Medieval Seafaring in the Mediterranean - Nautical Archaeology at ...
Medieval Seafaring in the Mediterranean - Nautical Archaeology at ...
Medieval Seafaring in the Mediterranean - Nautical Archaeology at ...
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<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Seafar<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong><br />
Anthropology 618 – Read<strong>in</strong>g List<br />
Spr<strong>in</strong>g 2009<br />
Mondays, 9:10 to 12:20; Room ANTH130; Dr. Filipe Castro<br />
Office 105 Anthropology Build<strong>in</strong>g, Tel. 845-6220, E-Mail: fvcastro@tamu.edu<br />
Office hours: 2-5 Monday or by appo<strong>in</strong>tment<br />
1. L<strong>at</strong>e Antiquity and <strong>the</strong> East-West split: from Diocletian to Theodosius (284-395 AD).<br />
Cameron, A. The <strong>Mediterranean</strong> World <strong>in</strong> L<strong>at</strong>e Antiquity: 395-600. London:<br />
Routledge, 1993.<br />
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ancient World. Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton: Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton<br />
University Press, 1973.<br />
Garnsey, P. and R. Saller. The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture.<br />
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.<br />
Jones, A.H.M. The L<strong>at</strong>er Roman Empire 284-602. A Social, Economic and<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istr<strong>at</strong>ive Survey. Oxford, B. Blackwell, 1964.<br />
Landels, J.G. Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ancient World. Berkeley, University of<br />
California Press, 1978.<br />
Treadgold, Warren, A Concise History of Bizantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.<br />
2. Madrague de Giens<br />
Pomey, P. "Le navire roma<strong>in</strong> de la Madrague de Giens." Paris: CRAI (1982):<br />
133-154.<br />
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval roma<strong>in</strong>e: M<strong>at</strong>eriaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:<br />
CNRS, 1991, 147-239.<br />
Tchernia, A., P. Pomey, and A. Hesnard. L'épave roma<strong>in</strong>e de la Madrague de<br />
Giens (Var) (Campagnes 1972-1975). Gallia Supplement 24. Paris, 1978.<br />
1
3. Po<strong>in</strong>te de la Luque B<br />
Clerc, J.-P. and J.C. Negrel, “Prémiers result<strong>at</strong>s de la campagne de fouilles 1971<br />
sur l’épave B de la Po<strong>in</strong>te de la Luque.” Cahiers d’Archéologie Subaqu<strong>at</strong>ique 2<br />
(1973): 61-71.<br />
Liou, B. “Direction des recherches archéologiques sous-mar<strong>in</strong>es.” Gallia 31<br />
(1973): 571-608.<br />
4. The wreck <strong>at</strong> La Bourse de Marseilles<br />
Gassend, J.-M. L’épave antique du Lacydon. Marseilles 1982.<br />
Gassend, J.-M. and J.-P. Cuomo, “Un acquis recent des récherches d’architecture<br />
navale: la `construction alternée’ des navires antiques.” VI Congreso<br />
Internacional de Arqueologia Submar<strong>in</strong>a, Cartagena 1982, pp. 343-350.<br />
Gassend, J.-M. “La construction navale antique de type alterné: exemple d’un<br />
mode de construction.” Tropis I. H Tzalas (ed.) Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs from <strong>the</strong> 1 st<br />
Symposium of Ship Construction <strong>in</strong> Antiquity. Piraeus: Hellenic Institute for <strong>the</strong><br />
Preserv<strong>at</strong>ion of <strong>Nautical</strong> Tradition, 1985, 115-127.<br />
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval roma<strong>in</strong>e: M<strong>at</strong>eriaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:<br />
CNRS, 1991, 245-265.<br />
5. Yassiada II and Dramont F.<br />
Bass, G.F., and F.H. van Doorn<strong>in</strong>ck, Jr. “A 4 th -century wreck <strong>at</strong> Yassi Ada,” AJA<br />
75 (1971) 27-46.<br />
van Doorn<strong>in</strong>ck, Jr., F.H. “The 4 th -Century Wreck <strong>at</strong> Yassi Ada. An Interim<br />
Report on <strong>the</strong> Hull,” IJNA 5 (1976): 115-131.<br />
Joncheray, J.-P. “Une épave du Bas Empire: Dramont F.” Cahiers d’Archéologie<br />
Subaqu<strong>at</strong>ique 4 (1975): 91-140.<br />
6. From Theodosius to Heraclius (379-641 AD). The merchant world <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Mediterranean</strong>.<br />
Brunt, P. (ed). The Roman Economy. Oxford, 1974.<br />
Garnsey, P., K. Hopk<strong>in</strong>s, and C.R. Whittaker (eds.). Trade <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ancient<br />
Economy. London: The Hogarth Press, 1983.<br />
Greene, K. The <strong>Archaeology</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Roman Economy. Berkeley: University of<br />
California Press, 1986.<br />
Treadgold, Warren A Concise History of Byzantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.<br />
2
7. Port-Vendres I<br />
Liou, B. “L’épave roma<strong>in</strong>e de l’anse Gerbal à Port-Vendres.” Comptes rendus,<br />
Academie des Instriptions et Belles-Lettres (1974): 414-433.<br />
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval roma<strong>in</strong>e: M<strong>at</strong>eriaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:<br />
CNRS, 1991, 267-296.<br />
8. Sebastos and Portus<br />
Brandon, C. “The Concrete-Filled Barges of K<strong>in</strong>g Herod’s Harbor of Sebastos.”<br />
Res Maritimae: Cyprus and <strong>the</strong> eastern <strong>Mediterranean</strong> from Prehistory to L<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Antiquity (ASOR Archaeological Reports 4). Atlanta, 1994, 45-58.<br />
Holum, K., R. Hohlfelder, R.J. Bull and A. Raban. K<strong>in</strong>g Herod’s Dream:<br />
Caesarea on <strong>the</strong> Sea. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988.<br />
Raban, A. The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of <strong>the</strong> Caesarea Ancient<br />
Harbour Excav<strong>at</strong>ion Project, 1980-1985 I: The Site and <strong>the</strong> Excav<strong>at</strong>ions. BAR<br />
Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Series 491. Oxford, 1989.<br />
Raban, A. “Sebastos: The Royal Harbor <strong>at</strong> Caesarea Maritima- a Short-Lived<br />
Giant,” IJNA 21 (1992) 111-124.<br />
Testaguzza, O. Portus: Illustrazione dei porti di Claudio e Traiano e della citta’<br />
di Porto a Fiumic<strong>in</strong>o. Rome, 1970.<br />
9. Laws concern<strong>in</strong>g maritime trade, contracts, oblig<strong>at</strong>ions, customs and harbor fees.<br />
Ashburner, W. “Sources of <strong>the</strong> Rhodian Sea Law,” <strong>in</strong> The Rhodian Sea Law.<br />
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909: 27-90.<br />
Just<strong>in</strong>ian, The Digest of Just<strong>in</strong>ian. Philadelphia, 1985, 47.9, 14.1-14.2.<br />
Just<strong>in</strong>ian, The Digest of Roman Law. New York: Pengu<strong>in</strong> Books, 1979: 7-10.<br />
Goffart, W. Caput and Colon<strong>at</strong>e: Towards a History of L<strong>at</strong>e Roman Tax<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.<br />
3
10. The Army’s needs. Canals. Road systems.<br />
Campbell, B. The Roman Army 31 B.C.-A.D. 337: A Source Book. London:<br />
Routledge, 1994.<br />
Coello, T. Unit Sizes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>at</strong>e Roman Field Army. BAR Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Series<br />
645, Oxford, 1996.<br />
Cromwell, R. The Rise and Decl<strong>in</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> L<strong>at</strong>e Roman Field Army.<br />
Shippensburg: White Mane Publish<strong>in</strong>g Co. Inc., 1998.<br />
Davies, R. Service <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roman Army. New York: Columbia University Press,<br />
1989.<br />
Peddie, J. The Roman War Mach<strong>in</strong>e. Gloucestershire: A. Sutton, 1994.<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn, P. and K.R. Dixon. The L<strong>at</strong>e Roman Army. New Haven: Yale<br />
University Press, 1996.<br />
Treadgold, W. Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford: Stanford University<br />
Press, 1995.<br />
11. Urban demands. Bulk cargoes: gra<strong>in</strong>, and build<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>at</strong>erials. Amphoras: W<strong>in</strong>e, oil,<br />
and fish sauce.<br />
Bakirtzis, Ch. “Byzant<strong>in</strong>e amphorae.” In Recherches sur la céramique byzant<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
V.<br />
Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds. Bullet<strong>in</strong> de Correspondence Hellénique,<br />
Supplement 18 (1989): 74-77.<br />
Hass, C. Alexandria <strong>in</strong> L<strong>at</strong>e Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict.<br />
Baltimore: Johns Hopk<strong>in</strong>s University Press, 1997.<br />
Hayes, J. L<strong>at</strong>e Roman Pottery. London: British School <strong>at</strong> Rome, 1972.<br />
Hodges, R. Dark Age Economics: The orig<strong>in</strong>s of towns and trade A.D. 600-1000.<br />
New York: St. Mart<strong>in</strong>’s Press, 1982.<br />
Joncheray, J.-P. Nouvelle classific<strong>at</strong>ion des amphores decouvertes lors des<br />
fouilles sous-mar<strong>in</strong>es. Frejus, 1976.<br />
Jones, A.H.M. Decl<strong>in</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> Ancient World. London: Longman Inc., 1966.<br />
Liebeschuetz, J. Antioch: City and Imperial Adm<strong>in</strong>istr<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> L<strong>at</strong>er Roman<br />
Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.<br />
Manacorda, D. and C. Panella. “Anfore.” In The Inscribed Economy: Production<br />
and Distribution <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roman Empire <strong>in</strong> Light of “<strong>in</strong>strumentum domesticum, ed.<br />
W. Harris. Ann Arbor,: University of Michigan, 1993: 55-64.<br />
Meigs, R. Roman Ostia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973 (2 nd ed.).<br />
4
Peacock, D.P.S. and D.F. Williams. Amphorae and <strong>the</strong> Roman economy: an<br />
<strong>in</strong>troductory guide. London: Longman Inc., 1986.<br />
Rickman, G. The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.<br />
Sirks, A. Food for Rome. Amsterdam: J. C. Giegen, 1991.<br />
Whittaker, C.R. Land, City and Trade <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roman Empire. Brookfield, VT:<br />
Variorum Repr<strong>in</strong>ts, 1993.<br />
12. Luxury cargoes.<br />
Miller, J.I. The Spice Trade of <strong>the</strong> Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.<br />
13. The Skerki Bank wrecks - Isis<br />
Ballard, R. D. and R. Archbold. The Lost Wreck of <strong>the</strong> Isis. New York: Madison<br />
Press Books, 1990.<br />
Ballard, R., et. al. “The Discovery of Ancient History <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deep Sea Us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Advanced Deep Submerge Technology,” Deep-Sea Research I 47 (2000), 1591-<br />
1620.<br />
McCann, A.M. and J. Freed. Deep W<strong>at</strong>er <strong>Archaeology</strong>: A L<strong>at</strong>e-Roman Ship from<br />
Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily (JRA<br />
Supplementary Series No. 13). Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books, 1994.<br />
14. Ship size<br />
Parker, A.J. Ancient Shipwrecks of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Mediterranean</strong> and <strong>the</strong> Roman Prov<strong>in</strong>ces.<br />
BAR Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Series 580. Oxford: Hadrian Books, 1992.<br />
Pomey, P<strong>at</strong>rice La navig<strong>at</strong>ion dans l’Antiquité.<br />
15. Security <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> seas. The <strong>Mediterranean</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 3 rd -5 th centuries. Notitia Dignit<strong>at</strong>um.<br />
Rodgers, W.L. Greek and Roman Naval Warfare. Annapolis, MD: Naval<br />
Institute Press, 1983.<br />
Rankov, B. “Fleets of <strong>the</strong> Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324.” In The Age of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-classical Times. R Gard<strong>in</strong>er<br />
(ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.<br />
Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Associ<strong>at</strong>ion for Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Studies,<br />
1982, II and V, 20.<br />
5
16. Piracy. Roman biremes. Liburnians.<br />
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ancient World. Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton: Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton<br />
University Press, 1970.<br />
Hocker, F. “L<strong>at</strong>e Roman, Byzant<strong>in</strong>e, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets,” <strong>in</strong> The Age<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-classical Times, R.<br />
Gard<strong>in</strong>er, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 86-100.<br />
Hockmann, O. “The Liburnian: Some Observ<strong>at</strong>ions and Insights,” IJNA 26<br />
(1997) 192-216.<br />
Panciera, S. “Liburna,” Epigraphica 18 (1956) 130-156.<br />
17. The ancient-medieval transition and <strong>the</strong> competition for maritime dom<strong>in</strong>ance.<br />
Ostrogorsky, G. History of <strong>the</strong> Byzant<strong>in</strong>e St<strong>at</strong>e. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers<br />
University Press, 1969.<br />
Treadgold, W. A History of <strong>the</strong> Byzant<strong>in</strong>e St<strong>at</strong>e and Society. Stanford, CA:<br />
Stanford University Press, 1997.<br />
18. Naval campaigns <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wars of Constant<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Rodgers, W.L. Naval Warfare Under Oars 4 th to 16 th Centuries: A Study of<br />
Str<strong>at</strong>egy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983.<br />
Rankov, B. “Fleets of <strong>the</strong> Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324.” In The Age of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-classical Times. R Gard<strong>in</strong>er<br />
(ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.<br />
Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Associ<strong>at</strong>ion for Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Studies,<br />
1982, II and V, 20.<br />
19. The fleet of Anastasius.<br />
Rodgers, W.L. Naval Warfare Under Oars 4 th to 16 th Centuries: A Study of<br />
Str<strong>at</strong>egy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983.<br />
Rankov, B. “Fleets of <strong>the</strong> Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324.” In The Age of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-classical Times. R Gard<strong>in</strong>er<br />
(ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.<br />
Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Associ<strong>at</strong>ion for Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Studies,<br />
1982, II and V, 20.<br />
6
20. Umayyad (661-750 AD) and Abbasid (750-1258 AD) Caliph<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
Hourani, A. A History of <strong>the</strong> Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University<br />
Press, 1991.<br />
Long, P.O. (Ed). Science and Technology <strong>in</strong> <strong>Medieval</strong> Society. Annals of <strong>the</strong><br />
New York Academy of Sciences 441. New York, 1985.<br />
Kennedy, Hugh The Prophet and <strong>the</strong> Age of <strong>the</strong> Caliph<strong>at</strong>es. New York:<br />
Longman Inc., 1986.<br />
21. Transition from shell to skeleton: Tantura A, Yassiada I and Sa<strong>in</strong>t Gervais II.<br />
Al-Hassan, A. Y., and D. R. Hill, Islamic Technology: an illustr<strong>at</strong>ed history.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.<br />
Bass, G. and F. van Doorn<strong>in</strong>ck, Yassi Ada: A Seventh-Century Byzant<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Shipwreck. College St<strong>at</strong>ion: Texas A&M University Press, 1982.<br />
Constable, O. R., Trade and Traders <strong>in</strong> Muslim Spa<strong>in</strong>: The Commercial<br />
Realignment of <strong>the</strong> Iberian Pen<strong>in</strong>sula, 900-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge<br />
University Press, 1994.<br />
Steffy, J.R. Wooden Shipbuild<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>the</strong> Interpret<strong>at</strong>ion of Shipwrecks. College<br />
St<strong>at</strong>ion: Texas A&M University Press, 1994, pp. 79-85.<br />
22. The Bozburun shipwreck.<br />
Hocker, F.M. and M.P. Scafuri. “The Bozburun Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Shipwreck<br />
Excav<strong>at</strong>ion: 1996 Campaign,” INA Quarterly 23.4 (1996) 3-9.<br />
Harpster, M. The Bozburun Hull. Paper presented <strong>at</strong> Tropis VII, Pylos, 1999.<br />
23. Serçe Limanı and Tantura F shipbuild<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Bass, G.F. and van Doorn<strong>in</strong>ck, F.H. “An 11 th Century Shipwreck <strong>at</strong> Serçe<br />
Limanı, Turkey,” IJNA 7 (1978) 119-132.<br />
Runnels, C. “The Rotary Querns,” INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 30-31.<br />
Steffy, J.R. Wooden Shipbuild<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>the</strong> Interpret<strong>at</strong>ion of Shipwrecks. College<br />
St<strong>at</strong>ion: Texas A&M University Press, 1994, pp. 85-91.<br />
Kahanov, Y. and J.G. Royal. “The 1995 INA/CMS Tantura A Byzant<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Shipwreck Excav<strong>at</strong>ion – Hull Construction Report,” C.M.S. News 23 (December<br />
1996) 21-23.<br />
7
24. The “Saracen” wrecks: Estéou, Agay A and B, B<strong>at</strong>éguier. Tantura B shipwreck.<br />
Darmoul, A. “Les épaves sarras<strong>in</strong>es. Contribution à l’étude des techniques de<br />
construction navales musulmanes et méditerranéenes,” <strong>in</strong> L’Homme<br />
Méditerranéen la Mer. M. Galley and L. Ladjimi Sebai, eds. Tunis, 1985, pp.<br />
152-165.<br />
Jézégou, Marie-Pierre, et al., “Les épaves sarras<strong>in</strong>es d’Agay et de Cannes”<br />
Archeologia (1997), 337:32-39.<br />
Joncheray, J.P. “Researches off Sa<strong>in</strong>t Raphaël and Cannes, 1973”, INJA 3 (1974)<br />
327-328.<br />
Joncheray, J.P. “1974 Excav<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wrecks of B<strong>at</strong>aiguier (Early Middle<br />
Ages) and Bon Porté,” INJA 5 (1976) 87-89.<br />
Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitste<strong>in</strong>. “A Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Study of <strong>the</strong> Hull Rema<strong>in</strong>s,” INA<br />
Quarterly 22.2 (1995) 9-13.<br />
Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitste<strong>in</strong>. “Tantura Excav<strong>at</strong>ion 1994: A Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Report<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Wood,” C.M.S. News 22 (August 1995).<br />
Wachsmann, S. “Technology Before its Time: A Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Shipwreck from<br />
Tantura Lagoon,” The Explorers Journal 74/1 (1996) 19-23.<br />
Wachsmann, S. and Y. Kahanov. “Shipwreck Fall: <strong>the</strong> INA/CMS Jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Expedition to Tantura Lagoon, Israel,” INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997) 3-18.<br />
Wachsmann, S., Y. Kahanov, and J. Hall. “The Tantura B Shipwreck: The 1996<br />
INA/CMS Jo<strong>in</strong>t Expedition to Tantura Lagoon,” INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997) 3-15.<br />
Wachsmann, S. and K. Raveh “A Concise <strong>Nautical</strong> History of Dor/Tantura,”<br />
IJNA 13 (1984) 223-241.<br />
25. East and West. The Arab <strong>Mediterranean</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Abbasid period (AD 750-1258).<br />
Hourani, A. A History of <strong>the</strong> Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University<br />
Press, 1991.<br />
R. Tomber, “Quantit<strong>at</strong>ive approaches to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestig<strong>at</strong>ion of long-distance<br />
exchange.” Journal of Roman <strong>Archaeology</strong> 6 (1993): 142-148.<br />
26. Iconographic evidence and rigs. L<strong>at</strong>een rigg<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Basch, Lucien “L’apparition de la voile l<strong>at</strong><strong>in</strong>e en mediterranée,” Techniques et<br />
économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l’<strong>in</strong>nov<strong>at</strong>ion. Colloque<br />
<strong>in</strong>tern<strong>at</strong>ional (C.N.R.S.) Meeks, Dimitri and Garcia, Dom<strong>in</strong>ique (Eds.), Paris:<br />
Editions Errance, 1997.<br />
8
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ancient World. Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton: Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton<br />
Unversity Press, 1973.<br />
Casson, L. “Orig<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> L<strong>at</strong>een,” American Neptune 31 (1071) pp. 49-51.<br />
Dimmock, L. “The L<strong>at</strong>een Rig,” Mar<strong>in</strong>er’s Mirror 32 (1946) pp. 35-41.<br />
Hocker, F. “L<strong>at</strong>e Roman, Byzant<strong>in</strong>e, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets,” <strong>in</strong> The Age<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-classical Times, R.<br />
Gard<strong>in</strong>er, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995: 86-100.<br />
Hourani, G. Arab <strong>Seafar<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Indian Ocean <strong>in</strong> ancient and <strong>Medieval</strong> Times.<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton: Pr<strong>in</strong>ceton University Press, 1986 (revised ed.)<br />
Lane, F.C. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of <strong>the</strong> Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns<br />
Hopk<strong>in</strong>s University Press, 1992 (repr<strong>in</strong>t of 1934 ed.)<br />
Pryor, J.H. “From Dromon to Galea: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Bireme Galleys AD 500-<br />
1300,” <strong>in</strong> Age of <strong>the</strong> Galley: <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Oared Vessels S<strong>in</strong>ce Pre-Classical<br />
Times, R. Gard<strong>in</strong>er, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995: 101-116.<br />
Pryor, J.H “The <strong>Mediterranean</strong> Round Ship,” <strong>in</strong> Cogs, Caravels and Galleons, R.<br />
Gard<strong>in</strong>er, (ed). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994: 59-76.<br />
van Doorn<strong>in</strong>ck, Jr., F.H. “Byzantium, Mistress of <strong>the</strong> Sea: 330-641,” <strong>in</strong> A<br />
History of <strong>Seafar<strong>in</strong>g</strong>, G.F. Bass, (ed.) London: Thames and Hudson, 1972, pp.<br />
133-158.<br />
27. Military and civilian supply and demand.<br />
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42. The Vik<strong>in</strong>gs arrive!<br />
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