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to accelerate the rural economy. Another dimension that must be considered is sustainability. o FSR-based master plans are lacking in the participating countries. Therefore, master plans are needed to extrapolate FSR-based technologies into various country-specific policy recommendations. o The FSR approach is not a cure-all approach. Therefore, the commodity approach must be integrated into FSR. o Institutionalization of the FSR approach should take cost effectiveness into consideration. Countries have done this by following either a soft or hard approach or a combination of these two approaches. Furthermore, it is necessary to analyze the FSR approach in relation to social costs and profitability. o Extrapolation of FSR technologies should consider regional comparative advantages. It should also consider existing biophysical and socioeconomic environments across the regions to extrapolate FSR technologies. o The FSR approach is participatory and adopts a balance between a bottom-up and a top-down approach. To streamline and use the FSR approach in various environments, an attempt should be made to categorize these environments. The FSR approach should be directed to a given environment on the basis of the suitability of available FSR-based technologies. Support services in a policy context Most parts of the policy context are a given, and FSR must be aware of this and adapt accordingly. o Resource maps, developed through geographical information systems and other means, are available to different zone environments for effective land use. These maps can be used to identify potential areas in which to extrapolate FSR technologies. Proper use of these maps will speed up the extrapolation process. Strong links and coordination among different agencies are needed to use these maps effectively. o The supply of production inputs should be efficiently managed to ensure that they are available in the right amount, at the right price, in the right quality, at the right time, in the right type, and in the right place. This will enhance and sustain the production system in any environment. However,
Members what is right depends on policies in the other areas (e.g., health, environment, and financing). o Accessibility of credit is important in the adoption of FSR-based technologies. However, most farmers do not have adequate collateral to get credit from institutions. To mitigate this problem, farmers should be encouraged to group themselves to show their joint liabilities for access to credit. Risk-distribution strategies should be used. Provision of crop insurance is also needed to secure and sustain production systems. o A congenial marketing environment must be provided to allow producers to dispose of their products. Lack of an organized marketing system in the rural sector puts farmers at a disadvantage. Groupings of farmers help to strengthen their bargaining power. Vertical links through the development of rural agri-based industries create better marketing systems, employment, and distribution of marketing margins. o Infrastructure support to FSR-based technologies is part of the analysis of site conditions. Extrapolation to areas without an equivalent infrastructure is irresponsible. Development of FSR-based technologies in less advantaged and less favored areas will be more difficult because these areas are likely to be Inore heterogeneous. However, social equity demands that the attempt be made. o Extension, education, and training are very important support systems. Active involvement of a11 major actors (e.g., researchers, extension workers, farmers, and the private sector) should be ensured from the initial to the last stages of the FSR approach. Institutionalization of the FSR approach must be encouraged in various educational institutions. Informal training in the FSR approach should be intensified and provided to extension workers, subject matter specialists, and middle-level managers. o Policy research on the impact and return on investment of FSR should be given priority. Group 3: Institutions S. Biggs - England (convenor); V. R. Carangal - Philippines; T. Bottema - Indonesia; M. Siddique - Bangladesh; D. K. S. Su~vastika - Indonesia; S. W. Almy - Madagascar; C. Sukapong - Thailand; A. Mandac - Philippines; J. M. K. P. Jayasinghe - Sri Lanka; W. Ratnayake - Sri Lanka; and K. A. Mettananda - Sri Lanka.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
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Table 13. Major problems and constr
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Table 15. Training undergone by the
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Table 17. Links between farmers and
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----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
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West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
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OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
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Labor requirement Labor requirement
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system models. This indicated that
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Unit prices for all items were obta
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Price elasticity. The demand for al
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district fishery extension services
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Table 2. Production of freshwater f
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Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
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Table 6. Labor requirement for each
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able 8. Income analysis of each FS
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Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
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Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
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l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
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From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
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THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
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Net farm income per household The a
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that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
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Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
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The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
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of the ratio of actual intake and r
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Farming Systems Research and Extens
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Table 3. Input levels and productiv
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Table 5. Comparison of annual house
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Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
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Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
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Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Page 215 and 216: Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218: some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220: assets). Patterns of food consumpti
Page 221 and 222: Production functions for first-seas
Page 223 and 224: and nonadopters indicate that there
Page 225 and 226: E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
Page 227 and 228: variety, inadequate attention was p
Page 229 and 230: Table 1. Farming system research si
Page 231 and 232: Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
Page 233 and 234: Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
Page 235 and 236: Table 9. Estimated production funct
Page 237 and 238: Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
Page 239 and 240: Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
Page 241 and 242: Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244: IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
Page 245 and 246: Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
Page 247 and 248: Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250: The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252: Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. Average cash expenses per
Page 255 and 256: Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
Page 257 and 258: Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
Page 259 and 260: hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
Page 261 and 262: Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
Page 263: hlem bers o The need to improve doc
Page 267 and 268: Decentralization and farming system
Page 269 and 270: o More program and less project fun
Page 271 and 272: Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
Page 273 and 274: Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
Page 275 and 276: CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
Page 277 and 278: PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
Page 279 and 280: Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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