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Many of these adaptations were spearheaded by advanced farmers, farmer leaders, and medium- to large-size farmers. These farmers have enough capital to invest in their farms, to experiment, and to try new methods. Eventually, the benefits of the new technologies diffuse to small farmers as well. Expansion of mungbean and DSR in neighboring areas In 1985, there was an expansion in the area planted to DSR and mungbean before rice. For example, in Chiang Rai Province, there were 17.6 ha of mungbean before rice, 7.2 ha of DSR; in Lampang province, 58.4 ha of mungbean, 159.0 ha of DSR; and in Phrae, 8.6 ha of mungbean and 41.8 ha of DSR. After 1985-86, statistics on mungbean and rice were aggregated in such a way that it was impossible to ascertain changes. Initial interviews revealed that expansion of the areas planted to these crops was limited to the original sites. Adoption, however, was not substantial because of problems with marketing, inadequate research and extension support, and the need for machinery. The experience in Dok Kham Tai indicated that continuous support by research and extension personnel is critical to sustain adoption. SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF ADOPTERS AND NONADOPTERS The disappearance of DSR in 1986-89 limited data collection on mungbean - rice adopters: Socioeconomic conditions were assessed among adopters and nonadopters of mungbean before rice both within and outside the project area. Table 12 shows important socioeconomic indicators of the three groups. Land size and distribution Adopters of mungbean before rice had larger ricefields and more upland areas than nonadopters. The average farm size was 2.2 ha among adopters and 1.8 ha among nonadopters both inside and outside the project area. For all farms (including the upland areas) the average size was 2.7-2.9 ha. Of the adopters, s~nall farmers (approximately 1 ha) constituted about 30% of the total. Small farmers who were nonadopters constituted 50-53% of the total and had about 1.1 ha of land. The percentage of adopters who were medium and large farmers (33-3796) was greater than for nonadopters (16-33%). Land tenure Most adopters were owner-operators (96%) compared with 73-80% of nonadopters.
Net farm income per household The adopters of mungbean before rice had higher net farm incomes per household than nonadopters. Comparisons of net farm incomes of adopters and nonadopters indicated that the new technologies contributed to an improvement in income. Among small and medium farmers, adopters and nonadopters outside the project area had higher farm incomes than nonadopters ~vithin the project area. It appeared that farming in Dok Kham Tai was generally not as productive as it should have been even with improved technologies. Without new technologies, farm income in Dok Kham Tai was significantly less than in other districts, especially for small farmers. Farmers in Dok Kham Tai had high farm incomes only if they operated large farms. Farm expenditure Farm expenditures were, on the average, higher among adopters than nonadopters both in and outside the project area, part~cularly for small- and medium-size farms. Off-farm and nonfarm occupation and income per household Adopters obtained more income from farming; whereas, nonadopters in the project area derived income from nonfarm and off-farm sources. Off-farm income per household \rras higher for nonadopters in the project area (THB22,841) than for adopters (THB9,703) and for nonadopters outside the project area (THB3,114). Off-farm employment sources included construction work, furniture making, vehicle repairs, sewing, farm Iabor, handicrafts, and processing and sale of farm products. Among nonadopters in Dok Kham Tai, salary-earning jobs were also available. Nonadopters in large farms both in and outside the project areas had higher farm irlconies than adopters. Nonadopters with large farms within the project area also had higher farm incomes because their average farm size \vas larger (6.2 ha) than that of adapters (4.8 ha). For the nonadopters outside the project area, rice cultivation was more productive (3,806 kg/ha) than for adopters (3,250 kg/ha); therefore, the farni income of the nonadopters was higher. The availability of off-farm and nonfarm occupations in the project area positively contributed to the adoption of labor-saving technology (e.g., mechanical seeder). Given the availability of off-farm job opportunities in the project area, it is expected that the potenti:ll to expand DSR (labor-sa\zitig) is greater than the potential for mungbean before rice (labor-usir?g). Labor use The introduction of mungbean before rice contributed to grzater use of labor in May-July. Without mungbean before rice, labor was not used except
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
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Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84: system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106: Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108: l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110: From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112: THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
Page 113 and 114: Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
Page 115 and 116: Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
Page 117 and 118: Land preparation for rice. The reac
Page 119 and 120: price of mungbean was high, some fa
Page 121: manufacturers. The earlier models (
Page 125 and 126: that although adopters were better
Page 127 and 128: W It produced a good stand of rice
Page 129 and 130: Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
Page 133 and 134: Table 5. Number of farm households
Page 135 and 136: Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 137 and 138: Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 139 and 140: Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
Page 141 and 142: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 143 and 144: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 145 and 146: l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
Page 147 and 148: composition, increases in income ca
Page 149 and 150: not be captured if the criteria for
Page 151 and 152: crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154: The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168: Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
Page 171 and 172: agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Table l. Chronological sequence of
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Impact studies A number of studies
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some simple statistical tests to as
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assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
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IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
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The major farm implements owned by
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Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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