World Development Report 1984

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series in national currencies are applied to the 1975 are in dollars at prevailing exchange rates. Note value added in US dollars to derive the values, in that they do not include trade in services. 1975 US dollars, for 1970 and 1981. The growth rates of merchandise exports and imports are in real terms and are calculated from quantum (volume) indices of exports and imports. Quantum Table 8. Commercial energy indices are the ratios of the export or import value The data on energy generally are from UN sources. Thevrefr t comerialform ofpriaryenegy: index to the corresponding unit value index. For msdevelopneconoies these indesa Fr most developing economies these indices are from Theytrolef tod commercal forms ofquids, p ergy ari petroleum and natural gas liquids, natural gas, soId ful (cal lint,ads'o) n rmr the UNCTAD Handbook of International Trade and Deeomn Sttsisadspleetr.aao Development Statistics and supplementary data. For solidrfuels (nuceal, ignithe,man , and prim industrial economies the indices are from the UN electricity geothermal (nuclear andhydroYearbook power)-all converted into oil equivalents. Figures of International Trade Statistics and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. The summary measures are on liquid fuel consumption include petroleum median values. Note again that these values do not derivatives that have been consumed in non- include trade in . energy uses. For converting primary electricity The terns of trade, or net barter terms of trade, into oil equivalents, a notional thermal efficiency of > , ' , ~~~~~~~~~~measure the relative . ' level of export prices corn- ' 34 percent has been assumed. The use of firewood pared to import prices. Calculated as the ratio of a and other traditional fuels, though substantial in country's export unit value index to the import some developing countries, is not taken into unit value index, this indicator shows changes account because reliable and comprehensive data over time in the level of export prices as a percentare not available. age of import prices. The terms-of-trade index The summary measures of growth rates of numbers are shown for 1979 and 1982, with 1980 = production are weighted by volumes of production 100. The unit value indices are from the same in 1974; those of growth rates of en'ergy consunp- sources cited above for the growth rates of exports tion, by volumes of consumption in 1974; those of and imports. energy consumttiptionz per capita, by population in 1974. Enzergy imports refer to the dollar value of energy imports-Section 3 in the Revised Standard Inter- Tables 10 and 11. Structure of merchandise national Trade Classification (SITC)-and are trade expressed as a percentage of earnings from mer- The shares in these tables are derived from trade chandise exports. The summary measures are values in current dollars reported in UN trade weighted bv merchandise exports in current dollars. tapes and the UN Yearbook of International Trade Sta- Because data on energy imports do not permit a tistics, supplemented by other regular statistical distinction between petroleum imports for fuel publications of the UN and the IMF. and for use in the petrochemicals industry, these Merchandise exports and imports are defined in the note for Table 9. The categorization of exports and percentages may overestimate the dependence on imported energy. ~~~~imports follows the Revised Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). In Table 10, fuels, mniicrals, anid metals are the com- Table 9. Growth of merchandise trade modities in SITC Section 3, Divisions 27 and 28 (minerals, crude fertilizers, and metalliferous The statistics on merchandise trade are from UN ores), and Division 68 (nonferrous metals). Othler publications and the UN trade data system, sup- prima rl/ commiiiiodities comprise SITC Sections 0, 1, 2, plemented by statistics from the UN Conference and 4 (food and live animals, beverages and on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Inter- tobacco, inedible crude materials, oils, fats, and national Monetary Fund (IMF), and in a few cases waxes) less Divisions 27 and 28. Textiles and clothinlg World Bank country documentation. represent SITC Divisions 65 and 84 (textiles, yarns, Merchandise exports and imnports cover, with some fabrics, and clothing). Machinerlv and transport exceptions, all international changes in ownership etlizipment are the commodities in SITC Section 7. of goods passing across customs borders. Exports Other miianiuifacturcs, calculated as the residual from are valued f.o.b. (free on board), imports c.i.f. the total value of manufactured exports, represent (cost, insurance, and freight), unless otherwise SITC Sections 5 through 9 less Section 7 and Divispecified in the foregoing sources. These values sions 65, 68, and 84. 278
In Table 11, food commodities are those in SITC quited transfers to the rest of the world. The cur- Sections 0, 1, and 4 and in Division 22 (food and rent account estimates are primarily from IMF data live animals, beverages and tobacco, and oils and files. fats). Fuels are the commodities in SITC Section 3 Workers' remittances cover remittances of income (mineral fuels, lubricants, and related materials). by migrants who are employed or expected to be Otiher primary commodities comprise SITC Section 2 employed for a year or more in their new econ- (crude materials excluding fuels) less Division 22 omy, where they are considered residents. (oilseeds and nuts) plus Division 68 (nonferrous Net direct private investment is the net amount metals). Machinery and transport equipment are the invested or reinvested by nonresidents in entercommodities in SITC Section 7. Other manufactures, prises in which they or other nonresidents exercise calculated as the residual from the total value of significant managerial control. Including equity manufactured imports, represent SITC Sections 5 capital, reinvested earnings, and other capital, through 9 less Section 7 and Division 68. these net figures also take into account the value of The summary measures in Table 10 are weighted direct investment abroad by residents of the by merchandise exports in current dollars; those in reporting country. These estimates were compiled - Table 11, by merchandise imports in current dol- primarily from IMF data files. lars. Gross international reserves comprise holdings of gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), the reserve Table 12. Origin and destination of position of IMF members in the Fund, and holdmerchandise exports ings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities. The data on holdings of Merchandise exports are defined in the note for Table international reserves are from IMF data files. The 9. Trade shares in this table are based on statistics gold component of these reserves is valued on the value of trade in current dollars from the throughout at year-end London prices: that is, UN and the IMF. Unallocated exports are distrib- $37.37 an ounce in 1970 and $456.90 an ounce in uted among the economy groups in proportion to 1982. The reserve levels for 1970 and 1982 refer to their respective shares of allocable trade. Industrial the end of the year indicated and are in current market economies also include Gibraltar, Iceland, dollars at prevailing exchange rates. Due to differand Luxembourg; high-income oil exporters also ences in the definition of international reserves, in include Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, and Qatar. the valuation of gold, and in reserve management The summary measures are weighted by merchan- practices, the levels of reserve holdings published dise exports in current dollars. in national sources do not have strictly comparable significance. Reserve holdings at the end of 1982 Table 13. Origin and destination of are also expressed in terms of the number of manufactured exports months of imports of goods and services they could pay for, with imports at the average level for The data in this table are from the UN and are 1981 or 1982. The summary measures are weighted among those used to compute special Table B in by imports of goods and services in current dolthe UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics. lars. Manufactured goods are the commodities in SITC (Revised) Sections 5 through 9 (chemicals and Table 15. Flow of public and publicly related products, manufactured articles, and machinery and transport equipment) excluding Division 68 (nonferrous metals). The data on debt in this and successive tables are The economy groups are the same as those in from the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. Table 12. The summary measures are weighted by That system is concerned solely with developing manufactured exports in current dollars. economies and does not collect data on external debt for other groups of borrowers. Nor are com- Table 14. Balance of payments and reserves prehensive comparable data available from other sources. The current account balance is the difference Data on the gross inflow and repayment of principal between (1) exports of goods and services plus (amortization) are for public and publicly guaraninflows of unrequited official and private transfers teed medium- and long-term loans. The net inflow and (2) imports of goods and services plus unre- is the gross inflow less the repayment of principal. 279
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
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TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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effectiveness of existing laws, ins
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in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
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FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
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Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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few births; to encourage spacing, T
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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
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Box"7.1 Family planning for health
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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
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132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
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TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
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TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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may be delaying a first pregnancy,
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family planning and maternal and ch
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clients may develop can be promptly
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Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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medical examination was not always
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measuring social acceptability, or
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Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
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costs per user. Public cost per use
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sanguine, however, as soon as one t
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TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
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Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
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FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
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improving the availability of famil
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Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
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Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
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FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
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growth. Fertility has declined in t
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Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
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FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
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able several types of condoms, pill
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housing schemes to parents with onl
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and training, data collection and a
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9 Ten years of experience Much that
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ecause few effective methods are of
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Population data supplement The six
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Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
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190 Births and total fertility =Ice
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Table 1. Population projections Rat
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Table 2. Population composition Low
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Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
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Table 5. Status of women Number enr
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Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
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Bibliographical note This Report ha
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Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
Page 242 and 243: Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
Page 244 and 245: Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
Page 246 and 247: Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
Page 248 and 249: Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
Page 250 and 251: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
Page 252 and 253: Table 11. Structure of merchandise
Page 254 and 255: Table 12. Origin and destination of
Page 256 and 257: Table 13. Origin and destination of
Page 258 and 259: Table 14. Balance of payments and r
Page 260 and 261: Table 15. Flow of public and public
Page 262 and 263: Table 16. External public debt and
Page 264 and 265: Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
Page 266 and 267: Table 18. Official development assi
Page 268 and 269: Table 19. Population growth and pro
Page 270 and 271: Table 20. Demographic and fertility
Page 272 and 273: Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
Page 274 and 275: Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
Page 276 and 277: Table 23. Indicators related to lif
Page 278 and 279: Table 24. Health-related indicators
Page 280 and 281: Table 25. Education Number Number e
Page 282 and 283: Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
Page 284 and 285: Table 27. Central government curren
Page 286 and 287: Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
Page 288 and 289: Technical notes This edition of the
Page 290 and 291: difficulties in assigning subsisten
Page 294 and 295: Public loans are external obligatio
Page 296 and 297: estimates, the total fertility rate
Page 298 and 299: expenditure and current revenue sho
Page 300: Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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