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A farmer can increase production, but if the farmer does not have the capacity to handle this production and cannot obtain reasonable prices for the outputs, frustration with the new technology will result, and the farmer will revert to the traditional system. Agricultural scientists have a tremendous task ahead of them. They must orient farming systems research to ensure that its application by farmers will result in a sustainable increase in production and incomes. At the same time, however, they must ensure that these technologies are in harmony with the environment and that they do not contribute to its degradation.
Opening Comments After 15 yr of farming systems research, what has been achieved? Has there been an impact? Should governments as well as national programs and international agricultural research centers continue to support farming systems research? An impact on family incomes is overdue. These impact studies on farming systems research take a hard look at technologies and their impact on the productivity of farmers. We also need to understand their impact on farm income and on the level of nutrition of farm families. Farming systems research must also address sustainability issues. The role of women, and gender issues in general, also have implications on sustainability. After all, farming systems in many developin countries involve the husband, the wife, and the children. Farming is actually a amily activity, a family concern. We must, as well, have a hard look at the institutionalization of the farming systems approach to research. Have national agricultural research institutes adopted the farming systems approach in most of their research projects? Many institutions now automatically adopt an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of crop problems and conduct of on-farm trials. We know that some countries have established farming systems research institutes. This is good because it is a form of institutionalization. But it is not good enough. The farming systems research approach must become an integral part of agricultural research in most agricultural research programs. ' ~ e ~ Director u t ~ General, International Rice Research Institute. B - vii -
Page 1 and 2: IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
Page 3 and 4: RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
Page 5 and 6: Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
Page 7: Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
Page 11 and 12: increased as well, but only nlargin
Page 13 and 14: esult in high incomes for farmers,
Page 15 and 16: Investor concerns Usually investors
Page 17 and 18: WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
Page 19 and 20: Rice is the major food crop and die
Page 21 and 22: esource use and productivity varies
Page 23 and 24: Determination of ado,)tion factors
Page 25 and 26: number of active family members per
Page 27 and 28: At both sites, more than 73% of the
Page 29 and 30: Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
Page 35 and 36: - Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
Page 37 and 38: Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Resource use and producti
Page 41 and 42: Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
Page 43 and 44: Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
Page 45 and 46: IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Page 47 and 48: new information collected during FS
Page 49 and 50: average family owns seven heads of
Page 51 and 52: H Horticulture. To have a more regu
Page 53 and 54: improved varieties require higher l
Page 55 and 56: The types of the training provided
Page 57 and 58: extension agency in the district, t
Page 59 and 60:
m Extension and other production-su
Page 61 and 62:
Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
Page 63 and 64:
Table 6. Farm practices and product
Page 65 and 66:
Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
Page 67 and 68:
Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70:
Table 13. Major problems and constr
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Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74:
Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76:
----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78:
West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
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OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82:
Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84:
system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86:
Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88:
Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90:
district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92:
Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96:
Table 6. Labor requirement for each
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able 8. Income analysis of each FS
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Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104:
Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
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l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110:
From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112:
THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
Page 123 and 124:
Net farm income per household The a
Page 125 and 126:
that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154:
The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
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of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158:
Farming Systems Research and Extens
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Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162:
Table 5. Comparison of annual house
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Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
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Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168:
Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
Page 185 and 186:
household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
Page 189 and 190:
Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
Page 191 and 192:
Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
Page 193 and 194:
o The classification of farmers on
Page 195 and 196:
Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
Page 203 and 204:
FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
Page 211 and 212:
Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
Page 213 and 214:
Table l. Chronological sequence of
Page 215 and 216:
Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218:
some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220:
assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244:
IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250:
The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252:
Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
Page 253 and 254:
Table 1. Average cash expenses per
Page 255 and 256:
Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
Page 257 and 258:
Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
Page 261 and 262:
Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
Page 269 and 270:
o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
Page 277 and 278:
PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
Page 279 and 280:
Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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