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Milestones in Watermelon Cultivar Development Gabriele Gusmini and Todd C. Wehner Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] is a major vegetable crop in the United States. Total production from 1999 to 2002 was 1.67 million Mg•year -1 of marketable fruit, and the consumption per capita was 6.6 kg of fresh fruit (3-5, 7). During that time, the state with the highest production was Florida (ca. 380,000 Mg•year -1 ), and the state with the largest cultivated area was Texas (ca. 18,000 ha•year -1 ) (6). Watermelon breeding has been going on for thousands of years, but science-based programs in the U.S. were not started until the late 1800s. By 1900, 'Angeleno', 'Chilean', 'Florida Favorite', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', 'Cole Early', 'Kleckley Sweet', and other open-pollinated cultivars had been released (8). Initially, many watermelon cultivars with different fruit types were available to growers. However, as the market became more established, the cultivars converged on a few types. In addition, the limits to production imposed by new diseases favored those cultivars having resistance. In 1954, C.F. Andrus released 'Charleston Gray', with elongate fruit shape, gray rind, and red flesh (Fig. 1). It was resistant to Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, and sunburn. 'Charleston Gray' became the leading cultivar in the commercial market, although niche markets and home gardeners continued to use a diverse array of types. In 1970, C.V. Hall released 'Allsweet' (Fig. 2) with resistance similar to 'Charleston Gray', but improved fruit quality. 'Allsweet' had elongate fruit shape and rind with wide dark green stripes. The Allsweet fruit type is still popular, even though alternative types have been introduced to the consumers during the last thirty years. Examples of new types are 'Dixielee' and 'Crimson Sweet', both having round fruit with narrow dark green stripes on a light green background. Another type is 'Sugar Baby', with round fruit and solid dark green rind. A major change in watermelon breeding in the United States occurred in 1962 with the release of the first seedless watermelon cultivar, 'Tri-X-313', by O.J. Eigsti. However, it was not until the 1990s that seedless watermelons became commercially important, due to the slow improvement in fertility of the tetraploid parents used as the female parent in the production of triploid (seedless) hybrids. In addition to Andrus, Eigsti, and Hall, a few other major contributors have improved American watermelons in the last fifty years. In the 1950s and 1960s, J.M Crall (University of Florida, Leesburg) released 'Dixielee', a successful alternative to 'Allsweet' for its different fruit-type and superior quality, and 'Minilee' and 'Mickylee', the first icebox (
Literature Cited: 1. Molinar, R., and S. Mueller, Mini "Personal" watermelon variety trial - 2003. 2004, University of California Cooperative Extension: Fresno, CA. 1-6. 2. Schultheis, J. R., W. B. Thompson, W. R. Jester, and B. Taylor. 2005. 2004 Cucurbit cultivar evaluations. Horticultural Research Series In press. 3. USDA-ARS. 2001. Statistics of vegetables and melons. Agricultural Statistics 1:1-38. 4. USDA-ARS. 2002. Statistics of vegetables and melons. Agricultural Statistics 1:IV.1-IV.38. 5. USDA-ARS. 2003. Statistics of vegetables and melons. Agricultural Statistics:IV.1-IV.38. 6. USDA-ARS, Agricultural statistics data base - QuickSTAT. 2004, USDA-ARS. 7. USDA-ARS. 2004. Statistics of vegetables and melons. Agricultural Statistics:IV.1-IV.36. 8. Whitaker, T. W., and I. C. Jagger, Breeding and improvements of Cucurbits, in Yearbook of Agriculture, USDA-ARS, Editor. 1937. p. 207-232. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 28-29: 62-65 (2005-2006) 63
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Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 28-29
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NEWS & COMMENT v 30th Annual CGC Bu
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30th Annual CGC Business Meeting (2
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and emerging problems facing the se
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• R.L. Hassell, J. Schultheis, W.
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Control of Cucumber Grey Mold by En
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Discussion: Microbial endophytes ar
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Table 2. The effects of endophytic
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Systemic Resistance against Sphaero
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Results: Systemic induced resistanc
Page 23 and 24: Table1. Effects of inducers on the
Page 25 and 26: on visual appearance, cavities appe
Page 27 and 28: Literature Cited: 1. Danin-Poleg, Y
Page 29 and 30: A Recessive Gene for Light Immature
Page 31 and 32: SNP Discovery and Mapping in Melon
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Genes associated with carb
Page 35 and 36: used to check the marker order. Map
Page 37 and 38: 0 130 0 40 8 1 OJ04.1000 OH03.500 O
Page 39 and 40: the >Deltex= x TGR1551 cross in the
Page 41 and 42: Number of F2 plants Number of F2 pl
Page 43 and 44: Mapping of QTL for Fruit Size and S
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Simple linear regression (
Page 47 and 48: Grafted Watermelon Stand Survival A
Page 49 and 50: ace, color, national origin, religi
Page 51 and 52: Rootstock Effects on Plant Vigor an
Page 53 and 54: Diann Baze and Dr. Benny Bruton for
Page 55 and 56: Pilot Survey Results to Prioritize
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Results of the research ne
Page 59 and 60: A New Male Sterile Mutant Identifie
Page 61 and 62: Spontaneous Mutant Showing Pale See
Page 63 and 64: Figure 1. Comparison of pale green
Page 65 and 66: Genetic resistance to insect pests
Page 67 and 68: dominance being the largest gene ef
Page 69 and 70: watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thun
Page 71 and 72: gourd and watermelon. Proceedings o
Page 73: Figure 2. Watermelon seed size: 1 =
Page 77 and 78: Figure 2. Cultivar Allsweet, releas
Page 79 and 80: hermaphrodita, Momordica charantia,
Page 81 and 82: local farmers. One has dark green f
Page 83 and 84: amplified in C. moschata and C. max
Page 85 and 86: Inheritance of Yellow Seedling Leth
Page 87 and 88: Another Relationship between Stem a
Page 89 and 90: Diversity within Cucurbita maxima a
Page 91 and 92: Precocious Yellow Rind Color in Cuc
Page 93 and 94: Contrary to what has been reported
Page 95 and 96: Figure 1. Range of mature fruit col
Page 97 and 98: Results: A total of 176 PI accessio
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Sample size (n) and mean (
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. Fruit and seed of Cucumis
Page 103 and 104: Genetic Variability in Ascorbic Aci
Page 105 and 106: Table 1.Total carotenoid and ascorb
Page 107 and 108: PBOG 54, PBOG 61, PBOG 76, PBOG 117
Page 109 and 110: additive gene action in the inherit
Page 111 and 112: Components / proportions Internodal
Page 113 and 114: Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Repor
Page 115 and 116: Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Repor
Page 117 and 118: Gene List 2005 for Cucumber Todd C.
Page 119 and 120: that a single recessive gene mp was
Page 121 and 122: Jones, 1971a; Soans et al., 1973).
Page 123 and 124: CsP440s/E1, CsP221/H3, CsC625/E1, C
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ecombination values. Youngner (1952
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Zijlstra (1987) also determined tha
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co - green corolla. Green petals th
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observed. Fl - Fruit length. Expres
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m-2 h andromonoecious-2. Bisexual f
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susceptibility. Pm-h from 'Wis. SMR
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white (WfWf YfYf ): wf from 'NPI '
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library DNA fragment Jayabaskaran,
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AB026821 Seedling RNA Encoding IAA
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Cochran, F. D. 1938. Breeding cucum
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cDNA sequence and very early expres
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esistance and powdery mildew lysozy
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Pyzenkov, V. I. and G. A. Kosareva.
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Shiomi, S., M. Yamamoto, T. Ono, K.
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for bitterfree foliage in cucumber.
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Acp-1 APS-11, Ap-1 1 Acid phosphata
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Fom-2 Fom1.2 Fusarium oxysporum mel
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ud stage (in Bulgaria 7). ms-5 - ma
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Pm-7 - Powdery mildew resistance-7.
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Y - Yellow epicarp. Dominant to whi
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Cm-AO4 AF233594 Ascorbate oxidase A
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Cm-XTH2 DQ914795 Xyloglucan endotra
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to downy mildew in Cucumis melo PI
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58. Jagger, I.C., T.W. Whitaker and
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99. Périn, C., L.S. Hagen, V. de C
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140. Zink, F.W. 1986. Inheritance o
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Aboul-Nasr, M. Hossam. Dept. Hortic
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Interests: myrothecium stem canker
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& 724966; Interests: cucumber, melo
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Kuginuki, Yasuhisa. National Instit
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Email: lmerrick@iastate.edu; Ph: 51
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Randhawa, Lakhwinder. Sakata Seed A
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Thompson, Gary A. Univ. Arkansas LR
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Alabama Dane, F Arkansas Morelock,
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Peru Holle, M Philippines Beronilla
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ARTICLE IV. Election and Appointmen
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