standardization of records keeping in indian zoos - Central Zoo ...
standardization of records keeping in indian zoos - Central Zoo ... standardization of records keeping in indian zoos - Central Zoo ...
Representatives of the following families have been successfully tagged with VIE. Fish Acanthuridae - surgeonfishes Adrianichthyidae – ricefishes Anarhichadidae – wolffishes Apogonidae – cardinalfish Carangidae – jacks Centropomidae – snooks Centrarchidae – sunfishes Chaetodontidae – butterflyfishes Chanidae – milkfishes Clupeidae – herrings Cottidae – sculpins Cyprinidae - carps and minnows Cyprinodontidae - pupfishes Eleotridae - sleepers Engraulidae – anchovies Gadidae – cod Galaxiidae - galaxiids Girellidae – nibblers Gobiidae - gobies Ictaluridae - North American catfishes Kuhliidae – flagtails Labridae – wrasses Lutjanidae – snappers Moronidae – temperate basses Mugilidae – mullets Percichthyidae – temperate basses Percidae – perches Petromyzontidae – lampreys Poecilidae– livebearers Polynemidae – threadfins Pomacentridae– damselfishes Salmonidae – salmon, trout, char Scophthalmidae – turbots Scorpaenidae– scorpionfishes and rockfishes Serranidae - sea basses Sparidae – sea breams and porgies Syngnathidae – sea horses and pipefishes Terapontidae – grunters or tigerperches Instruction for implantation of VIE Tags and VI Alpha Tags are provided with all VIE/ VI Alpha Tag kits and are available for download from the website www.nmt.us 74
8.3 Natural Differences The most common and straightforward method of identifying individual elasmobranchs is to take note of natural differences in coloration, markings, size, and/or sex (Ellis, pers. com.; Lewand, pers.com.; Smith, pers. com.; Violetta, pers. com.). This technique is particularly effective with species of a mottled, spotted, or otherwise non-uniform coloration. For example, sand tiger (Carchariastaurus), broadnose sevengill (Notorynchuscepedianus), and white tip reef (Triaenodonobesus) sharks can often be distinguished by thedistribution of darker spots on their bodies. The shape of dorsal fins, and notches or scars thereon, have been used to identify individual white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the wild(Klimley and Ainley, 1998).Relative size differences between individuals may become less obvious as animals grow. However, it is unusual for an individual within a collection to completely change its size ranking relative to other members of the group. Of course a medical condition that affects appetite or food assimilation may change this equation. Behavioral differences may be used as natural identification technique. Janse (pers. com.) has noted a clear and reliable difference in the feeding behavior of two individual blacktip sharks(Carcharhinus limbatus). Individual animals may consistently choose a specific area of an exhibit to swim and/or rest, or have distinctly different behavior toward the presence of divers.The skin pigmentation of some elasmobranch species is patterned, variations of which arecharacteristic to individuals. The arrangement of white spots on spotted eagle rays (Aetobatusnarinari), particularly around the base of the tail, is distinctive for each individual (Gruber, pers. com.).These patterns are similar to human fingerprints in the sense that they are unique and do not changeover time. Photo-identification of individual animals, as has been used in cetacea for many years, has recently been employed in elasmobranchs (Gruber,pers. com.). Firchau (pers. com.) has successfully used photo-identification to distinguish between individual chain dogfish (Scyliorhinus retifer). The chain-like patterns are characteristic for each individual, with the most distinctive differences occurring in the bands on the dorsal part of the head and the pectoral region 75
- Page 23 and 24: Note: a) Date of Birth - if the ani
- Page 25 and 26: Recommended studbook to be maintain
- Page 27 and 28: Picture1: Cabinets for holding Medi
- Page 29 and 30: ANIMAL VACCINATION CARD Species- Ho
- Page 31 and 32: ANIMAL DEWORMING CARD Species- Hous
- Page 33 and 34: ___________________________________
- Page 35 and 36: - Survey/questionnaires - Keeper Re
- Page 37 and 38: Unfortunately it doesn‟t exist. T
- Page 39 and 40: individual. Photographs are well su
- Page 41 and 42: applied with pliers that flatten a
- Page 43 and 44: may be easier to read but the ink w
- Page 45 and 46: IV. Tag loss is primarily attribute
- Page 47 and 48: ensure even contact (uneven contact
- Page 49 and 50: Cow 2-10 weeks 10 secs Macpherson a
- Page 51 and 52: Since ear tags do occasionally come
- Page 53 and 54: Picture 14: American Oyatercatcher
- Page 55 and 56: onto the marker. Commercial cattle
- Page 57 and 58: Picture 21: Neck collars on waterfo
- Page 59 and 60: Picture 22: Marking position in a s
- Page 61 and 62: should never be involved in the cod
- Page 63 and 64: glue helps to ensure that the PIT t
- Page 65 and 66: 7.3 FREEZE BRANDING Freeze branding
- Page 67 and 68: Picture 30: Photo Id in Sand Lizard
- Page 69 and 70: Figure4: Ventral scale clipping sys
- Page 71 and 72: Buckmeier and Irwin (2000) found th
- Page 73: Picture 38 Advantages of VIE tags
- Page 77 and 78: Laboratories, Phoenix, USA), a liqu
- Page 79 and 80: Annexure I Local ID # Common Name &
- Page 81 and 82: Annexure III Keeper’s Diary The f
- Page 83 and 84: Annexure IV Daily Report __________
- Page 85 and 86: Observation Sheet Date Observation
- Page 87 and 88: Annexure VII A Recommended Medical
- Page 89 and 90: Annexure VII C STOOL EXAMINATION CA
- Page 91 and 92: Date Annexure VII E ANIMAL TRANQUIL
- Page 93 and 94: LITERATURE CITED Aldrich, J.W. and
8.3 Natural Differences<br />
The most common and straightforward method <strong>of</strong> identify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
elasmobranchs is to take note <strong>of</strong> natural differences <strong>in</strong> coloration, mark<strong>in</strong>gs, size,<br />
and/or sex (Ellis, pers. com.; Lewand, pers.com.; Smith, pers. com.; Violetta, pers.<br />
com.). This technique is particularly effective with species <strong>of</strong> a mottled, spotted, or<br />
otherwise non-uniform coloration. For example, sand tiger (Carchariastaurus),<br />
broadnose sevengill (Notorynchuscepedianus), and white tip reef (Triaenodonobesus)<br />
sharks can <strong>of</strong>ten be dist<strong>in</strong>guished by thedistribution <strong>of</strong> darker spots on their bodies.<br />
The shape <strong>of</strong> dorsal f<strong>in</strong>s, and notches or scars thereon, have been used to identify<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) <strong>in</strong> the wild(Klimley and A<strong>in</strong>ley,<br />
1998).Relative size differences between <strong>in</strong>dividuals may become less obvious as<br />
animals grow. However, it is unusual for an <strong>in</strong>dividual with<strong>in</strong> a collection to<br />
completely change its size rank<strong>in</strong>g relative to other members <strong>of</strong> the group. Of course a<br />
medical condition that affects appetite or food assimilation may change this equation.<br />
Behavioral differences may be used as natural identification technique. Janse (pers.<br />
com.) has noted a clear and reliable difference <strong>in</strong> the feed<strong>in</strong>g behavior <strong>of</strong> two<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual blacktip sharks(Carcharh<strong>in</strong>us limbatus). Individual animals may<br />
consistently choose a specific area <strong>of</strong> an exhibit to swim and/or rest, or have dist<strong>in</strong>ctly<br />
different behavior toward the presence <strong>of</strong> divers.The sk<strong>in</strong> pigmentation <strong>of</strong> some<br />
elasmobranch species is patterned, variations <strong>of</strong> which arecharacteristic to <strong>in</strong>dividuals.<br />
The arrangement <strong>of</strong> white spots on spotted eagle rays (Aetobatusnar<strong>in</strong>ari),<br />
particularly around the base <strong>of</strong> the tail, is dist<strong>in</strong>ctive for each <strong>in</strong>dividual (Gruber, pers.<br />
com.).These patterns are similar to human f<strong>in</strong>gerpr<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> the sense that they are<br />
unique and do not changeover time. Photo-identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual animals, as has<br />
been used <strong>in</strong> cetacea for many years, has recently been employed <strong>in</strong> elasmobranchs<br />
(Gruber,pers. com.). Firchau (pers. com.) has successfully used photo-identification to<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guish between <strong>in</strong>dividual cha<strong>in</strong> dogfish (Scyliorh<strong>in</strong>us retifer). The cha<strong>in</strong>-like<br />
patterns are characteristic for each <strong>in</strong>dividual, with the most dist<strong>in</strong>ctive differences<br />
occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the bands on the dorsal part <strong>of</strong> the head and the pectoral region<br />
75
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