World Development Report 1984

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Background papers Note: Source references to these papers carry the publication year 1984. * An asterisk after a citation indicates a background paper that will be published in a volume provisionally entitled "Perspectives on the Global Economy." t A dagger after a citation indicates a background paper that is forthcoming as a World Bank Staff Working Paper. Ainsworth, Martha. "Family Planning Programs: The Client's Perspective." In Ainsworth and Jones. Ainsworth, Martha, and Huw Jones. "Family Planning Programs: Client and Management Perspectives.' Birdsall, Nancy, ed. "Three Cross-country Analyses of the Effects of Organized Family Planning Programs on Fertility.' Boulier, Bryan. a. "Family Planning Programs and Contraceptive Availability: Their Effects on Contraceptive Use and Fertility." In Birdsall, ed. Boulier, Bryan. b. "Unmet Need for Contraception: Evaluation of Measures and Estimates for Thirty-six Developing Countries. "' Bulatao, Rodolfo A. a. "Expenditures on Population Programs in Major Regions of the Developing World: Current Levels and Future Requirements. "t Bulatao, Rodolfo A. b. "Reducing Fertility in Developing Countries: A Review of Determinants and Policy Levers.' Bulatao, Rodolfo A., and Ann Elwan, "Fertility and Mortality Transition in Developing Countries: Patterns, Projections, and Interdependence."t Cain, Mead. "On Women's Status, Family Structure, and Fertility in Developing Countries."t DaVanzo, Julie, and others. "Quantitative Studies of Mortality Decline in the Developing World."t DaVanzo, Julie, and Jean-Pierre Habicht. "What Accounts for the Decline in Infant Mortality in Peninsular Malavsia, 1946-75?" In DaVanzo and others. Denton, Hazel. "The Declining Growth Rates of the Population of Eastern Europe."' Gendell, Murray. "Factors Underlying Stalled Fertility in Developing Countries."t Gwatkin, Davidson. "Mortality Reduction, Fertility Decline, and Population Growth.' Haberler, Gottfried. "The Slowdown of the World Economy and the Problem of Stagflation: Some Alternative Explanations and Policy Implications.- Hakim, Leonardo, and Christine Wallich. "OECD Deficits, Debts, and Savings: Structure and Trends, 1965-80. * Hammer, Jeffrey S. "Population Growth and Savings in Developing Countries."t Herz, Barbara. "Official Development Assistance for Population." t Hill, Ken. "The Pace of Mortality Decline since 1950.'" In DaVanzo and others. Jones, Huw. "National Family Planning Programs: A Management Perspective." In Ainsworth and Jones. Kamin, Steve. "New Poverty Projections for the Developing Countries." Kindleberger, Charles. "Historical Perspective on Today's Third-World Debt Problem."t King, Timothy, and Robin Zeitz. "Taking Thought for the Morrow: Prospects and Policies for Aging Populations." t Kirchner, J. W., and others. "Two Essays on Population and Carrying Capacity." t "Carrying Capacity, Population Growth, and Sustainable Development." In Kirchner and others. Lal, Deepak, and Martin Wolf. "Debt, Deficits, and Distortions: Problems of the Global Economy.- Lal, Deepak, and Sweder van Wijnbergen. "Government Deficits, the Real Interest Rate, and LDC Debt: On Global Crowding Out.'- Lapham, Robert J., and W. Parker Mauldin. "Conditions of Fertility Decline in Developing Countries, 1965-80." In Birdsall, ed. Lawrence, Robert. "Systemic Risk and Developing Country Debt.` Lluch, Constantino. "Investment Cycles, Saving, and Output Growth." Maddison, Angus. "Developing Countries in the 1930s: Possible Lessons for the 1980s.'* Mahar, Dennis. "The Settlement of Tropical Frontiers: Some Lessons from Brazil and Indonesia."t McGreevey, William. "Economic Aspects of Historical Demographic Change."' McNicoll, Geoffrey. "Consequences of Rapid Population Growth: An Overview and Assessment."t Merrick, Thomas W. "Recent Fertility Declines in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico."' Muscat, Robert. "Carrying Capacity and Rapid Population Growth: Definition, Cases, and Consequences." In Kirchner and others. Porter, Ian. "Population Growth and Agricultural Transitions."t Prescott, Nicholas. "Financing Family Planning Programs." t Preston, Samuel H. "Mortality and Development Revisited." In DaVanzo and others. Sanderson, Warren C., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "How Should the Developing Countries Adjust to External Shocks in the 1980s? Looking at Some World Bank Macromodels." t Sapir, Andre. "Some Aspects of Population Growth, Trade, and Factor Mobility."t Sjaastad, Lawrence, Aquiles Almansi, and Carlos Hurtado. "The Debt Crisis in Latin America.- Standing, Guy. "Population Mobility and Productive Relations: Demographic Links and the Evolution of Policy.' Swamy, Gurushri. "Population, International Migration, and Trade."t Tan, Jee-Peng, and Michael Haines. "Schooling and Demand for Children: Historical Perspectives." t Trussell, James, and Anne R. Pebley. "The Impact of Family Planning Programs on Infant, Child, and Maternal Mortality. "t Wheeler, David. "Female Education, Family Planning, Income, and Population: A Long-run Econometric Simulation Model." In Birdsall, ed. Zachariah, K. C. "Determinants of Fertility Decline in India."t 204
Selected bibliography Ascadi, George T., and Gwendolyn Johnson-Ascadi. 1983. "Demand for Children and Spacing in Sub-Saharan Africa." Background paper for the "Report on Population Strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa." Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Atkinson, Linda, and others. 1980. "Prospects for Improved Contraception." Family Planning Perspectives 12, 4. Becker, Gary S. 1980. "An Economic Analysis of Fertility." In Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries. Universities-National Bureau Conference Series, no. 11. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Bhatia, Shushum, and others. 1980. "The Matlab Family Planning-Health Services Project." Studies in Family Planning 11, 6. Birdsall, Nancy. 1980. "Population Growth and Poverty in the Developing World." Population Bulletin 35, 5. (Also available as World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 404, 1980.) Bongaarts, John. 1978. "A Framework for Analyzing the Proximate Determinants of Fertility." Population and Development Review 4:105-32. Bongaarts, J., and R. G. Potter. 1983. Fertility, Biology and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants. New York: Academic Press. Bulatao, Rodolfo A. 1981. "Values and Disvalues of Children in Successive Childbearing Decisions." Demography 18:1-25. Bulatao, Rodolfo A., and Ronald D. Lee, eds. 1983. Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. 2 vols. New York: Academic Press. Cassen, Robert H. 1978. India. New York: Holmes and Meier. Casterline, John B., and others. 1983. "The Proximate Determinants of Fertility." Unpublished paper. World Fertility Survey, London. Chen, L. C., and others. "Maternal Mortality in Rural Bangladesh. " In Studies in Family Planning 5, 11:334-41, November 1974. Coale, Ansley, and Susan Watkins, eds. 1984. The Decline of Fertility in Europe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Cochrane, Susan H. 1983. "Effects of Education and Urbanization on Fertility." In Rodolfo A. Bulatao and Ronald D. Lee, eds., Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. New York: Academic Press. Cochrane, Susan H., Donald J. O'Hara, and Joanne Leslie. 1980. "The Effects of Education on Health." World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 405. Washington, D.C. Deevey, Edward. 1960. "The Human Population. " Scientific American 203, 3:195-204. Demeny, Paul. 1984. "A Perspective on Long-term Population Growth." Center for Policy Studies Working Paper no. 104. New York: The Population Council. Durand, John D. 1977. "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation." Population and Development Review 3, 3:253-96. Easterlin, Richard, A. 1975. "An Economic Framework for Fertility Analysis." Studies in Family Planning 6:54-63. Easterlin, Richard, A., ed. 1980. Population and Economic Change in Developing Countries. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Faruqee, Rashid, and Ravi Gulhati. 1983. "Rapid Population Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Policies." World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 559. Washington, D.C. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1981. Agriculture: Toward 2000. Economic and Social Development Series no. 23. Rome. -1981. FAO Production Yearbook 35. Rome. Frank, Odile. 1983. "Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." Center for Policy Studies Working Paper no. 97. New York: The Population Council. Freedman, Ronald. 1979. "Theories of Fertility Decline: A Reappraisal." Social Forces 58, 1:1-17. Gilland, Bernard. 1983. "Considerations on World Population and Food Supply." Population and Development Review 9, 2:203-11. Habbakuk, H., and M. Postan. 1965. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Henry, Alice, and Phyllis T. Piotrow. 1979. "Age at Marriage and Fertility." Population Reports, Series M, no. 4. * Higgins, G. M., and others. 1982. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in the Developing World. Rome: FAO. Ho, Teresa J. 1979. "Time Costs of Child Rearing in the Rural Philippines." Population and Development Review 5:643-62. Jacobsen, Judith. 1983. "Promoting Population Stabilization: Incentives for Small Families." Worldwatch Paper 54. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Johansson, E. 1977. "The History of Literacy in Sweden in Comparison with Some Other Countries. " Educational Reports Umea, 12. Johnston, Bruce F., and William C. Clark. 1982. Redesigning Rural Development: A Strategic Perspective. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Johnston, Bruce F., and Peter Kilby. 1975. Agriculture and Structural Transformation. New York: Oxford University Press. Keyfitz, N., and W. Flieger. 1968. World Population: An Analysis of Data. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kindleberger, Charles. 1973. World in Recession. Berkeley: University of California Press. King, Timothy, and others. 1974. Population Policies and Economic Development. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Lal, Deepak. 1983. The Poverty of "Development Economics." Hobart Paperback 16. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. Lindert, Peter H. 1983. "The Changing Economic Costs and Benefits of Having Children." In Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. Rodolfo A. Bulatao and Ronald D. Lee, eds. New York: Academic Press. 205
Page 1:
Public Disclosure Authorized Public
Page 4 and 5:
Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
Page 6 and 7:
labor markets. And they have a vest
Page 8 and 9:
8 The policy agenda 155 Population
Page 10 and 11:
Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
Page 12 and 13:
Glossary Demographic terms informat
Page 14 and 15:
I I
Page 16 and 17:
countries regain their momentum of
Page 18 and 19:
4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
Page 20 and 21:
example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
Page 22 and 23:
ment-all the more so if human skill
Page 24 and 25:
etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
Page 26 and 27:
FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
Page 28 and 29:
14 Distribution of product among se
Page 30 and 31:
TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
Page 32 and 33:
export restraints and orderly marke
Page 34 and 35:
Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
Page 36 and 37:
TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
Page 38 and 39:
TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
Page 40 and 41:
Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
Page 44 and 45:
of rapid and painful adjustment for
Page 46 and 47:
In many countries internal adjustme
Page 48 and 49:
3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
Page 50 and 51:
TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
Page 52 and 53:
TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
Page 54 and 55:
over time. The main focus of indust
Page 56 and 57:
TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
Page 58 and 59:
Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
Page 60 and 61:
nal surplus. The resulting rise in
Page 62 and 63:
Because the public sector in low-in
Page 64 and 65:
developing-country creditworthiness
Page 66 and 67:
themselves and, by caring for young
Page 68 and 69:
fertility in a changing world is a
Page 70 and 71:
nize contraceptive services. As wil
Page 72 and 73:
Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
Page 74 and 75:
scious control of family size, prob
Page 76 and 77:
Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
Page 78 and 79:
FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
Page 80 and 81:
Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
Page 82 and 83:
largest city in 1950, will not even
Page 84 and 85:
FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
Page 86 and 87:
government goal is a nationwide rat
Page 88 and 89:
North America's population in 2000
Page 90 and 91:
IBox 4.6 Three views of population
Page 92 and 93:
TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
Page 94 and 95:
Box 5.1 Consequences of population
Page 96 and 97:
implied by a simple division of tot
Page 98 and 99:
and on farms. But the evidence on e
Page 100 and 101:
get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
Page 102 and 103:
youths, who are presumably able to
Page 104 and 105:
saving because they come from the c
Page 106 and 107:
acre increased from 15.4 million to
Page 108 and 109:
food they need. Although the amount
Page 110 and 111:
is so scarce, they can do so only o
Page 112 and 113:
from rural to urban areas mainly re
Page 114 and 115:
other developing countries suggests
Page 116 and 117:
emigration by providing information
Page 118 and 119:
Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
Page 120 and 121:
6 Slowing population growth Experie
Page 122 and 123:
feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
Page 124 and 125:
the education of mothers increases
Page 126 and 127:
etter education and health services
Page 128 and 129:
TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
Page 130 and 131:
effectiveness of existing laws, ins
Page 132 and 133:
in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
Page 134 and 135:
FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
Page 136 and 137:
Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
Page 138 and 139:
few births; to encourage spacing, T
Page 140 and 141:
Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
Page 142 and 143:
Box"7.1 Family planning for health
Page 144 and 145:
FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
Page 146 and 147:
132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
Page 148 and 149:
TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
Page 150 and 151:
TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
Page 152 and 153:
may be delaying a first pregnancy,
Page 154 and 155:
family planning and maternal and ch
Page 156 and 157:
clients may develop can be promptly
Page 158 and 159:
Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
Page 160 and 161:
medical examination was not always
Page 162 and 163:
measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165:
Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167:
costs per user. Public cost per use
Page 168 and 169: sanguine, however, as soon as one t
Page 170 and 171: TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 178 and 179: Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
Page 190 and 191: able several types of condoms, pill
Page 192 and 193: housing schemes to parents with onl
Page 194 and 195: and training, data collection and a
Page 196 and 197: 9 Ten years of experience Much that
Page 198 and 199: ecause few effective methods are of
Page 200 and 201: Population data supplement The six
Page 202 and 203: Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
Page 204 and 205: 190 Births and total fertility =Ice
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. Population projections Rat
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Population composition Low
Page 210 and 211: Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
Page 212 and 213: Table 5. Status of women Number enr
Page 214 and 215: Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
Page 216 and 217: Bibliographical note This Report ha
Page 220 and 221: -1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
Page 222 and 223: I I
Page 224 and 225: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
Page 226 and 227: Key In each table, economies are li
Page 228 and 229: same order is used in all tables. T
Page 230 and 231: Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
Page 232 and 233: Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
Page 236 and 237: Table 3. Structure of production GD
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
Page 240 and 241: Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
Page 242 and 243: Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
Page 244 and 245: Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
Page 246 and 247: Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
Page 248 and 249: Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
Page 254 and 255: Table 12. Origin and destination of
Page 256 and 257: Table 13. Origin and destination of
Page 258 and 259: Table 14. Balance of payments and r
Page 260 and 261: Table 15. Flow of public and public
Page 262 and 263: Table 16. External public debt and
Page 264 and 265: Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
Page 266 and 267: Table 18. Official development assi
Page 268 and 269:
Table 19. Population growth and pro
Page 270 and 271:
Table 20. Demographic and fertility
Page 272 and 273:
Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
Page 274 and 275:
Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
Page 276 and 277:
Table 23. Indicators related to lif
Page 278 and 279:
Table 24. Health-related indicators
Page 280 and 281:
Table 25. Education Number Number e
Page 282 and 283:
Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
Page 284 and 285:
Table 27. Central government curren
Page 286 and 287:
Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
Page 288 and 289:
Technical notes This edition of the
Page 290 and 291:
difficulties in assigning subsisten
Page 292 and 293:
series in national currencies are a
Page 294 and 295:
Public loans are external obligatio
Page 296 and 297:
estimates, the total fertility rate
Page 298 and 299:
expenditure and current revenue sho
Page 300:
Bibliography of data sources Nation
show all

World Development Report 1984

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?