World Development Report 1984

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TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicators for selected countries with populations of 15 million or more Policy indicators Incentives Family Demo- Politi- and planning graphic cal comn- Institu- dismcen- Birtl7 TFR index data mitment tions Familil planning tives quotas Region and country 1982 1982 A B C D E F C H I X K L M Sub-Saharan Africa Kenya 8.0 OL x x x x x Tanzania 6.5 L x x Nigeria 6.9 E x Zaire 6.3 El Sudan 6.6 I x x Ethiopia 6.5 _ Middle East and North Africa Egypt 4.6 FL x x x x x x x x Morocco 5.8 Cl x x x Turkey 4.1 Fl x x x x Algeria 7.0 El x x Latin America and Caribbean Colombia 3.6 L x x x x x Mexico 4.6 L x x x x x x x x Brazil 3.9 DI x x x Venezuela 4.3 El x x x Peru 4.5 FL x x x x x South Asia Sri Lanka 3.4 L x x x x x x x x India 4.8 L x x x x x x x x x Bangladesh 6.3 FL x x x x x x x x x Pakistan 5.8 1F x x x x x x Nepal 63 L x x x x x x xx xx East Asia China 2.3 U x x x x x x x xx x Korea, Rep. of 2.7 * x x x x x x x x x x Indonesia 4.3 U x x x x x x x x x Malaysia 3.7 L x x x x x x x Thailand 3.6 L x x x x x x x x Philippines 4.2 El x x x x x x x x x Notc: The following countries with greater than 15 million population were omitted because of lack of data: Afghanistan; Argentina; Burma; Islamic Republic of Iran; Democratic Republic of Korea; South Africa; Venezuela; and Viet Nam. TFR = Total fertility rate. Key: * = very strong index; U - strong; Fl - moderate; = weak; wl 1 - very weak or none. For explanation of index, see Population Data Supplement Table 6 and notes. A Published census data and data from other household surveys on fertility, mortality, and contraceptive use (such as WFS or CPS) less than ten years old. B Official policy to reduce population growth expressed by high officials and in a national development plan, sometimes including specific demographic targets. C Existence of a population planning unit that integrates demographic projections into current economic plans and considers the effect of policies on demographic parameters. D Existence of a high-level coordinating body, such as a population commission, to set population policy, oversee implementation, and evaluate results of multisectoral policies. E Government financial support of private family planning associations. F Public family planning services. G Family planning outreach, including community-based distribution svstems and!or fieldworkers. H Active use of mass media for information and education to promote family planning and small family norms. I Publicly subsidized commercial sales of contraceptives. 1 Elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies that encourage large families (tax reductions for each child, family allowances, free or subsidized health and education services). K Incentives to individuals or communities to have small families. L Strong disincentives to discourage more than two births per woman, such as reduced services or an income tax for third and later-born children. M Policy to set quotas on the nunmber of births permitted annually in a community under which couples must obtain permission to have a child. 156
Box 8.1 Pronatalist policies In r. I- c. 'unrI, LU t r',ritcn - it-c I ,, 3,ZE c it ing.lt.ic Fr incl 71 Fertilih and abortion in Romania Ih.ai 1FirtiliT., r.itr - a r. F..I F I,. ,, - pe r,.-r.rt pv, p I'-.~l pr.kFFI L,f n c.iEr.)j- I - -'-' '.. -ralEur, p&-i; *.uor,rrji- ,U, h .pi* .i. ,r,. U'.,iI.A :in .311,7t, rirm il..1 I.F aric-. H,,ng ia r . ardJ 1
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
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Box 5.1 Consequences of population
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implied by a simple division of tot
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and on farms. But the evidence on e
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get in GDP. Alternatively, all or p
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youths, who are presumably able to
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saving because they come from the c
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acre increased from 15.4 million to
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food they need. Although the amount
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is so scarce, they can do so only o
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from rural to urban areas mainly re
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other developing countries suggests
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emigration by providing information
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Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
Page 120 and 121: 6 Slowing population growth Experie
Page 122 and 123: feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
Page 124 and 125: the education of mothers increases
Page 126 and 127: etter education and health services
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
Page 130 and 131: effectiveness of existing laws, ins
Page 132 and 133: in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
Page 136 and 137: Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
Page 138 and 139: few births; to encourage spacing, T
Page 140 and 141: Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
Page 142 and 143: Box"7.1 Family planning for health
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Res
Page 146 and 147: 132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
Page 148 and 149: TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
Page 150 and 151: TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
Page 152 and 153: may be delaying a first pregnancy,
Page 154 and 155: family planning and maternal and ch
Page 156 and 157: clients may develop can be promptly
Page 158 and 159: Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
Page 160 and 161: medical examination was not always
Page 162 and 163: measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165: Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167: costs per user. Public cost per use
Page 168 and 169: sanguine, however, as soon as one t
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 178 and 179: Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
Page 190 and 191: able several types of condoms, pill
Page 192 and 193: housing schemes to parents with onl
Page 194 and 195: and training, data collection and a
Page 196 and 197: 9 Ten years of experience Much that
Page 198 and 199: ecause few effective methods are of
Page 200 and 201: Population data supplement The six
Page 202 and 203: Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
Page 204 and 205: 190 Births and total fertility =Ice
Page 206 and 207: Table 1. Population projections Rat
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Population composition Low
Page 210 and 211: Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
Page 212 and 213: Table 5. Status of women Number enr
Page 214 and 215: Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
Page 216 and 217: Bibliographical note This Report ha
Page 218 and 219: Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
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Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
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Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
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Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
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Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
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Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
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difficulties in assigning subsisten
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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