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yield ranges. When family labor costs were included, gross margin (2) per hectare was reduced to THB569. Gross margin per hectare could be THB3,750- 5,100 if the yield was 375-500 kg/ha. This would be THB2,638-3,981 per hectare if family labor was deducted. This level of gross margin is lower than the estimated level of THB5,625/ha. Additional details were collected on planted area, output per hectare, costs, and gross margin for mungbean before rice and were classified by farm size. Farms were categorized as small (0-1.6 ha), medium (1.7-3.2 ha), and large (greater than 3.2 ha). These categories were used as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Small-scale farmers planted an average of 1.0-1.2 ha to mungbean and obtained a yield of 306-319 kg/ha. Variable costs (cash) were THB681-925/ha. Gross mar in (excluding family labor) was THB2,175/ha in 1988 and THB1,000$ha in 1989 (Table 9). On a per farm basis, small-scale farmers obtained a gross margin of THB1,822 in 1988 and THB1,219 in 1989. However, large farms obtained lower yields (169-244 kg/ha) and lower gross margins (excluding family labor) than small-scale farmers. On average, they obtained THB3,360-4,830 gross margin (excluding family labor) per farm. Some successful farmers obtained THB19,280-31,684 of gross margin (excluding family labor) from their mungbean crop. If family labor costs were included, these farmers would obtain a gross margin of THB12,980-22,700. Opinions of farmers The 100 h~useholds surveyed in 1989 were surveyed again in 1990 to determine the opinion of the farmers about the performance of mungbean in 1989. The floods that occurred in the project area for two consecutive years had a negative effect on the attitudes toward mungbean. The majority (90%) of the households continued to plant mungbean before rice until 1989. These results were obtained when DSR regained popularity in 1990. Responses with regard to DSR were insufficient. Farmers continued to plant mungbean before rice because it provided money to support the following rice crop, it increased rice productivity, it increased household income, and prices were high in some years. The reasons why farmers abandoned the cultivation of mungbean were: floods, late rains that led to a conflict in timing of the mungbean harvest and rice transplanting (or DSR), increased insect problems, and low price in some years. The responses of farmers concerning the interrelationships of mungbean before rice and other components in the farming systems are as follows: Rice productivity. The majority of farmers reported positive effects on rice productivity. The 13% who reported negative effects attributed these to delays in transplanting rice.
Land preparation for rice. The reactions of the farmers to the effect of rnungbean on land preparation were mixed. Although 32% cited ease in land preparation for the next crop, 24% reported difficulty in preparing the land for rice because mungbean plants were still in the field at the time of land preparation. Weeds in rice crop. Only 8% reported positive effects of mungbean. The cultivation of rnungbean apparently introduced more weeds into the ricefields. Soil fertility. Most farmers (74%) agreed that the planting of rnungbean improved the soil in their fields. The 3% who reported negative effects cited the need to apply fertilizers to improve soil fertility (soil analysis shown in Table 10). Livestock raising. Only 5% of the farmers reported a positive effect. Farmers observed that cows die from overeating mungbean. Others observed that their cows grazed on their neighbors' mungbeans, creating social conflicts. Upland mungbean. Forty percent reported positive effects of mungbean before rice on upland mungbean. There were no reports of negative effects. Mechanization. An increase in the degree of mechanization (i.e., use of threshing machine) was observed by 21% of the farmers. However, 72% reported no change in the level of mechanization. Labor use. More labor was used by 60% of the farmers to plant mungbean. There were no reports of a decline in labor use. Capital use. Most farmers (69%) agreed that mungbean cultivation increased capital requirements; 2470 reported no change. Income effect. Higher incomes were reported by 42% who grew mungbean; 29% experienced a reduction of income because of losses. Processing. Farmers sold the bulk of their mungbean prcduce to local merchants in the village. A small amount of mungbean was retained for home processing (e.g., bean sprouts and desserts). By-products. Some farmers used mungbean by-products for mushroom culture (17%) and for compost (9%). Many farmers, however, reported no knowledge of how to process or use the by-products.
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IRRl DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 15
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RECEIVED I RECU .- r b :'.i!~atlon
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Welcome address S .P.R. Weerasinghe
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Welcome Address S. P. R. Weerasingh
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Opening Comments After 15 yr of far
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increased as well, but only nlargin
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esult in high incomes for farmers,
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Investor concerns Usually investors
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES This workshop i
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Rice is the major food crop and die
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esource use and productivity varies
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Determination of ado,)tion factors
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number of active family members per
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At both sites, more than 73% of the
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Hossain A M, Nur-E-Elahi, Nazrul I
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Table 2. Crop varietal sequence sco
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Table 4. Correlation illatsix used
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- Table 6. Socioeconomic characteri
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Table 8. Extent of adoption and ave
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Table 10. Resource use and producti
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Table 12. Extent of adoption and di
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Table 14. Summary of per hectare ca
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IRlPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
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new information collected during FS
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average family owns seven heads of
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H Horticulture. To have a more regu
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improved varieties require higher l
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The types of the training provided
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extension agency in the district, t
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m Extension and other production-su
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Table 3. Farm characteristics of th
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Table 6. Farm practices and product
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. Major crops, crop varietie
Page 67 and 68: Table 10. Production and use of mil
Page 69 and 70: Table 13. Major problems and constr
Page 71 and 72: Table 15. Training undergone by the
Page 73 and 74: Table 17. Links between farmers and
Page 75 and 76: ----l CROP SUBSYSlLM rnurt L OTT tb
Page 77 and 78: West Java provincial le~el BACKGROU
Page 79 and 80: OBJECTIVES The specific objectives
Page 81 and 82: Labor requirement Labor requirement
Page 83 and 84: system models. This indicated that
Page 85 and 86: Unit prices for all items were obta
Page 87 and 88: Price elasticity. The demand for al
Page 89 and 90: district fishery extension services
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Production of freshwater f
Page 93 and 94: Table 4. Level of inputs used in ea
Page 95 and 96: Table 6. Labor requirement for each
Page 97 and 98: able 8. Income analysis of each FS
Page 99 and 100: Table 10. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 101 and 102: Table 12. The value of assets (IRP
Page 103 and 104: Table 15. Nonfood expenditure patte
Page 105 and 106: Table 17. Elasticities of food comm
Page 107 and 108: l Oct k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Page 109 and 110: From 1980 to 1986, the Integrated R
Page 111 and 112: THE 1'\VO ;MATURE TECHNOLOGIES Dire
Page 113 and 114: Conceptual framework STUDY METHODS
Page 115: Tai. Mungbean was introduced in Dok
Page 119 and 120: price of mungbean was high, some fa
Page 121 and 122: manufacturers. The earlier models (
Page 123 and 124: Net farm income per household The a
Page 125 and 126: that although adopters were better
Page 127 and 128: W It produced a good stand of rice
Page 129 and 130: Table l. The promising technologies
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Mungbean before rice areas
Page 133 and 134: Table 5. Number of farm households
Page 135 and 136: Table 7. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 137 and 138: Table 9. Area planted to mungbean,
Page 139 and 140: Table 11. Area under dry seeded ric
Page 141 and 142: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 143 and 144: continued.. . Table 12. Socioeconom
Page 145 and 146: l~ndicative figures only. '~ature t
Page 147 and 148: composition, increases in income ca
Page 149 and 150: not be captured if the criteria for
Page 151 and 152: crops (rice, maize, and mungbean) a
Page 153 and 154: The explanatory Lwiable, nitrogen (
Page 155 and 156: of the ratio of actual intake and r
Page 157 and 158: Farming Systems Research and Extens
Page 159 and 160: Table 3. Input levels and productiv
Page 161 and 162: Table 5. Comparison of annual house
Page 163 and 164: Table 7. Comparison of annual nonfo
Page 165 and 166: Table 9. Comparison of percentage p
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Table 11. Log-linear models of impa
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE FARILIIIVG S
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agricultural production system by i
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In the midwest plain, where there a
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Varietal irnprovernent. This compon
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solutions to problems under the bas
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Table 2. Rice farming systems in Ca
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Table 5. Component-technology studi
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Wangwacharachul (1984) examined the
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household basis on an income and ex
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first crop. In 1989-90, the adopter
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Nonfarm expenses constituted the bu
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Herbicide is essential for DSR. How
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o The classification of farmers on
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Table 1. List of \,ariables idc~l~l
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Table 3. Conlparison of cash flow o
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Table 5. Level of input use for the
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Table 7. Production elasticities of
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FROXl GREEN REVOLUTION TO FARhlING
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ainfed areas. The RIARS project app
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stability and sustainability. 1nsti
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o Limited feedback at all levels. A
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Table l. Chronological sequcnce of
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Table l. Chronological sequence of
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Impact studies A number of studies
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some simple statistical tests to as
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assets). Patterns of food consumpti
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Production functions for first-seas
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and nonadopters indicate that there
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E~zdowr~tcnt of l~ouselrol~f assets
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variety, inadequate attention was p
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Table 1. Farming system research si
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Table 4. Comparison of levels of in
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Table-6. Compariso~i of le\.els of
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Table 9. Estimated production funct
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Table 11. Factor shares of first-se
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Table 13. Factor slirlres of third-
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Table 15. Endownlent of farm assets
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IAIPACT ASSESShlEhT OF FARMING SYST
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Depending on the adequacy of rainfa
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Demograpllic cllaractehtics. The co
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The major farm implements owned by
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Effect of RWCS on household cash fl
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Table 1. Average cash expenses per
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Table 5. Selected clia~~acteristics
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Table 7. Comparative pcrforinance o
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hiem bers Discussion and Recommenda
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Guideline 4: FSR impact projects sh
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hlem bers o The need to improve doc
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Members what is right depends on po
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Decentralization and farming system
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o More program and less project fun
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Bangladesh Mr. RaGqul Islam Banglad
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Dr. N.F.C. Ranawecru Di\ision of .-
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CFTSSF CLSU CSD CSSAC CVIADP CVRP-I
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PIADP PCA PCARRD PHARLAP PSC PTA RA
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Production Team Editor : Michael Gr
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