World Development Report 1984

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Table 28. In-come distribution Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups of households' Year Lowest 20_percent Second quintile Third quintile Fourth quintile Highest 20 percent Highest 1 0 percent La w---i"n' c o-m e -ec on om ie s China and India Other low-income 1 Chad_ 2 Bangladesh 3 Ethiopia 4 Nepal S Mali 6 Burmna 1973-74 1976-77 6.9 4.6 11.3 8.0 16.1 11.7 23 5 16.5 42.2 59.2 27 4 46.5 7 Zaire 8 Malawi 9 Upper Volta 10 Uganda 1967-68 10.4 11.1 13.1 14.8 50 6 40 1 11 India 12 Rwanda 13 Burundi 14 Tanzania 15 Somalia 16 Haiti 17 Benin 18 Central African Rep. 19 Cnina 20 Gujinea 1975-76 1969 7.0 5.B 9.2 10.2 13.9 13 9 20.5 19.7 49 4 50.4 33.6 35.6 21 Niger 22 Madagascar 23 Sri Lanka 24 Togo 25 Ghana 1969-70 . 75 11.7 15.7 21.7 43.4 28.2 26 Pakistan 27 Kenya 28 Sierra Leone 29 Afghanistan 30 Bhutan 31 Kampuchea, Dem. 32 Lao PDR 33 Mozambique 34 Viet Nam Middle-income economies Oil exporters Oil importers Lower middle-income 1976 1967-69 2.6 5.6 6.3 9.5 11.5 12 8 19.2 19.6 60.4 52 5 45.8 37 8 35 Sudan 36 Mauritania 37 Yemen, PDR 38 Liberia 39 Senegal 40 Yemen Arab Rep. 1967-68 4.0 8.9 16.6 20.7 49 8 34 6 41 Lesotho 42 Bolivia 43 Indonesia 44 Zambia 45 Honduras 46 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1976 66 7 8 12.6 23.6 49 4 34 0 47 El Salvador 48 Thailand 49 Papua New Guinea 1975-76 . 56 . 9.6 13 9 21 1 49 8 34 1 50 Philippines 51 Zimnbabwe 52 Nigeria 53 Morocco 54 Cameroon 55 Nicaragua 56 Ivory Coast 57 Guatemala 1970-71 52 9.0 12.8 19.0 54.0 38 5 58 Congo, People's Rep. 59 Costa Rica 1971 3.3 8.7 13.3 19 9 54.8 39.5 60 Peru 61 Dominican Rep. 62 Jamnaica 63 Ecuador 64 Turkey 1972 1973 1.9 . 3.5 5.1 6.0 11.0 12.5 21.0 19.5 61.0 56 5 42.9 40.7 Note. For data comparability and coverage see the technical notes. 272
65 Tunisia 66 Colombia 67 Paraguay 68 Angola 69 Cuba 70 Korea, Dem. Rep. 71 Lebanon 72 Mongolia Upper middle-income Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups of householdsa Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest Highest Year 20 percent quintile quintile quintile 20 percent 10 percent 73 Syrian Arab Rep. 74 Jordan 75 Malaysia 1973 3.5 7.7 12.4 20 3 56.1 39.8 76 Korea, Rep. of 1976 5.7 11.2 15.4 22.4 45.3 275 77 Panama 1970 2.0 5.2 11.0 20 0 61.8 44 2 78 Chile 1968 4 4 9.0 13.8 214 51.4 34.8 79 Brazil 1972 2 0 5.0 9.4 17.0 66.6 50 6 80 Mexico 1977 2.9 7.0 12.0 204 57.7 40.6 81 Algeria 82 Portugal 83 Argentina 1970 4.4 9.7 14.1 21 5 50.3 35.2 84 Uruguay 85 South Africa 86 Yugoslavia 1978 6.6 12 1 187 239 38.7 22.9 87 Venezuela 1970 3.0 7.3 12.9 22.8 54.0 35.7 88 Greece 89 Israel 1979-80 6.0 12.0 17.7 24.4 39.9 22.6 90 Hong Kong 1980 5.4 10.8 15.2 21 6 47.0 31.3 91 Singapore 92 TrinidadandTobago 1975-76 4.2 9.1 13.9 22.8 50.0 31.8 93 Iran, Islamic Rep. 94 Iraq High-income oil exporters 95 Oman 96 Libya 97 Saudi Arabia 98 Kuwait 99 United Arab Emirates Industrial market economies 100 Ireland 1973 7.2 13.1 16.6 23.7 39.4 25.1 101 Spain 1974 6.0 11 8 16.9 23.1 42.2 26.7 102 Italy 1977 6.2 11.3 15 9 22.7 43.9 28.1 103 New Zealand 104 United Kingdom 1979 7.0 11 5 17.0 24.8 39.7 23.4 105 Austria 106 Japan 1979 8.7 13.2 17.5 23.1 36.8 21.2 107 Belg um 1974-75 7.7 12 4 17.0 23 1 39 8 24.3 108 Finland 1977 6.8 12.8 18 7 24.9 36.8 21.2 109 Netherlands 1977 8.1 13 7 17.9 23.3 37.0 22.1 110 Australia 1975-76 5.4 10.0 15 0 22.5 4/.1 30.5 111 Canada 1977 3 8 10.7 17.9 25 6 42.0 26 9 112 France 1975 53 11.1 160 21.8 45.8 30.5 113 Germany Fed. Rep. 1978 7.9 12.5 17.0 23 1 395 240 114 Denmark 1976 7.4 12.6 18.3 242 375 224 115 United States 1978 4.6 8.9 14 1 22.1 503 33.4 116 Sweden 1979 7.2 128 17.4 254 37.2 21.2 117 Norway 1970 6 3 12.9 18 8 24.7 37.3 22 2 118 Switzerland .. East European nonmarket economies 119 Hungary 120 Romania 121 Albania 122 Bulgaria 123 Czechoslovakia 124 German Dem. Rep. 125 Poland 126 USSR a. These estimates should be treated with caution. See the technical notes. 273
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
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TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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effectiveness of existing laws, ins
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in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
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FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
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Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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few births; to encourage spacing, T
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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
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Box"7.1 Family planning for health
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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
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132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
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TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
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TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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may be delaying a first pregnancy,
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family planning and maternal and ch
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clients may develop can be promptly
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Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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medical examination was not always
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measuring social acceptability, or
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Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
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costs per user. Public cost per use
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sanguine, however, as soon as one t
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TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
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Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
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FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
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improving the availability of famil
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Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
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Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
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FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
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growth. Fertility has declined in t
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Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
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FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
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able several types of condoms, pill
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housing schemes to parents with onl
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and training, data collection and a
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9 Ten years of experience Much that
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ecause few effective methods are of
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Population data supplement The six
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Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
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190 Births and total fertility =Ice
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Table 1. Population projections Rat
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Table 2. Population composition Low
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Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
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Table 5. Status of women Number enr
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Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
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Bibliographical note This Report ha
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Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
Page 240 and 241: Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
Page 242 and 243: Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
Page 244 and 245: Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
Page 246 and 247: Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
Page 248 and 249: Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
Page 250 and 251: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
Page 252 and 253: Table 11. Structure of merchandise
Page 254 and 255: Table 12. Origin and destination of
Page 256 and 257: Table 13. Origin and destination of
Page 258 and 259: Table 14. Balance of payments and r
Page 260 and 261: Table 15. Flow of public and public
Page 262 and 263: Table 16. External public debt and
Page 264 and 265: Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
Page 266 and 267: Table 18. Official development assi
Page 268 and 269: Table 19. Population growth and pro
Page 270 and 271: Table 20. Demographic and fertility
Page 272 and 273: Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
Page 274 and 275: Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
Page 276 and 277: Table 23. Indicators related to lif
Page 278 and 279: Table 24. Health-related indicators
Page 280 and 281: Table 25. Education Number Number e
Page 282 and 283: Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
Page 284 and 285: Table 27. Central government curren
Page 288 and 289: Technical notes This edition of the
Page 290 and 291: difficulties in assigning subsisten
Page 292 and 293: series in national currencies are a
Page 294 and 295: Public loans are external obligatio
Page 296 and 297: estimates, the total fertility rate
Page 298 and 299: expenditure and current revenue sho
Page 300: Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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