Table 6. Agriculture and food Value added in agriculture (millions of 1975 dollars) 1970 1982a Cereal imports (thousands ot metric tons) 1974 1982 Food aid in cereals (thousands of metric tons) 1 Fertilizer consumption (hundreds ot gram s of plant nutrient per hectare of arable land) Average index of food production prapita (1 969-71 = 1 00) 97 4 / 7 5b ~1981/820) 1970c 1981 1980-82 Low-income economies China and India Other low-income 2? --I '447 8 3.~7: 29 26'.) 22 - P. 1713, 5,611 t ... 4,0291t 3,8851 t 4941 3,391 t 184wzt 230wzt 85 it 581wzt 772wzi 187wEi 1 10wz 114 w 97wzi 1 Chad 246 211 50 57 13 25 7 13 95 2 Bangladesn 9,475 ~1 027 1.719 1,375 2.130 076 142 436 94 3 Ethiopia 1.128 1,286 118 273 59 178 4 33 82 4 Nepal'01 1,183 19 23 0 10 30 94 83 5 Mali 260 369 281 143 114 67 29 64 83 6 Burma 1,479 2,671 26 14 14 5 34 165 113 7 Za re 397 479 343 323 () 93 8 12 87 8 Malawi 181 311 17 668. 2 52 106 99 9 Upper Volta 217 262 99 96 0 82 3 19 95 10 Uganda 1,926 1.952 37 66 16 49 13 1 86 11 India 28 962 33,565 5,261 2,402 1.582 416 114 338 101 12 Rwanda 394 3 21 19 1 3 3 3 105 13 Burunde 239 291 7 20 6 9 5 8 96 14 Tanzania 842 1,058 431 360 148 254 30 56 88 15 Somalia 357 . 42 406 110 175 31 12 60 16 Hart, 83 '97 25 90 4 65 85 17 Benin)23 8 115 9 8 33 15 100 18 Central African Rep 120 152 7 29 1 2 11 6 104 19 China 44 235 65,540 9,1 76 20.365 78 418 1 50, 124 20 Gj nea 647 63 110 49 41 18 18 89 21 Niger 440 327 155 120 75 71 10 88 22 Madagascar 691 729 114 392 7 78 56 23 94 23 SriiLaaka 841 1.178 951 461 271, 195 496 769 154 24 Togo 145 183 6 61 0 5 3 24 89 25 Ghania 2,358 2.279 '77 211 43 46 9 112 72 26 Pakistan 3 258 4.406 1,274 361 619 368 168 53' '105 27 Kenya 706 1,247 15 194 2 '15 224 344 88 28 Sierra Leone 192 236 72 124 10 29 13 19 81 29 Afghanistan 30 Bhutan . .5 . 23 75 32 10 0 93 1 24 () 46 11 96 107 31 Kampuchea GDem 32 Lao PDR 33 Mozambi quae .223 53 62 75 27 298 226 '3 34 44 1)4 126 13 27 62 45 117 55 122 68 34 Viet Nam . 1.854 322 6 41 512 409 '14 Middle-income economies Oil exporlers Oil importers 41 418: 66303: I' ~4i 3052 .2 477 7 -ji 2 290' 1>4 :1 : 4e, 46' :225r A8 06r 15 238 j2f, il- C.11 Lower middle-income IC.,W I01 27.4Ž3 I541 1: 'I 35 Sudan 316 Maur tania 37 Yem-en, PCR 38 L beria 39 Senegal 1,367 117 142 491 2,127 152 205 625 125 115 149 42 341 6_11 219 271 109 492 50 - 48 38 3 28 15371 86 25 42 77 6 () 55 20 - 60 1)73 88 92 47 - 87 92 88 93 40 Yemen Arao Rep. 221 401 158 560 0 13 1 43 93 41 Lesotho 48 46 49 III 14 34 17 151 84 42 Bolivia 348 550 207 293 22 44 13 20 100 43 noonesa 7,696 12,593 1,919 1,912 301 107 119 744 117 44 Zamnba 278 325 93 225 1 100 71 166 87 45 Honduras 312 422 52 89 31 34 160 176 79 46 Egypt Arab Req 2,683 31878 3,877 6,703 610 1 952 1.282 2,475 85 47 El Salvador 328 374 75 179 4 132 1.048 1,220 97 48 Tnailand 3,591 5,837 97 '33 0 5 76 177 138 49 Papua New Guinea 345 466 71 164 76 326 99 50 Pnlooines 3 682 6,342 817 ' 287 89 54 214 324 124 51 Zimbabwe 451 685 56 3 . 1 466 682 87 52 N;ger a 9,061 8,563 389 2,280 7 1 3 70 92 53 Morocco 1,725 1,836 891 1,913 75 465 130 239 84 54 Cameroon 732 1,134 8 1 117 4 11 28 60 102 55 Nicaragua 265 367 44 70 3 103 184 480 77 56 ivery Coast 876 1.421 172 592 4 i 71 132 107 57 Guatema.a 138 105 9 'I 224 537 114 58 Congo, People's Rep. 93 108 34 6' 2 () 112 8 81 59 Costa Rica 338 436 110 164 1 45 1,086 1 514 100 60 Peru 2,232 2,417 637 1,524 37 76 297 375 87 61 Dom nican Rep. 667 1,022 252 302 16 59 354 471 104 62 Jamaca 199 196 340 405 1 78 886 718 90 63 Ecuador 628 914 152 327 13 5 '23 262 101 64 Turkey 7,691 11,442 1 276 546 70 () 166 454 115 Note For cate cornparabD lity and coverage see the techn cal notes 22t
Value added in agriculture (millions of 1975 dollars) Cereal imports (thousands of metric tons) Food aid in cereals (thousands of metric tons) Fertilizer consumption (hundreds of grams of plant nutrient per hectare of arable land) Average index of food production per capita (1 969-71 = 1 00) 1970 1982a 1974 1982 1 9 7 4 /75 b 1981182 b 19700 1981 1980-82 65 Tunisia 66 ColomTbia 480 2,848 816 4,593 307 503 946 886 1 28 96 3 82 310 180 504 128 124 67 Paraguay 68 Angola 69 Cuba 419 821 . .. 71 149 1,622 38 311 2,241 1 0 0 1 68 .. 58 45 1,539 48 35 1,872 1l1 77 113 70 Korea, Dem. Rep. 71 Lebanon 72 Mongolia .. .. .. 1,108 354 28 585 529 100 .. 21 .. 11 1,484 1,279 18 3,486 1,006 112 132 134 95 Upper middle-income 24.517: 2 8.880 i 849, 5.39, 243,.. 470 15, 73 Syrian Arab Rep. 74 Jordan 75 Ma aysia 76 Korea, Rep. of 595 92 2,049 3,995 132 3,738 5,812 339 171 1,017 2,679 426 668 1,447 5,538 47 63 1 234 8 73 429 67 20 436 2,466 232 53 923 3,513 168 70 150 125 77 Panama 193 248 63 110 3 3 391 521 103 78 Chile 79 Brazi 80 Mexico 81 Algeria 82 Portugal 440 8,737 8.501 952 2,242 565 13.429 12,538 1,375 2,025 1.737 2,485 2,881 1,816 1,860 1,425 4,492 2.194 3,831 3,504 331 31 54 0 18 3 5 0 317 169 246 174 411 202 375 666 262 767 98 133 104 75 73 83 Argentina 84 Uruguay 85 South Afr ca 86 Yugoslavia 87 Venezuela 3,523 387 . 3.584 1,362 4,676 425 5,493 1,861 0 70 127 992 1,270 0 122 302 1,267 2.575 31 0 24 392 425 766 165 27 333 904 1,284 388 122 109 193 126 95 88 Greece 2,851 3.711 1,341 717 858 1,335 131 89 Israel . . 1,176 1,599 53 () 1.394 1,996 107 90 Hong Kong 171 166 657 879 . 71 91 Singapore 100 123 682 1,819 () . 2,667 6,714 91 92 Trinidad and Tobago 80 65 208 272 .. . 640 417 62 93 Iran, Islamic Rep 3.739 .. 2.076 3,183 76 423 itl 94 Iraq 1,172 . 870 2,510 1 35 141 87 High-income oil exporters 1 379~ 7 371 r 58~ 467 . 42 ; 95 Oman . 52 217 () 395 95 96 Libya 126 388 612 849 64 375 127 97 Saud Arabia 331 616 482 5,584 44 602 9 98 Kuwait 20 30 101 439 () 5,000 99 United Arab Emirates industrial market . 132 282 () 2.812 economies 65.494 r 66 103, 955 I 191 114 100 Ireland 101 Spain 102 ltaly 1 03 New Zealand ,. 7,945 14.093 . 9,689 15,430 631 4,675 8,100 92 386 7,402 6,506 22 3,573 595 962 8,875 6,094 672 1,633 10.241 103 126 109 114 104 Un(ted K(ngdom 5,386 7,297 7,541 3,943 2,521 3,296 126 105 Austria 106 Japan 107 Belgium" 108 Finland 109 Netnerlands 1,806 24,218 1,854 3,188 3,173 2,325 25,012 2,120 3,017 5,313 165 19,557 4,585 222 7,199 93 24,336 6,370 1,030 4,843 2,517 3,849 5,686 1,931 7,165 2,393 3,872 4,902 1,938 7 674 129 91 107 107 120 110 Australia 111 Canada 4.351 6,743 5,107 8,770 2 1,513 9 904 246 192 279 419 98 119 112 France 113 Germany, Fed Rep 17,077 11,567 20,459 15,924 654 7.164 2,482 4,977 2,424 4,208 2,984 4.184 121 118 114 Denmark 1,641 2,618 462 377 2,254 2,330 125 115 United States 46,300 55,400 460 399 800 1,024 119 116 Sweden 3,133 3,219 301 112 1,639 1,639 119 117 Nor-way 1,409 1,676 713 726 2,471 3,033 127 118 Switzerland 1,458 1,156 3,842 4,122 127 EsEuropean nonmarket economies 18A43, 50 406 O35. 09e8 10-. 119 Hiungary 1,619 2,551 408 24 1,485 2,793 147 120 Romania , . 1,381 1,305 559 1,541 152 121 Albania 122 Bulgaria 123 Czechoslovakia . . .. 48 649 1.296 12 397 681 745 1.446 2,402 1,114 2,506 3.327 104 127 120 124 German Gem Rep.. 125 Poland 2,821 4,185 3,313 4,566 417 3,202 1,715 3,442 2,481 129 93 126 USSR . 7,755 40.108 437 826 101 a Figuresinitalcosareforl1981, not 1982. b. Figuresarefortnecropyearsl974/75andl1981/82. c. Averageforl1969-71. d Includes Ljuxemboourg. 229
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
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TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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effectiveness of existing laws, ins
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in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
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FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
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Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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few births; to encourage spacing, T
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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
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Box"7.1 Family planning for health
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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
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132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
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TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
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TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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may be delaying a first pregnancy,
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family planning and maternal and ch
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clients may develop can be promptly
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Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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medical examination was not always
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measuring social acceptability, or
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Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
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costs per user. Public cost per use
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sanguine, however, as soon as one t
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TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
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Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
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FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
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improving the availability of famil
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Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
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Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
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FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
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growth. Fertility has declined in t
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Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
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FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
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able several types of condoms, pill
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation