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Ipil-ipil seedlings were distributed to both groups of farmers at the Pumdi ~humdi FSR site by the Livestock Farm in Lamepatan, Pokhara with the help of FSR staff on-site. These seedlings were distributed to both groups not for trials but as a service to the farmers. Technologies for ipil-ipil cultivation were provided by the FSR staff to the intervened fariners only and performance was closely monitored. Plantations of ipil-ipil seedling gave mixed results in Pumdi Bhumdi. Ipil-ipil planted in pasture land showed minimal growth, although its performance on terrace edges was encouraging. Leucaena Ieucocephala could not be grown successfully in the area. Leucaena diversifolia was tested in 1987 and found to give good results. The general problems faced by farmers who grew ipil-ipil and Napier grass along the terrace edges were shading of crops and reduced soil fertility (Table 13). Vegetable-based cropping pattern Before FSP, fariners usually grew vegetables in small areas during the winter season and a few cucurbits in the inaize crops. After FSP was introduced, kitchen gardening became well established and the farlners had a regular supply of vegetables throughout the year. The most cominon vegetables were sponge gourd, beans, pumpkin, bottle gourd, chilly, cauliflower, mustard, radish, cowpeas, snake gourd, potato, carrot, brinjal , cucumber, garlic, and peas. The most common vegetablebased patterns were maize/vegetables - vegetables and maize + vegetables - vegetables (Table 14). Since the introduction of FSP, the area under vegetables had also increased. The town of Pokhara is close to Pu~ndi Bhurndi; therefore, some far~ners started to sell green vegetables in the inarket to generate cash income. All intervened and control farmers grew vegetables mainly for home consumption. Because of the consumption of vegetables, most far~ners had nutritious diets. Furthermore, a few of the farmers had increased the number of buffalo, which increased the quantity of milk and ghee. Those farmers who had more milk and ghee, consumed milk and milk products, which further improved their nutritional status. Education and training 'I'he educational picture of Pumdi Bh~~mdi is encouraging. Although farmers had no schooling, many of thein give priority to education. Most children of these farmers are finishing secondary school and many are attending college. However, most far~ners with higher education migrate to the towns and cities for other employment (Foster 1990).
The types of the training provided to the farmers and their reactions to the training are shown in Table 15. The intervened group of farmers attended more training programs conducted by the FSP than the control farmers. Effectiveness of other FSR activities Most farmers in both groups said that they had replaced the traditional technology with the improved technology introduced by the FSP. According to the farmers, knowledge about the adoption of chemical fertilizers, improved seeds, im roved fodder trees, and forage grasses took place only after the establishment o F the FSR in their site. Participation of both groups in various FSR activities (e.g., pro ram planning and decision making, selection of participant farmers, and training ", were reported to be highly satisfactory. Farmers In both groups felt that their suggestions and opinions in'solving the problems encountered during implementation of work plans and selection of the recommended technologies were well considered by the FSP. However, both groups of farmers were not satisfied with the supply of inputs. Three of the six intervened farmers and two of the six control farmers reported that supplies of inputs by the concerned agency were insufficient and untimely. ROLE OF OTHER SUPPORT-SERVICE INSTITUTIONS IN THE TRANSFER OF FSR-IDENTIFIED TECHNOLOGY Extension service in the area The FSR and the Agriculture Development Office (ADO) have separate mandates and targets. From 1985 to 1990 there was no extension agent assigned by the ADO in the Pumdi Bhumdi area. The linkage between research and extension was good but limited to training programs, participation in Samuhik Bhramnn (multidisciplinary team visits), and working group meetings. Credit supply Cash was a limiting factor for inputs (e.g., seed, fertilizers, and pesticides) required to adopt improved technology. However, credit to farmers was limited, and the process was so complicated that farmers could not take advantage of this facility. The Agriculture Development Bank (ADB) at Pokhara provided loans for agricultural activities according to recommendations made by the ADO, Pokhara.
Page 1 and 2:
IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
Page 3 and 4: RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
Page 5 and 6: Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
Page 7 and 8: Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
Page 9 and 10: Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
Page 11 and 12: increased as well, but only nlargin
Page 13 and 14: esult in high incomes for farmers,
Page 15 and 16: Investor concerns Usually investors
Page 17 and 18: WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
Page 19 and 20: Rice is the major food crop and die
Page 21 and 22: esource use and productivity varies
Page 23 and 24: Determination of ado,)tion factors
Page 25 and 26: number of active family members per
Page 27 and 28: At both sites, more than 73% of the
Page 29 and 30: Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
Page 33 and 34: Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
Page 35 and 36: - Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
Page 37 and 38: Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Resource use and producti
Page 41 and 42: Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
Page 43 and 44: Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
Page 45 and 46: IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Page 47 and 48: new information collected during FS
Page 49 and 50: average family owns seven heads of
Page 51 and 52: H Horticulture. To have a more regu
Page 53: improved varieties require higher l
Page 57 and 58: extension agency in the district, t
Page 59 and 60: m Extension and other production-su
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Farm practices and product
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
Page 67 and 68: Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70: Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84: system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106:
Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108:
l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110:
From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112:
THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
Page 113 and 114:
Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
Page 115 and 116:
Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
Page 117 and 118:
Land preparation for rice. The reac
Page 119 and 120:
price of mungbean was high, some fa
Page 121 and 122:
manufacturers. The earlier models (
Page 123 and 124:
Net farm income per household The a
Page 125 and 126:
that although adopters were better
Page 127 and 128:
W It produced a good stand of rice
Page 129 and 130:
Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5. Number of farm households
Page 135 and 136:
Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 137 and 138:
Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 139 and 140:
Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
Page 141 and 142:
continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 143 and 144:
continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 145 and 146:
l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
Page 147 and 148:
composition, increases in income ca
Page 149 and 150:
not be captured if the criteria for
Page 151 and 152:
crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154:
The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156:
of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158:
Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160:
Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162:
Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164:
Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166:
Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168:
Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170:
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
Page 171 and 172:
agricultural production system by i
Page 173 and 174:
In the midwest plain, where there a
Page 175 and 176:
Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
Page 177 and 178:
solutions to problems under the bas
Page 179 and 180:
Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
Page 181 and 182:
Table 5. Component-technology studi
Page 183 and 184:
Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
Page 185 and 186:
household basis on an income and ex
Page 187 and 188:
first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
Page 189 and 190:
Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
Page 191 and 192:
Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
Page 193 and 194:
o The classification of farmers on
Page 195 and 196:
Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
Page 199 and 200:
Table 5. Level of input use for the
Page 201 and 202:
Table 7. Production elasticities of
Page 203 and 204:
FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
Page 205 and 206:
ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
Page 207 and 208:
stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
Page 211 and 212:
Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
Page 213 and 214:
Table l. Chronological sequence of
Page 215 and 216:
Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218:
some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220:
assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
Page 225 and 226:
E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
Page 227 and 228:
variety, inadequate attention was p
Page 229 and 230:
Table 1. Farming system research si
Page 231 and 232:
Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
Page 233 and 234:
Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
Page 235 and 236:
Table 9. Estimated production funct
Page 237 and 238:
Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
Page 239 and 240:
Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
Page 241 and 242:
Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244:
IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
Page 245 and 246:
Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
Page 247 and 248:
Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250:
The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252:
Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
Page 253 and 254:
Table 1. Average cash expenses per
Page 255 and 256:
Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
Page 257 and 258:
Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
Page 259 and 260:
hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
Page 261 and 262:
Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
Page 263 and 264:
hlem bers o The need to improve doc
Page 265 and 266:
Members what is right depends on po
Page 267 and 268:
Decentralization and farming system
Page 269 and 270:
o More program and less project fun
Page 271 and 272:
Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
Page 273 and 274:
Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
Page 275 and 276:
CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
Page 277 and 278:
PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
Page 279 and 280:
Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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