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Possible time conflict between mungbean and direct seeded rice Delayed establishment of the mungbean crop because of the late onset of rains poses a serious problem for DSR. If the onset of the rains is delayed until late May, farmers must make a choice between mungbean and DSR. If mungbean is to be planted and harvested, the rice crop must be transplanted. DSR could not be established in wet soil because the mechanical seeders clogged. However, TPR faces the risk of receiving inadequate rainfall for vegetative growth. The probability of the accumulation of an adequate amount of rain (75 mm) for crop establishment after the onset of the rainy season was determined. If mungbean is planted on 1 Apr, the probability of adequate rainfall is 0.1 (one in 10 years). If mungbean is planted on 21 Apr, there is about a 0.7 probability of adequate moisture. A cumulative probability of a backward accumulation of 500 mm of rainfall is necessary for a rice crop (Morris and Zandstra 1978). Using this criterion and an 85-90 d growing season for mungbean, DSR planted about 11 Jul has a 0.7 probability of a backward accumulation of 500 mm of rain. If farmers decide to keep the mungbean crop and choose TPR, they will encounter several consequences. They will experience a lower probability of adequate rainfall (50%) and will need rice seedlings for transplanting. Labor costs for transplanting will also be higher than for DSR. Currently, farmers in Dok Kham Tai are refining their knowledge about these two technologies. If they adopt both mungbean and DSR. They can derive greater benefits. Adopting any of the technologies can directly, or indirectly improve income by reducing costs. The probability of 10-d and 15-d dry spells in Dok Kham Tai were determined using 10-yr 1981-91) rainfall data. The probability of 10-d and 15-d dry spells (< l mm i d) is 0.6 or 6 in 10 yr during late May and mid-June. Mungbean affected by dry spells had low productiv~ty in Dok Kham Tai. However, DSR requires a period of dry weather during seeding. If planted in mid-June, the probability of having dry spells is still high. However, if planted at the end of July, the probability drops to about 0.2 (two in 10 yr). It is not practical to use DSR in August because of the probability of 5-d dry spells (
manufacturers. The earlier models (e.g., l-row, 2-row, and even 3-row machines) were unsatisfactory when tested on farms. In 1985-86, when DSR was popular, the seeders used by project personnel were 2-row machines operated using manual labor. Further modifications were done after a dialogue with farmers, FSRI field personnel, and researchers from the Division of Agricultural Engineering. In 1986, a 4-row model drawn by a small tractor was tested in tambon San Koang. This inodel is now popular in the study area. The role of Dok Kham Tai Agricultural Extension Office After the project ended in 1986, the Department of Agricultural Extension ceased to work with FSRI. It is unfortunate that the personnel of the District Office of Agricultural Extension in tambon Kaset were new appointees, thus, they were unaware of the events that had taken place before 1986. They learned about mungbean before rice from farmers. but they learned nothing about DSR. (Our team provided them with information about the practice and popularity of DSR in Dok Kham Tai.) The agricultural data they collected were highly aggregated. For example, information on mungbean from lowlands and uplands were aggregated into a single category. Similarly, DSR and TPR were taken as one category. Role of farmers in adaptation and testing new technologies Farmers in the area were active in testing new technologies. They observed the performance of new technologies in their neigllborhood, sought new ways of doing things, and knew about sources of seed varieties and farm machinery. For example, a FSRI cooperator \vho planted mungbean (Utong 1) wanted new varieties that would perform better. He went to Kasetsart University in Bangkok to buy Kampaengsaen 1 and 2, which were not available in his area. Later, he found that Kampaengsaen 2 was more appropriate to his cropping system. He was also among the first farmers to test DSR, but he was not very successful because of weed problems. Threshing machines are essential for mungbean production. The project offered a threshing machine that worked well but was not yet available in the market. A group of farmers traveled to Khon Kaen. Northeast Thailand. to purchase one for their own use and for renting at THBO.SO/kg. In 1?90, about 5-6 more threshers were available in tambon San Koang. M~ingbean was initially planted using a mechanical seeder. Later, through dialogue with farnlers, it was agreed that broadcast seeding would be a better method. When problems concerning rainfall patterns and high labor costs in TPK were encountered, some farmers thought about the possibility of DSR. Farmers experimented with ways to control weed problems through good land preparation and alternation of DSR with TPR. They also sought information about obtaining 4-row seeders and traveled to Sukothai to purchase one.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
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Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
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Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70: Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84: system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106: Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108: l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110: From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112: THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
Page 113 and 114: Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
Page 115 and 116: Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
Page 117 and 118: Land preparation for rice. The reac
Page 119: price of mungbean was high, some fa
Page 123 and 124: Net farm income per household The a
Page 125 and 126: that although adopters were better
Page 127 and 128: W It produced a good stand of rice
Page 129 and 130: Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
Page 133 and 134: Table 5. Number of farm households
Page 135 and 136: Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 137 and 138: Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 139 and 140: Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
Page 141 and 142: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 143 and 144: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 145 and 146: l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
Page 147 and 148: composition, increases in income ca
Page 149 and 150: not be captured if the criteria for
Page 151 and 152: crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154: The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
Page 167 and 168: Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
Page 169 and 170: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Table l. Chronological sequence of
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Impact studies A number of studies
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some simple statistical tests to as
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assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
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IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
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The major farm implements owned by
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Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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