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The remarkable performance of the technology for a two-crop system under the KABSAKA Project in Iloilo encouraged multilocation testing of the technology in other parts of the country. This gave rise to other projects such as KASATINLU in South Cotabato (1979), MATISAYON in North Cotabato (1979), MANBILAYKA in Pangasinan, and ZAMDUGANI in Zamboanga del Sur. The lessons and experience generated from these projects became the basis for the development of cropping systems research n~ethodology in the Philippines. During this period, further testing of the cropping systems methodologies was undertaken in projects such as the Agusan, Bukidnon, Capiz (ABC) Settlement Project, Philippine-Australian Development Assistance Program (PADAP), Bicol River Basin Development Pro'ect (BRBDP), and Samar Integrated Rural Development Project (SIRDP~. Activities on cropping-systems research and development were expanded through the Rainfed Agriculture Development (Iloilo) Project (RADIP). This extended the KABSAKA project in Iloilo, and in 1951, established Rainfed Agriculture Development Outreach Sites (RADOS) in provinces with vast areas of rainfed rice: Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Mindoro Oriental, Leyte, Iloilo, Bohol, Davao Sur, South Cotabato, and North Cotabato. The site staff came from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) and technical staff and support came from UPLB, IRRI, BPI, and NFAC. The lessons and experiences gained from RADOS were the basis for the national technology verification program of the RIARS in 1983-88 and the Research and Outreach Sub-Project of the Accelerated Agricultural Production Project (AAPP-ROS) in 1958-91. The N'ational Technology Verification Program was the prime activity and thrust of the RIARS. The RIARS was created under the agricultural-research component of the Agricultural Support Services Project (ASSP) in 1991. The objective of the project was to strengthen essential services in agriculture, particularly research. It also paved the way for the reorganization of the different bureaus and agencies of the DA (e.g., BAEX, BPI, BS, and BAI) to give more responsibility to the regional offices for faster dissemination of agricultural technologies. All efforts centered on cropping systems technologies because research developed from problem identification in the target sites to technology generation, adaptation, verification, and finally technology dissemination. Subsequently, crop-livestock integration activities were added in 1985. Although most efforts were geared toward cropping systems activities, s(?i-!zi projects also focused on FSR&D. These projects include the USAID-supported Farming Systems Development Project - Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), the Farming Systems Development Project - Bicol (FSDP-Bicol), and other projects under the Rainfed Resources Development Project - I1 (RRDP). The historical development of FSR&D in the Philippines had three critical stages: multiple cropping, cropping systems, and farming systems. The KABSAKA project made valuable contributions to the development of cropping systems R&D (which was subsequently developed into FSR&D) and to the development of
ainfed areas. The RIARS project applied the methodology in the national program using local resources and expertise and external funding. IMPACT ON ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION The evolution of FSR&D in the Philippines is characterized by the policies, organization, and management of the research and extension systems in the country. Various institutions integrated the FSA concept into their R&D activities at different stages (i.e., at the conceptual, structural, and operational levels). These institutions adopted the FSA concept, translated it into various programs, and developed an organizational structure that operated the FSRSrD projects. The impact of FSR&D on the organization 2nd management of the R&E can be seen in the way various RSLE institutions responded to the incorporation of FSR&D. Three types of units were created in the institutions to address FSR&D: units created as a separate institute in academic institutions, units within projects, and divisions or units within the DA. At UPLB, the Multiple Cropping Section (h4CS) was organized by the Department of Agronomy in 1977 to implement the MCEPP. Likewise, with support from NFAC, the UPLB College of Agriculture Iaunchetl Comprehensive Farming Technology Support to Small Farmers (CFTSSF). In 1980, the MCS collaborated with the NFAC to coordinate the cropping systems program of the RADOS as part of RADIP. In the same year, staff from the UPLB-MCS were detailed to NFAC to constitute the Cropping Systems Diirision (NFAC-CSD), which was a reorganization of the former Multiple Cropping Section at NFAC. In 1983, the Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute (FSSRI) was established. It pooled staff from the MCS- and the NFAC-supported Countryside Action Program (CAP). The FSSRI implemented the Small Farm Systems (SFS) Component of the World Bank- supported ASSP in 1933-1988. Anticipating, the role of the Regional State Colleges nnti Universities (SCUs) in the implementation of FSRJiD-related projects, staff from the SCUs were trained. This training started with the involvement of CLSU and CSSAC in the MCEPP (1972- 1979). In 1980, staff from the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA) trained in cropping systems methodology with RADOS staff in anticipation of their future involvement in FSDP-EV in 1982. The ViSCA subsecluently est:~blished the Farm and Resource Management Institute (FARhlI) in 19S5 to address its farming systems thrust. Benguet State University (BSU) was likewise ir~volved with the FSR&D component of the Highland Agricult~~ral Development Project (HADP), and attempts were made to establish an institute on farming systenis research. The farming-systems research component of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Developn~ent (PCARRD) was approved by the Governing Council on 23 Sep 1975. A Farming
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
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Table 13. Major problems and constr
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Table 15. Training undergone by the
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Table 17. Links between farmers and
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----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
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West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
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OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
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Labor requirement Labor requirement
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system models. This indicated that
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Unit prices for all items were obta
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Price elasticity. The demand for al
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district fishery extension services
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Table 2. Production of freshwater f
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Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
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Table 6. Labor requirement for each
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able 8. Income analysis of each FS
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Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
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Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
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l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
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From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
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THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
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Net farm income per household The a
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that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
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Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
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crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154: The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168: Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
Page 171 and 172: agricultural production system by i
Page 173 and 174: In the midwest plain, where there a
Page 175 and 176: Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
Page 177 and 178: solutions to problems under the bas
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
Page 181 and 182: Table 5. Component-technology studi
Page 183 and 184: Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
Page 185 and 186: household basis on an income and ex
Page 187 and 188: first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
Page 189 and 190: Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
Page 191 and 192: Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
Page 193 and 194: o The classification of farmers on
Page 195 and 196: Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
Page 197 and 198: Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
Page 199 and 200: Table 5. Level of input use for the
Page 201 and 202: Table 7. Production elasticities of
Page 203: FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
Page 207 and 208: stability and sustainability. 1nsti
Page 209 and 210: o Limited feedback at all levels. A
Page 211 and 212: Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
Page 213 and 214: Table l. Chronological sequence of
Page 215 and 216: Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218: some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220: assets). Patterns of food consumpti
Page 221 and 222: Production functions for first-seas
Page 223 and 224: and nonadopters indicate that there
Page 225 and 226: E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
Page 227 and 228: variety, inadequate attention was p
Page 229 and 230: Table 1. Farming system research si
Page 231 and 232: Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
Page 233 and 234: Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
Page 235 and 236: Table 9. Estimated production funct
Page 237 and 238: Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
Page 239 and 240: Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
Page 241 and 242: Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244: IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
Page 245 and 246: Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
Page 247 and 248: Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250: The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252: Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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