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Systems Research Network was organized. It consisted of 13 research centers and stations, with UPLB as the national center for farming systems research. Priority areas for research shifted from understanding the basic determinants and performance of farming svstems in the country (1976-80) to developing a crop-based farming systems approach (19S0-83). The Farming Systems Research and Development Network (FSRDN) was organized in 1989, composed of UPLB through FSSRI, DA through BAR and ATI, a network of SCUs in various regions of the country. The FSRDN facilitates the exchange of expertise and information on FSR&D in the country. With the farming systems development project in Bicol and Eastern Visayas, a Site Research Management Unit (SRhlU) has been organized to formulate and implement the farming program in each site selected within the region. In 1982, the Agricultural Research Office (ARO) was organized under the Office of the Minister of the MAF to coordinate cropping systems research programs, whereas, the KFAC-CSD coordinates production programs. The farming systeins thrust of DA was further strengthened with the reorganization of MAF by Executive Order 116 (19S7), which also created the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR). BAR assumed the responsibilities of ARO and was mandated to coordinate a11 ;igricultural research of the DA. The most recent development in agricultural RLQD was the enactment of the local government code, which decentralized agricultural extension to local governments. More attention is being focused on the operations of FSRRrD at the provincial and municipal levels. Although there is already a certain degree of skill and an appreciation of FSRRrD as an approach nt the provincial level, more efforts must be focused on advising local governments about FSRRrD. This is a challenge that must be met in the coming decade. DEVELOPhrIENT OF FSRkD METHODOLOGIES The development of FSRLQD in the Philippines hr~s been influenced by global development of the approach. The development of methodologies is most apparent if all stages of FSRRrD are examined. In site selection, tools are being refined and include spatial maps and con~puter-aided tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Sites selected for FSR&D activities have shifted from rice-basecl environments to marginal areas (e.g., rainfed uplands and hilly areas). Site description and diagnosis has shifted from formal tools to less formal 2nd rapid techniques such as Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and other variants. Agroecosystem analysis, gender issues, diagnostic techniques, and ethnographic tools have enriched the tool kit that can be used. The design of R&E strategies has increasingly focused on farmer circumstances. Ex-ante evaluation of the technology is beginning to integrate
stability and sustainability. 1nstitution:il support, particularly marketing facilities, is being considered. The PCARRD-supported FSSRI and developed Agricultural Suitability and Evaluation S!.stems (ASES) in 1990. The use of biophysical parameters in ASES has already been initiated. These are now integrated with socioeconomic parameters. There is increasing participation of farmers and farmer groups in the testing and evaluation process. The FSDP-Bicol provided major innovation with the Porbaran approach, in which farmers were provided with a range of technology options during a community planning workshop. The farmers themselves dec~ded what to try and how to do it. The project staff served as facilitators. Farmer-to- farmer extension has also been effective in FSDP-EV and FSDP-Bicol. Some statistical methods are used to evaluate OFR, but economic analysis is still given extra weight. Risks, stability, sustainability, gender effects, and practicability are also gaining wide consideration. Efforts have been made by the RIARS to train noneconomists in the tools and techniques of economic analysis. The dissemination stage has suffered a set-back because of a lack of extension-research links during the last four stages of FSRcYrE. Successful cropping systems have been tested and evaluated by the RIARS, but the results have not been disseminated because of a lack of extension support. Another f~ctor is the emphasis given to research compared ivith extension. IMPACT OF FARhlING SYSTEhlS ON FARM HOUSEHOLDS Assessment of the impact of FSR'QE has g;lined attention over the last 5 yr. Impact studies place emphasis on the rate and degree of adoption of tlie technology and its impact on resource use, productivity, and income. h4inimal consideration is given to factors that indicate an i~nprovenient in the socioeconomic well-being of the farm population. Also, little attention has been gi\.en to tlie impact on conimunities and institutions. Impact studies include significant changes in the cropping patterns practiced by farmers. An increase in cropping intensity from 1.3 to 2.4 was observed among KABSAKA farmers when the KABSAKA technology was adopted. KASATINLU farmers increased their cropping intensity froni 1.9 to 2.57, as did farmers in the Capiz Settlement Project. Another aspect of impact is physical changes that occur in the fiirm after project participation. An impact evaluation study of RRDP reported an increase from 0.5 ha to 2.75 ha in tlie average size of farms cultivated by the beneficiaries. This change was attributed to production opportunities that had been brought about by the project. There was also increased use of idle lands for crop production, improved soil fertility, better watershed protection, and decreased soil erosion.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
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Table 13. Major problems and constr
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Table 15. Training undergone by the
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Table 17. Links between farmers and
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----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
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West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
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OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
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Labor requirement Labor requirement
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system models. This indicated that
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Unit prices for all items were obta
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Price elasticity. The demand for al
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district fishery extension services
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Table 2. Production of freshwater f
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Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
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Table 6. Labor requirement for each
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able 8. Income analysis of each FS
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Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
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Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
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l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
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From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
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THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
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Net farm income per household The a
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that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
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Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
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The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168: Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
Page 171 and 172: agricultural production system by i
Page 173 and 174: In the midwest plain, where there a
Page 175 and 176: Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
Page 177 and 178: solutions to problems under the bas
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
Page 181 and 182: Table 5. Component-technology studi
Page 183 and 184: Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
Page 185 and 186: household basis on an income and ex
Page 187 and 188: first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
Page 189 and 190: Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
Page 191 and 192: Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
Page 193 and 194: o The classification of farmers on
Page 195 and 196: Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
Page 197 and 198: Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
Page 199 and 200: Table 5. Level of input use for the
Page 201 and 202: Table 7. Production elasticities of
Page 203 and 204: FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
Page 205: ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
Page 209 and 210: o Limited feedback at all levels. A
Page 211 and 212: Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
Page 213 and 214: Table l. Chronological sequence of
Page 215 and 216: Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218: some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220: assets). Patterns of food consumpti
Page 221 and 222: Production functions for first-seas
Page 223 and 224: and nonadopters indicate that there
Page 225 and 226: E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
Page 227 and 228: variety, inadequate attention was p
Page 229 and 230: Table 1. Farming system research si
Page 231 and 232: Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
Page 233 and 234: Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
Page 235 and 236: Table 9. Estimated production funct
Page 237 and 238: Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
Page 239 and 240: Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
Page 241 and 242: Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244: IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
Page 245 and 246: Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
Page 247 and 248: Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250: The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252: Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. Average cash expenses per
Page 255 and 256: Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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