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¤ Weak research-extension linkages and poor support services (availability of credit and inputs, and marketing facility for agricultural products) have limited the transfer of technology and its adoption by farmers. Inadequate facilities (e.g., labor and physical facilities) for the FSR program was a constraint in disseminating the technology to the farmers in the area. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results of this study are encouraging because they indicate that intervened farmers adopted FSR-recommended cropping patterns both in the upland and lowland areas. Most farmers adopted improved varieties of major crops and their cultural practices. Vegetable cultivation became very popular among intervened farmers, and they devoted land to grow various types of vegetables. Farmers improved their nutritional status by consuming vegetables and generated cash income from vegetable sale. Farmers also adopted FSR-recommended species of fodder trees and grasses. The production and sale of milk increased substantially because of the increase in the number of animals due to the availability of suitable livestock fodder. Some control farmers have also adopted improved varieties of crops and fodder trees. These farmers have adopted the maize + vegetable - vegetables cropping pattern. These findings imply the suitability of the FSR approach in similar environments in the country. Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations are proposed to improve the economic conditions of hill farmers: ¤ An FSR approach should be stressed in the development of all the major components of farming systems (e.g., crops, livestock, horticulture, and off- farm employment). A focus on only one component will cause imbalances. ¤ There is a need to develop intercommodity and interdisciplinary links within the research system to integrate different components within FSR. II Research and extension should have joint responsibility to achieve the targets of FSP to make the impact of FSR more effective. ¤ Agricultural inputs (e.g., improved seed, chemical fertilizer, credit, and extension services) must be made available on time, at the proper locations, and in sufficient quantities to ensure the adoption of improved technology. 6 Close linkages among research, extension, and other related institutions should be established for effective transfer of FSR-recommended technology to the farmers.
m Extension and other production-support services (e.g., inputs and credit) should be oriented toward the promotion of a farming systems approach to agricultural development. m Production programs with FSR-based technology should be encouraged and implemented. They should be started in hilly areas where the dissemination of recommended technology is both feasible and acceptable to farmers. m An integrated package of practices for planting, harvesting, and marketing is also needed for major fruits and vegetables identified for cultivation in the hills. Increases in livestock production and productivity depend primarily on the enhancement of feed and fodder supply. Large-scale plantrng and proper maintenance of fodder trees and good pasture management are needed. Stall-feeding should be encouraged and free-grazing should be controlled. Farm manure is required in large quantities to increase the productivity of cereal and horticultural crops, but ~ts supply depends on increased production of fodder in hill areas. m Some constraints identified at the site (e.g., limited technology for hill crops, lack of infrastructure, a poor input-supply system, and lack of irrigation) must be overcome if FSR programs are to be fully adopted and their irnpact magnified. REFERENCES ClTED DOA--Department of Agriculture (1980) Cropping systems and livestock surve . Division of Agronomy, Department of Agriculture, Nepal. (unpublished{. Foster J H (1990) Evaluation of FSR/Nepal Impact Study. (unpublished). Hawkins R C et a1 (1987) Farm monitoring in Pumdi Bhumdi: summary and conclusions of a farming systems research strategy. Farming Systems Research and Development Division, Nepal. Singh B K, Gautam Y P (1986) Oat cultivation and its use as a green fodder for increasing buffalo milk production. Pages 463-477 ill Proceedings of the 2nd Monitoring Tour of Crop-Livestock Systems Research, Nepal and Indonesia, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
Page 7 and 8: Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
Page 9 and 10: Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
Page 11 and 12: increased as well, but only nlargin
Page 13 and 14: esult in high incomes for farmers,
Page 15 and 16: Investor concerns Usually investors
Page 17 and 18: WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
Page 19 and 20: Rice is the major food crop and die
Page 21 and 22: esource use and productivity varies
Page 23 and 24: Determination of ado,)tion factors
Page 25 and 26: number of active family members per
Page 27 and 28: At both sites, more than 73% of the
Page 29 and 30: Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
Page 35 and 36: - Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
Page 37 and 38: Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Resource use and producti
Page 41 and 42: Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
Page 43 and 44: Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
Page 45 and 46: IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Page 47 and 48: new information collected during FS
Page 49 and 50: average family owns seven heads of
Page 51 and 52: H Horticulture. To have a more regu
Page 53 and 54: improved varieties require higher l
Page 55 and 56: The types of the training provided
Page 57: extension agency in the district, t
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Farm practices and product
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
Page 67 and 68: Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70: Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84: system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106: Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108: l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
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From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
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THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
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Net farm income per household The a
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that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
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Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
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The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
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of the ratio of actual intake and r
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Farming Systems Research and Extens
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Table 3. Input levels and productiv
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Table 5. Comparison of annual house
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Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
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Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
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Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Table l. Chronological sequence of
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Impact studies A number of studies
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some simple statistical tests to as
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assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
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IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
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The major farm implements owned by
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Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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