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IMPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH ON THE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES V. T. ~illancio', A. ~unzalan', C. ~ina', and V. R. Caranga12 The Farming Systems Approach has a key role in the strategy for the development of the agricultural sector in the Philippines during the last two decades. Many of the institutions involved in research and development have adopted the concept and have developed methodologies over time to provide more meaningful and relevant technology to the farmers in their individual environments. The study highlights the developments and the operations of Farming Systems Development in the Philippines. analyses its impact, and concludes that further emphasis should be provided to the strengthening of the networks that exist as a rneans to further enhance the FSR programs in the country. A policy declaration has been made in the Philippines to use a farming systems approach (FSA) as a general strategy to promote agricultural development. Executive Order 116 (30 Jan 1987), which provided for the reorganization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF), mandated to "encourage people's participation in zgricultural development . . . and use a bottom up, self-reliant farming systems approach that will emphasize social justice, equity, productivity, and sustainability in the use of agricultural resoprces." The objective of this strategy was to "improve farm income and generate ivork opportunities for farmerslfishermen and other rural workers." The national thrust on farming system research and development (FSR&D) stemmed from the lessons and experiences gained by implementing various projects using the FSA. These projects began with multiple-cropping and cropping-systems projects (1970s to mid-1980s) and have continued to the current farming systems research and extension (FSR&E) projects. This paper highlights the historical development and operation of FSRSrD in these projects and the response of these projects to evolving patterns, concepts, and procedures. The effects of these projects on small farms, their farming systems, farm households, and the community are also discussed. Finally, lessons, esperiences, and issues that affect the operations of these projects are identified. 'lowland-based Farming Systems Division, Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Bafios, Laguna, Philippines. 2~sian Rice Farming Systems Network (ARFSN), International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING SYSTEhlS APPROACH The national thrust on FSR&D stemmed from the lessons and experiences gained from various projects that used the FSA (Table 1). These had several common characteristics: a focus on mu1 tiple cropping and cropping systems research and extension (R&E) in the rainfed lowland areas (e.g., MCEPP, KABSAKA, RADOS, MAhTBILAYAKA. and KASATINLU); the implementation of cropping systems R&D as a component of an integrated development project (e.g., ABC project, CVIADP, NSIRDP. and PIADP); a focus on croppin systems RcYrE in the uplands and hilly areas (e. .. VRP and AUDP); a divergence T. rom activities oriented toward cropping systems P e.g., FSDP-EV and FSDP-B~col); and the development of regional and provincial capabilities to implement FSR&E activities, such as those done by the Regional Integrated Agricultural Research Systems (RIARS) and later by the AMP-ROS. The development of FSR&D in the Philippines was characterized by a shift from a comniodity-oriented strategy to a m~~ltifarni-enterprise approach. With the intention of increasing the income of small-scale farmers, \rarious crop intensification and diversification programs were implemented. In 1972, a collaborative pilot project knolvn as the Multiple Cropping Extension Pilot Production Program (MCEPP) was launched by the University of the Philippines Los Baiios (UPLB) in collaborcltion with Central Luzon State University (CLSU) and Camarines Sur State Agricultural College (CSSAC). The strategy for diversification included expanding the farm area, increasing yield per unit area, and increasing the number of crops grown in an area for one year. To a large extent, the strategy focused on rice-based farming systems. This prompted the establishment of an interagency applied research project on rainfed and upland rice with other crops by the Department of Agriculture, IRRI, and the Bureau of Agricultural Extension (BAEX). The government recognized the need to consolidate the efforts of various commodity programs and the successes of the pilot multiple cropping projects. Thus, the National hlultiple Croppirig Production Program (NhlCPP) was launched in 1975. The program integrated the existing commodity progfams (hf-99, Masaganang Maisan, and GSK). Integration \vas designed along three d~niensions: the use of a cropping systems approach in crop productio~i, thc change of respo~isibility of agricultural technicians from sinsle-crop to multiple-crop cultivation on the farm, and the provision of credit facilities hy shifting from single-crop loans to loans for all crops grown lvithin a period of 1 yr. In a parallel development to the NMCYP, IRRI, BAEX, and the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) conducted cropping systems research in 1974 in the rainfed rice areas of Iloilo through the KARSAKA Project. This research demonstrated the feasibility of t~vo cropping seasons for rice plus a third upland crop in the area.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
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Table 13. Major problems and constr
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Table 15. Training undergone by the
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Table 17. Links between farmers and
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----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
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West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
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OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
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Labor requirement Labor requirement
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system models. This indicated that
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Unit prices for all items were obta
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Price elasticity. The demand for al
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district fishery extension services
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Table 2. Production of freshwater f
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Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
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Table 6. Labor requirement for each
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able 8. Income analysis of each FS
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Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
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Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
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Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
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l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
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From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
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THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
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Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
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Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
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Land preparation for rice. The reac
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price of mungbean was high, some fa
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manufacturers. The earlier models (
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Net farm income per household The a
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that although adopters were better
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W It produced a good stand of rice
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Table l. The promising technologies
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Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
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Table 5. Number of farm households
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Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
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Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
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l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
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composition, increases in income ca
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not be captured if the criteria for
Page 151 and 152: crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154: The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168: Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
Page 171 and 172: agricultural production system by i
Page 173 and 174: In the midwest plain, where there a
Page 175 and 176: Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
Page 177 and 178: solutions to problems under the bas
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
Page 181 and 182: Table 5. Component-technology studi
Page 183 and 184: Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
Page 185 and 186: household basis on an income and ex
Page 187 and 188: first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
Page 189 and 190: Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
Page 191 and 192: Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
Page 193 and 194: o The classification of farmers on
Page 195 and 196: Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
Page 197 and 198: Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
Page 199 and 200: Table 5. Level of input use for the
Page 201: Table 7. Production elasticities of
Page 205 and 206: ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
Page 207 and 208: stability and sustainability. 1nsti
Page 209 and 210: o Limited feedback at all levels. A
Page 211 and 212: Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
Page 213 and 214: Table l. Chronological sequence of
Page 215 and 216: Impact studies A number of studies
Page 217 and 218: some simple statistical tests to as
Page 219 and 220: assets). Patterns of food consumpti
Page 221 and 222: Production functions for first-seas
Page 223 and 224: and nonadopters indicate that there
Page 225 and 226: E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
Page 227 and 228: variety, inadequate attention was p
Page 229 and 230: Table 1. Farming system research si
Page 231 and 232: Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
Page 233 and 234: Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
Page 235 and 236: Table 9. Estimated production funct
Page 237 and 238: Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
Page 239 and 240: Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
Page 241 and 242: Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
Page 243 and 244: IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
Page 245 and 246: Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
Page 247 and 248: Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
Page 249 and 250: The major farm implements owned by
Page 251 and 252: Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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