA using an extractio
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products using the Genescan ® -500
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(DNA/Polysaccharides) and 260/280 (
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Future Research Based on our prelim
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Gusmini, G., T.L. Ellington, and T.
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Perin, C., L.S. Hagen, V. De Conto,
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Table 2. Analysis of variance for t
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029 v 1 . 3 3 . . 3 4 3 3 . . . + B
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Table 3. Continued. 071 v 1 3 . 3 4
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Table 3. Continued. 113 2 4 5 5 4 3
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Table 3. Continued. 155 2 4 5 4 . 4
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Page 175 and 176:
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Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophores
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1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 + + + + + + +
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The genetics of rind color (or patt
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were not successful, even though se
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Breeding Methods Traits of interest
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alternative to biotechnology and te
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The solution to these problems is n
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Cucurbit Gene List Committee. 1979.
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Henderson, W.R., G.H. Scott, and T.
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Matthews, P. (ed.). 1993. The guinn
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Provvidenti, R. 1991. Inheritance o
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Souza, F.F.d., M.A.d. Queiroz, and
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Wright, S. 1968. The genetics of qu
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