World Development Report 1984

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Table 4. Factors influencing fertility percentage of males aged fifteen and over who can read and write divided by the percentage of The mean number of living children includes children females aged fifteen and over who can read and living at the time of the survey. Desired family size is write. Data are from UNESCO, WFS, and CPS. based on the response to the question: "If you The percentage aged 15-49 ever enrolled in primary could choose exactly the number of children to school was estimated by assigning past primaryhave in your whole life, how many would that school enrollment rates to five-year age groups of be?" Figures are the means for survey respondents the 1980 population aged 15-49 and weighting who gave numerical answers. these rates by the proportion of each five-year age Both the number of living children and desired group in the total 1980 population aged 15-49. family size generally pertain to all ever-married The singulate mean age at marriage is the mean age women aged 15-49, with the exception of Sudan at first marriage among people who marry by age and Kenya (aged 15-50), Costa Rica and Panama 50. It is calculated using data on the proportion (aged 20-49), Venezuela (aged 15-44), and Mauri- ever married in each age group of the current poptania (aged 12-50). Desired family size figures for ulation, and thus does not reflect the experience of Ghana and Turkey are for currently married any particular age cohort. The sources for this women, and for Barbados for all women of child- column are Smith (1980) and Balkaran and Smith bearing age. Living children data for Barbados, (forthcoming), as cited in the notes for Table 4, and Kenya, and Nigeria are for all women of childbear- various WFS country reports. ing age. The economically active population includes the The percentage of women aged 15-19 ever married armed forces and the unemployed but excludes includes common-law and consensual unions, as housewives, students, and other inactive groups. well as legal marriages. Data are from the US Bureau of the Census. Mean duration of breastfeeding is the number of months a woman would breastfeed, on average, if Table 6. Famnily planning policy she followed current practice. It is derived using life-table techniques and survey data on current Support for family plantning exists if a government breastfeeding status for all births. subsidizes family planning services. Governments Sources for this table are WFS and CPS surveys are characterized as providing support for demofor the years specified, as reported in country graphic and other reasons (that is, specifically to reports and in the following publications: Maryson reduce population growth, as well as for other rea- Hodgson and Jane Gibbs, "Children Ever Born," sons), support for health and human rights reasons, WFS Comparativye Studies no. 12, 1980; Robert E. or no support. Lightbourne and Alphonse L. MacDonald, "Fam- Indicators of support and year the official family ilv Size Preferences," WFS Comparative Studies no. planning program started are based on the following 14, 1982; Benoit Ferry and David P. Smith, "Breast- sources: Dorothy Nortman and Joanne Fisher, Popfeeding Differentials," WFS Comparative Studies no. ulation and Family Planning Programs: A Compendium 23, 1983; Hazel Ashurst and John B. Casterline, of Data through 1981 (New York: Population Coun- "Socioeconomic Differentials in Current Fertility," cil, 1982); John A. Ross, ed., International Encyclope- WFS Comparative Studies: Additional Tables, forth- dia of Population (New York: The Free Press, 1982); coming; David P. Smith, "Age at First Marriage," United Nations, Department of International Eco- WFS Comparative Studies no. 87, 1980; and Sundat nomic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Balkaran and David P. Smith, "Marriage Dissolu- "Population Policy Briefs: Current Situation in tion and Remarriage," WFS Comparative Studies: Developing Countries and Selected Territories, Additional Tables, forthcoming. Figures in italics are 1982"; and World Bank sources. for years other than those specified: Bangladesh The family planning index for 1972 and 1982 is (1975-76), Indonesia (1979), Korea (1974), and adapted from the background paper by Robert Tunisia (1980). The figure on percentage of women Lapham and W Parker Mauldin. They assigned a aged 15-19 ever married for Indonesia is from the numerical index to countries on the basis of 1979 National Socioeconomic Survey. responses to detailed questionnaires of individuals familiar with family planning activities in each Table 5. Status of women country. An average of three respondents per country assessed such factors as official political The ratio of adult mnale to adult female literacy is the commitment, availability and quality of family 188
planning services (public and commercial), the maximum possible index are recorded as A, 60 method mix, outreach, use of mass media, local to 79 percent as B, 40 to 59 percent as C, 20 to 39 financial support, and record keeping and evalua- percent as D, and 0 to 19 percent as E. tion. Countries that received 80 percent or more of Contraceptive prevalence ;-w f ~ - ;- '-C; a_ --- |i Jo ~~. -,- r _ 0-9 percent _ percent 10-34 _. 04 ecn - Colors on this map represent the per- ~~ centage of women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) who use any type of which also gives prevalence rates by type of contraception, and Table 20 of the World Development lndicators. 35-59 percent contraception. Countnies colored yel- The range of contraceptive prevalence U * 60-100 percent low, for example, have fewer than 10 for Brazil has been estimated, based _L Daantavial aant vial A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 percent of married women using contraception. The data are from Table 3, on data from private sources and surveys in several states. These charts show the prevalence of Colombia Sri Lanka Thailand specific contraceptive methods in three Sterilization 1978 1982 1978 developing countries. The method mix Fml varies greatly across countries, though Ml effective modern methods generally >-2W predominate. Similar variability exists Pill / .'ii\ /,,,6f across developed countries. \/ ; ¢ IUD t - spermicide Rhythm, withdrawal, and other
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
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TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
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effectiveness of existing laws, ins
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in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
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FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
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Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
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few births; to encourage spacing, T
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Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
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Box"7.1 Family planning for health
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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
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132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
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TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
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TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
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Page 154 and 155: family planning and maternal and ch
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Page 158 and 159: Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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Page 162 and 163: measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165: Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167: costs per user. Public cost per use
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Page 170 and 171: TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 178 and 179: Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
Page 190 and 191: able several types of condoms, pill
Page 192 and 193: housing schemes to parents with onl
Page 194 and 195: and training, data collection and a
Page 196 and 197: 9 Ten years of experience Much that
Page 198 and 199: ecause few effective methods are of
Page 200 and 201: Population data supplement The six
Page 204 and 205: 190 Births and total fertility =Ice
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. Population projections Rat
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Population composition Low
Page 210 and 211: Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
Page 212 and 213: Table 5. Status of women Number enr
Page 214 and 215: Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
Page 216 and 217: Bibliographical note This Report ha
Page 218 and 219: Background papers Note: Source refe
Page 220 and 221: -1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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Page 224 and 225: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
Page 226 and 227: Key In each table, economies are li
Page 228 and 229: same order is used in all tables. T
Page 230 and 231: Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
Page 232 and 233: Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
Page 234 and 235: Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
Page 236 and 237: Table 3. Structure of production GD
Page 238 and 239: Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
Page 240 and 241: Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
Page 242 and 243: Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
Page 244 and 245: Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
Page 246 and 247: Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
Page 248 and 249: Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
Page 250 and 251: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Table 11. Structure of merchandise
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Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
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difficulties in assigning subsisten
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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