World Development Report 1984

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Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how many people? A.rr,a .- lien porrra. ct1 a- an urndtrp -p utait,d rE.o,n t , .r, crt. 'I I un- rapp,.d Lind it i iru., that i a. :r eraic p 'pularlln dtn,ir Is .-,i-es; it -n e,r,e i,Ltl i A ;3a s Bujt .: n-!d rinc lhc rud- meniar% larnlinl prictiCr in ni-ir " - A.Irw , *.,niE .. ni n tie tr.. .br. .-... :-min, A * - di- d:d at 1 ma,i in th, -rnfe .I hInm,id - i L i tc-cod pr,.ducti pcritnnal Thi' ,- on.: _ 'he ,ain ti,nJine; .7i the FAO . ee:unitk j ...npleied p .,ted Land R-vuurce nortA.,.. I *l , II F-iur T, (;... -, - in rii-~~ ~~~ r& ~ . * nh -, pr.,l.J t.-: al I nr.l t: r-: n- B u I_ t h. h i n; rndrd t--'anp-ductn r i all -.nhri: annul Fut rh. btnough' -;e .-t her __ ;,i .u'..- T~i' - i A Aw.c:< R'r d~.i.r n;ar,nd it niu-u :ener.:lt en'%u:h l..i.i S r " 'rn-lB ,_--_. -* - 1i mnp. r1i 1. td ' hrt ih~ pt". -- tl Ratio t population . supporting apactv r r: o ii.i" r., R i .ririnuine lJ,-nd1 p.. rn crlidr ao,d r actual population . -:t-r;. r,-inc matn,jinrii-n I :. -r man. Atri,can uriri.. ,,unfl-. crict,it:il,r,1 -l p .r', -ar- , r;l,k.-t: i:. pr.,- a.t *aJ . sb-r-ri............ irn * -. r. 't-I i- lr-n,n. er....c....an, .x deniit I 4l-'rT Ltx;thar 1 .i t I ii-5 ft ~' *t Ar..j.Ii j L- F' 0 ,A tll, .>. .r IJ r , Th- F;v.- : - -rnpnrtd pLiphilda. - 1 aInd at" e ur.. J 6 M rin.-pp-r.-nc -F-i sne--derernined ic Data r3i' a ait3ble | . X,1 rid cin,-.r ...- -':r** nlii:- . n I.I; 1 irr'dm rchn,A-l-v%e - to aciu d indl Fr.:.- e Clei p...pulai.. r.- .n c . -i -- AXlir a' a i-.h.'le .:."niirm rh, irar.. 1,ur.ii , ,d. nrr. ien at 51.: larm. iub: rlc,n t.-. ijraI- ln.. u;- , 1 terll.A'r -.r p.> .lOde; rdricni. l .er.i ..ir:.-ri,: 5 and in the region, but periodic sample surveys have child. The principal aim is to protect the health of generally not been institutionalized. children and maximize the number who survive. In the long run, social development-especially Throughout Africa, there is potential demand for the education of women-is essential to reduce contraception to space births in both urban and desired family size. More and better schooling for rural areas. But spacing practices appear to be women will help to lower infant mortality, reduc- declining most rapidly in urban areas-where ing the uncertainty about child survival which desired family size is likely to fall first. In Senegal, keeps family size high. An all-out attack on infant for example, both breastfeeding and postpartum and child mortality and on infertility is imperative; amenorrhea are six months shorter in the capital - as long as fate seems to govern family size, prona- city of Dakar than in rural areas. In Lagos, Nigeria, talist norms will be reinforced and individual traditional childspacing practices are in decline and choice discouraged. intervals between births are shortening. Unless In the short run, family planning services could contraception becomes a more readily available do more on two fronts, even in the face of rela- substitute, total fertility may increase and the tively little unsatisfied demand for birth control: health of mothers and children may worsen. * Childspacing. Extended breastfeeding and sex- Programs in Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zaire have ual abstinence have long been practiced in Africa recently been set up to promote contraception for to guarantee two to three years between each childspacing. In Zimbabwe, the Child Spacing and 164
tr..Fr.rirz pmt1cn- and n.. *¾.r'-.rx -ll-fn in,r-I I fi F li ; I i rmin.l : rri,rrh. d - ta-d -t .cn,.--rci;,-- -iIm I , ~ . til 1. r. gr-r i h I,-a. 3-Lire,i hIrI F .' tn-Lr. r -Ij nj il., 1. ni hiLth r and hi:rla,. .r ilpuit L'-i [--r. ug:h iritnli ni ,ZrIai - i ,-.i V I- , ttiYiiCCi h -- uair U- Ih r wt-rnc.tr-E ii th, c i i'nid Tthi hni,t- f .)li i al 5-nil a_- iI mri..- rim- Iair4tr il.-an it -Ritb J paa. r, j' i itrri in rni~k, \ - u du- unctrairilt ..*-n --h.'rc .. *- ni ~.h:n li- ihe ,i~ r. iiL'ilffiieul hi a ai'-nit.l i ,nif._.-L. , p t hiiii . 1--1,mli r t> n,lii.1. t- >iL,- :t.rJir.p' -N.,i r-i', ri.4 -ilrihi-. r , tr .1 niui:h fli. ir ie .ruiua and nri-.iiriciil1Iurai r-ri --.uniiri,- .--ild 1t. ~ cr- r n.. I,tt nli [chine cnr-r,i-o- i.pp.-.rrUn,ii- , ild ti-u ; Oi -- p hr -L -n 0 Lhai.aij.rIr.- ii. N .,:eri I1'l itr. " I b~ t-U h arr lrirt iiud- irp..riinc. I.. d L,-- r3a,riJ i-. j i ni-, -,- F-r.:- d, - ,r. m-. Ifl - Pliib-ui.mnd ihi - smalle,r itland ros- il ..' In-ar- .-. r,d-1~rihle pr.tvl~m, T IIr u-u:h.-uit tt-~iiaiai.i.Ic-h 1,0-1; I.-Liri-ri U. r-tn- i.aa E nr,uzh tr S sh,liar. ..-uniru.- lik- N,cLr - - -It i.imrn.c r.:quir ni.-.r land p-r lar-d-a;,un.na ~~-ul:-- icn-.- It,! t.irri- Ni -crih.-k- he-Ir, ire 1l-Ž- .-n. c-un ciphit lhi-n ii r,-- i.e.- -d..h -i; Aii iTtc-IrO -upp..rr r-ri a :u4ij,nahlt- Li 7 - irie- LircolI, iri .eniral \kiric:a -'il he~re ri.i.i ..ui.:.p.n r [:piil.iii.fl- lirci- a, iii,-'.- a, airtad 'tiri~~~ t.itn.t' art-., -i jndcrui-o-i fli.rt .- r,n.n F. I-- -Ud .Ii,I iiaa ;ti .. It Th, li uri-i- art )ri-Ei- Li-U i t-- r F\e' rh. lInd -a [L.t3l -iJIPUI V.r - r I~rd,ac ti Bau u.. ril. it- I--pa K-n.j tbh -..-nc,, an- th.. rC.rr;it \iri.x. n .nriN-Ill r, 4uire . NI ircr It ,r I: R. anila ~nc-.,I I-n I -n- rC. ire arh ,., -.rt- t.n, i.- nnrc i--h.-'i: p r -. r ..i 1I-- p r - Ia I. md l14a-n.iaI i-.- ni--. a r- i up h l.- a II-'- r ii-Ire 1 rh - - n.rcp e t--.n- uti. 1 i'u i.' -1r rti:..
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
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6 Slowing population growth Experie
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feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
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the education of mothers increases
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etter education and health services
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
Page 130 and 131: effectiveness of existing laws, ins
Page 132 and 133: in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
Page 136 and 137: Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
Page 138 and 139: few births; to encourage spacing, T
Page 140 and 141: Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
Page 142 and 143: Box"7.1 Family planning for health
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
Page 146 and 147: 132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
Page 148 and 149: TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
Page 150 and 151: TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
Page 152 and 153: may be delaying a first pregnancy,
Page 154 and 155: family planning and maternal and ch
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Page 158 and 159: Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
Page 160 and 161: medical examination was not always
Page 162 and 163: measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165: Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167: costs per user. Public cost per use
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Page 170 and 171: TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
Page 190 and 191: able several types of condoms, pill
Page 192 and 193: housing schemes to parents with onl
Page 194 and 195: and training, data collection and a
Page 196 and 197: 9 Ten years of experience Much that
Page 198 and 199: ecause few effective methods are of
Page 200 and 201: Population data supplement The six
Page 202 and 203: Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
Page 204 and 205: 190 Births and total fertility =Ice
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. Population projections Rat
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Population composition Low
Page 210 and 211: Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
Page 212 and 213: Table 5. Status of women Number enr
Page 214 and 215: Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
Page 216 and 217: Bibliographical note This Report ha
Page 218 and 219: Background papers Note: Source refe
Page 220 and 221: -1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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Page 224 and 225: Table 10. Structure of merchandise
Page 226 and 227: Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
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Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
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Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
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Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
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Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Table 11. Structure of merchandise
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Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
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difficulties in assigning subsisten
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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