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In terms of yield equivalent to rice, in 1989-90, the total annual yield in FS I was 13,910 kg/ha and in FS I1 was 11,704. About 51% and 27% higher than the annual yield of FS I11 (9,213 kg/ha). A similar situation was observed in 1990-91. The additional yield produced in FS I and FS I1 was contributed by fish production, particularly in FS I, in which fish culture was practiced three times a year. Fish cultivation may also have an indirect impact on soil fertility. Farm income The adoption of intensive RFFS affected the level of farm income by reducing the level of inputs (e.g., insecticide, herbicide, TSP, and labor for weeding), increasing rice yields, and generating additional income from fish culture. The low level of input use reduced production costs, whereas, the increase in the production of rice and fish increased gross return and subsequently net income. The incomes of the three farming system models are presented in Table 8. Food and nonfood expenditure pattern Data on food and nonfood expenditure patterns were collected during the first year of this study (1989-90) using an intensive record-keeping technique. Food and nonfood expenditure patterns per month and the monthly expenditures on fresh fish are presented in Tables 9, 10, and 11. The food and nonfood expenditure patterns were closely related to total income per farm family. On-farm income is one of the sources of income that determines total income. On-farm income is not only determined by farming intensity but by land size. Farmers in FS III per capita expenditure on food (IRP18,877) was the highest among the three farming system models although they practiced a less intensive farming system (rice - rice - fallow). About 43.3% (IRP6,484) of the per capita expenditure on food is allocated to purchase rice, 15.3% (IRP2,893) for dry fish, and 15.2% (IRP2,877) for vegetables. Similarly, the per capita expenditure on nonfood items (IRP18,026) by families in FS I11 was also the highest among the three farming models. Farming intensity increased per capita food and nonfood expenditures per month. For example, the average monthly per capita expenditure of the farm families belonging to FS I (IRP18,179) was higher than that of FS I1 (IRP14,123). A similar situation was observed in the nonfood expenditure pattern. The average monthly per capita expenditure on nonfood items in FS I (IRP14,OOl) was higher than the expenditures by families in FS I1 (IRP10,374). In other words, the introduction of fish culture in FS I (rice+ fish - rice+ fish - fish) increased the purchasing power of its farm families in relation to farm families belonging to FS I1 (rice - rice - fish). In relation to consumption of fresh fish, the average monthly per capita expenditure of families in FS 1 (IRP1,220) was the highest among the three farming
system models. This indicated that the higher yield of fish in FS 1 (cultivated three times a year) increasecl mor~thly per capita fish consumption (Table 11). Asset accumulation Asset accumulation is the value of all goods owned by farmers. Assets are categorized as agricultural equipment (e.g., tractors, hoes, and motcicycles), livestock, nonproductive assets (radios, televisions, and furniture), and savings (jewelry and cash). Table 12 shows the value of the assets owned by farmers belonging to the three farmin models. The total value of all assets owned by the farmers In FS I11 during 1989- 8 0 and 1990-91 is hi her than the value of assets owned by farmers in FS I and FS 11. .Therefore, rice - f ish farming had little impact on the accumulation of assets, except in the case of FS 111. Accumulation of assets, total income of the farm family, and farm size are closely interrelated. The average farm size in FS I11 is higher than in the other two models. In general, farmers belonging to FS I11 are better off than farmer: in FS 1 and FS 11; therefore, it is logical that these FS 111 farmers have more accumulated assets. However, farmers in FS I have more assets than FS I1 farmers. This indicated that rice - fish farming systems had made a positive impact on the accumulation of assets. BUDGETING STAGES The proposed model assumes that consumers follow a multistage budgeting process. Consumers are assumed to first allocate their income between savings and current expenditures (consumption). This stage is not rnodeled in this study. In the second stage, consumers are assumed to allocate their total current expenditure to two categories: food and nonfood commodities. The third stage involvzs the allocation of the total food expenditure to nine subgroups. The fourth stage involves the allocation of nonfood expenditure to nine subgroups. Functional form The Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) was used to model budget allocation. Following Deaton (1988), the Marshallian demand equations, in share form, fcr the LA/AIDS demand system are Wi = ai + aij In (Pj) + Bi In (Y/P) for i, j = 1, 2 ,..., r [l] where Wi is the budget share of the ith commodity, Pj is the unit price of the jth commodity, Y is the total expenditure, and P is Stone's price index, i.e., In (P) = dk wli In (Pk) PI
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
Page 35 and 36: - Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
Page 37 and 38: Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Resource use and producti
Page 41 and 42: Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
Page 43 and 44: Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
Page 45 and 46: IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Page 47 and 48: new information collected during FS
Page 49 and 50: average family owns seven heads of
Page 51 and 52: H Horticulture. To have a more regu
Page 53 and 54: improved varieties require higher l
Page 55 and 56: The types of the training provided
Page 57 and 58: extension agency in the district, t
Page 59 and 60: m Extension and other production-su
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Farm practices and product
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
Page 67 and 68: Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70: Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106: Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108: l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110: From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112: THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
Page 113 and 114: Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
Page 115 and 116: Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
Page 117 and 118: Land preparation for rice. The reac
Page 119 and 120: price of mungbean was high, some fa
Page 121 and 122: manufacturers. The earlier models (
Page 123 and 124: Net farm income per household The a
Page 125 and 126: that although adopters were better
Page 127 and 128: W It produced a good stand of rice
Page 129 and 130: Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
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The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
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of the ratio of actual intake and r
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Farming Systems Research and Extens
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Table 3. Input levels and productiv
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Table 5. Comparison of annual house
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Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
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Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
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Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Table l. Chronological sequence of
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Impact studies A number of studies
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some simple statistical tests to as
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assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
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IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
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The major farm implements owned by
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Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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