World Development Report 1984

housing schemes to parents with only two chil- same bias in favor of sons exists in Korea, and has
dren). Some countries have also offered incentives been partly responsible for keeping total fertility,
to whole communities that reach specific targets now at 2.7, from declining to replacement level. To
for contraceptive use. Some governments also counteract this bias, governments need public
penalize those who have more than a certain num- information campaigns and legal reforms of inheriber
of children-for example, by the withdrawal of tance, property rights, and employment. Incenmaternity
benefits, tives might also be offered to one- or two-child
China has a complex structure of incentives, dis- families with girls, such as lower educational and
incentives, and birth quotas to promote a one-child medical costs or preferred access to schooling.
family (see Box 8.9). Most governments have not
chosen to promote such drastic measures as those Donor assistance policies
in China. And few have the administrative control
necessary to implement national schemes of International aid for population programs has two
deferred payments or social security to promote major objectives: to assist governments and prismaller
families. vate organizations in providing family planning,
In China the one-child policy has been chal- information, and services, and to assist governlenged
by an apparent preference for sons. The ments in developing population policies as part of
178
Box 8.9 China's one-child family policy
Birth fitha; h-tn . ail.-fnal pr-Mit'. p.r.'n t tr;t birihe e'ce'1d e-i it.' Vet- .
-'-tII -..Ah It-C,I. p't.i
in C. brd3 ;in, e l' -J.,en the ;o- crr- cent in cac' -it h th,i-ree lar4, urban. nc,'tr.hr zc.n; : .3 .i.. cLtura'npd-
:
menu la)ur.chc.d a
m. late 'it r marri ~e . i, tr
r.p.ca i pr..-qepricing
mun.c:ipattttcr'-Bcjijng Sia n c h:,
Tinl-adi . trrpi'fc
and m lenu I. * ha. 1fln-, ri-. in, chilld I,
t..Y I -'nc-child I ram.tt. inAnhu.
bt.' -. n birth; and i. trchdiren- I ra But 'c rat ta3c tc-re 3r~ .crkifnic .Zaif zan I -,rc..fc ,u that. rlI pcr-nr .,i the
h~ lat.. lumi; it became, .J..r that .. it'
rheiag. nu.mttr ..I c-- ('rO n rtEring
chii.ibearin, age a, rt:r-,ult -I past ht4h
the vr~chrt'ilhd pc.lic.
* Lt.i. -- 't. \ cL'mr-pulzo.r'. pen.
'.-n Se itemr appitee OnL'. i-, cMFlZ -t- --t
.hildrEni .-I n-ie-child cii t h. 'Id. r.
r, ~. Lbc- Th.e prc;-ur.. i. ha c' ''fI
*.htld i ard the e .'-.T ~i t ah. tID ma,ha.
(rtiht, andt tailing mcr:'ralir, etr .ni ta..nierpr.;.. in urban art.a, -h.-.I. t'd rc. rye it al ot rh~ pta-lie... e-t
pliarcc , *th a t.ri dtanil, norna c,-n-ttule at ft'i 1pren i hr 1ah..r nianticide atk-ut .h,ut i`b.. (hnt
rI..ud not r_iu:du 'tie rate .I p..-puiatirwniorc, A 1-zurx -. '. -. i rujral prcuin .o- e-inernt h a;t. pn;.dc.niiral
p .-. th iug ri~ met tie' nati.,nal -_al brireade', c-e r ifct~ e nd uniorlc - ,-ncvrrn bTh lc.42 cen,u; at .-. n birth;4
I2bIllio:n p.'-plc b, th.. car Jti.Wl In.
l-,iU-tchuaf r'.cen ~ iuc a pii.
p
-u
tti.. titnd that i ri. I pcrc..nt ..t rrEen
t.trc ad -Tnen -,%,- 'itin
'-K zrot- cwci that th..re i 14 1
o.; tIr -e,r. 11iii ~rte at tŽ.rih, anr
dcE'-I ?ned Ii.. perc uadei mrt.~r rIed c --upFice, t.. tcc,,c'.cd U-..i'hi-. ptn...fl paid h- .. ci- itnotrnaili, hich tiiurt
ha~ eti. , n-...rc bar. cn:-fir:cid Eb-', p-tic. tar, lund' F.-'r the. rural mat. rr . chdl- * -. '..t'-.i- i cp.ri'
,,a, had ..d i-n a ; trnm ot e.c .n.-mtc drcr. rcrnain the. imin C-trce .t -Id~-a. t.r tinanc.ng ritncc ri' tall; .-n local
tc,- ar-i' r.' parcnt *th ra.,r 'rh iau 'it e..curit aea nut the -.. e ir'at 2 -rr'enmcier C4 a
chit- -.-.h ... c'-'n;rntit d then-i P- I. *ii h.a. - TI,, r i-ie. -- IF,, The. -Je- rceuit th rm, i, Zrcma .3arati,-n .n iht' Y%\
r,...m,;re and pe,nalie, -,-r it.... -prread tnr.utc ltcpid ucttc'w.n and . lu ci nct.nti-e;Ia cd.. i
hadi mn.rc than I- .- Thi- icr-,'n beca1me a reepcn-itbtit.r. e,t..nl ha; itin tahit- a
nti-, rna p-at.-% and -di d ul at p.:- ~rc- I dittcct -zcntcincc~r.tA e v.~ ha-~ nrc.
oluntt -. n tIn rPr.:-,rce in I' anilk
ptedzinz t.; h~a'- -ill. Im: chtid r,i.
a'.. capected ait nir i mnpemnt ruch - -hiidr..n :
tc.r .',reas,-n-i irn ic'-na area' crantedana 'n-, tanu it
tcn, Inr%) e. iht~-:,-prem.tr '-~,
.1t aed a, land t:-r h,.u'eh-.-di.eJ I- ; aii catd rn u3n-r:-.ui aienr r. - percent ita.. a,
;p:tcai,th-at -- F"-,rccnt ri n-r.ar'tl.d a per capita ha-, ., -na,rc ch,ldr~ n ru'.ai *nc'n'c-u L-a;rt ior ithee n-~r
-Il;in ith.. cite' -n. Upcr,eni n ithe en ;u.ri acce~ Ic' mi,re a3nd In addi.n..r ind e'i-.e ,ui .p' t i
-L.ntr% -de~ ,c-ui-Jd ha'- c -:'ni'. -nE h.ld v.hate. r -:cumlt ,-ttr tic ..Idt.rl% Ii prc-- Ftr their ',irgiechi the, r..ct.i' c an
P mi"n.;r pr"-_ .nce~ eand municipali- idc c.r actie i. h; 'ltI adult oriiratflall.*. anice~ and aep~a
tIc' had irntr'-dJu :d tnt r'.e,ad den- reduced a; _I'ecti. e in.,.n): -me d.t, in r.; health rat a11-. . ari,c ,c InEt~r HL .- it.
cn It. It' pr -nr-it.- ri ht -ne~-ch IId nir a n elit-mt to ccontL'at hi --- ebad. -th,p. in.. nu,c adr- p'tr
Ea,rl, l,. ei.rtli anacr 1e h-.3C- minrod.uc-d a d-b. C niH-tn .- cre n-uch ---. e- -nc-tnt., pa. nren
;.-n' -r,ritlo Th~ prcr.pcrtic.n i 2 t tir..t ;,~t..ne under hich hc.u-hc.ld, are 'Ii i.n ir I. nter-. .ua'- a it,- i.t' 1a
birth. ictat .'ut btrtb; *~~t ncr.. aled from ure.iicd bcr,h Ir. deli cr their ol..4'. 'ta i ti,-n.'br.e ~-me r-, .; -a ah bi-a n
2! t c*n *n re ... 42 percent in 1%)l 1 rm curput rc the r'at- and I., rr..urn .rc .cn n-hig t l
anJI 4- percent in lw a4l B'. r h..r' -. tr-r.m ha' rf in. ur.-au,h-.t,.'c. t''rrh