World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
World Development Report 1984
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and training, data collection and analysis, special extremely important for effective use of population<br />
projects, and biomedical and operations research. assistance.<br />
Family Planning International Assistance, a branch One sign of the success of international assisof<br />
The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, tance is that many local governments now help<br />
the American affiliate of IPPF, provides population pay for programs that only a few years ago were<br />
assistance in more than forty countries. The Popu- supported by international grants. Colombia,<br />
lation Council, with a budget of $16 million from Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand are picking up a<br />
both public and private sources, provides technical progressively larger share of the costs of their popassistance<br />
and supports social science and contra- ulation programs. India has for many years paid<br />
ceptive research. The Pathfinder Fund is an exam- for a large share of its program, and China has<br />
ple of smaller nongovernmental organizations. always completely financed its own program. This<br />
Pathfinder manages about $7 million in public and trend toward self-financing makes it possible to<br />
private funds, which are spent on innovative fam- reallocate aid budgets to countries that are only<br />
ily planning services, women's programs, and starting to develop their population programs. For<br />
population policy development. These small pro- example, the share of the UNFPA's budget going<br />
grams, and similar programs in other countries, to Africa rose from about 12 percent during the<br />
add to the flexibility and responsiveness of popula- 1970s to 23 percent in 1983.<br />
tion assistance. Asia continues to receive the bulk of population<br />
The <strong>World</strong> Bank supports population activities assistance (51 percent of the total), followed by<br />
through IDA credits and loans to borrowers. Over Latin America (20 percent), Africa (15 percent),<br />
a period of fourteen years, the Bank has committed and the Middle East (14 percent). Given the<br />
$355 million for population projects, and had dis- emerging pattern of needs described in Chapter 7,<br />
bursed $215 million by the end of 1983 (including a substantial increase in assistance is needed, espe-<br />
$38.4 million in fiscal year 1983 itself). <strong>World</strong> Bank cially for Africa and South Asia. To meet unmet<br />
finance is not available on terms as easy as most need in all regions in 1980 would have required<br />
population assistance, much of which is given in spending $3 billion rather than the $2 billion that<br />
the form of grants; nonetheless, Bank operations was actually spent (see Chapter 7, Table 7.6). By<br />
grew in real terms by more than 5 percent a year the same yardstick, spending for population probetween<br />
1977 and 1983. Over the past three years grams in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia<br />
the largest disbursements have gone to Bangla- should have been more than double what it was.<br />
desh, Egypt, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Since Africa and South Asia are the poorest<br />
and Thailand, which together accounted for more regions and most in need of external assistance,<br />
than 90 percent of Bank lending for population. the bulk of the extra program support would have<br />
The <strong>World</strong> Bank also supports an active program had to have come from international aid.<br />
of economic and sector work aimed at enhancing The analysis in Chapter 7 led to two estimates of<br />
understanding of how population growth affects required public spending for population programs<br />
development prospects and how population pro- by the year 2000. If developing countries are to<br />
grams can contribute to overall development. The achieve a "rapid" decline in fertility, $7.6 billion<br />
Bank cooperates with other UN organizations, (in 1980 dollars), almost a quadrupling of 1980<br />
especially UNFPA and the <strong>World</strong> Health Organiza- spending, would be needed. The "standard"<br />
tion, in research and analysis requested by mem- decline would require $5.6 billion. With two-thirds<br />
ber governments. of external population assistance going to support<br />
The predominance of foreign assistance within family planning, foreign aid now supports about<br />
the population sector in many countries means 25 percent of all family planning costs in developthat<br />
the attitudes and priorities of donors become ing countries. Assuming these proportions do not'<br />
significant. At the same time, the great number of change, population assistance will need to triple<br />
donors-private, official, bilateral, and multila- (standard decline) or quadruple (rapid decline) its<br />
teral-means that their priorities may not always current level. A quadrupling would raise populacoincide.<br />
They may send conflicting signals to tion assistance to an annual level of $2 billion (1980<br />
host governments, fueling internal controversies. dollars) by the year 2000. With no other changes in<br />
Further, their numerous activities may not be official development assistance, total aid for all<br />
complementary or represent the most efficient assistance programs would increase by 5 percent,<br />
allocation of resources. Coordination among by no means an unmanageable addition to aid<br />
donors and with the host government is therefore budgets. With the expected growth of industrial<br />
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