World Development Report 1984

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FIGURE 71 88 in Romania (1979). Resort to both legal and ille- Trends in contraceptive prevalence in 197043, gal abortion often results from lack of information selected countries about, and access to, safe and effective contracep- Percentage of married women aged 15-49 using contraception tive methods. 60 hailand' Unmet need 50 _Clmi 50 olombia In the surveys from which data on contraceptive KoTea' 7use have been drawn women were also asked 40 / / wMexico whether they would like to have more children. Forty to 75 percent of married women of childbear- 30 ing age in East and South Asian countries and in Latin American and Caribbean countries want no / Egypt more children. In a few countries women were 20 also asked whether they wished to delay their next Banglades pregnancy for a year or more. Nineteen percent of 10 Kena_ Nepal women of. childbearing age in Bangladesh and Thailand, 25 percent in El Salvador, and 32 percent Pakistan in Guatemala said yes. In countries where both 0 1970 1975 1980 1983 a. Wife aged fifteen to forty-four. b. Ever-married women. Sourres: For Egypt, Kenya, and Pakistan, UN 1983; for others, CPS and WFS data. questions have been asked, from 50 to 90 percent of women want either to limit or to space births. In virtually all countries surveyed, the number of women of childbearing age who want no more children exceeds the number using some kind of contraception. Some of the women who want no more children or who wish to delay a pregnancy are not using a method because they are currently rhythm or withdrawal had an unwanted preg- pregnant or because they have been breastfeeding nancy within three years after a birth, compared for less than one year and therefore are afforded with only 29 percent of women who used the pill, some (but not total) protection. Others are unable the IUD, or injectable contraceptives. The 1978 to conceive, or their husbands are away. These Philippines Fertility Survey found that 36 percent women are not "exposed" to the risk of pregof married women of reproductive age used some nancy, so they do not need contraception, at least method, but only 16 percent used an efficient not immediately. method. In contrast, in the Dominican Republic in The remaining women-those who would like to 1975, contraceptive use was 32 percent for all space or to limit births, who are not using contramethods and 26 percent for efficient methods. ception, and who are exposed to the risk of preg- Contraception is not the only method of birth nancy-are said to have "unmet need'" for contracontrol. Induced abortion is widespread, even ception. By this definition, 6 to 12 percent of where it is illegal. There may be as many as 30 women of childbearing age in Egypt, Kenya, and million to 50 million induced abortions performed the Philippines have unmet need for contraception annually worldwide; this wide range is due to to limit births (see Figure 7.2, low estimate). In uncertainty about the number of illegal abortions. Bangladesh, Korea, and Peru, where both limiting Illegal abortion carries with it a high risk of compli- and spacing questions were asked, 16 to 33 percent cations and death and can affect future fertility. In of women of childbearing age have unmet need for many developing countries abortion is illegal contraception. If women who are breastfeeding under any circumstances or is permitted only to and those using inefficient methods of contracepsave the life of the mother; China and India are tion are also considered to have unmet need, more major exceptions. Elsewhere legal abortion is an than 40 percent of women in Bangladesh and Peru important method of birth control-in Cuba, have unmet need for limiting and spacing births; Japan, Korea, the USSR, and eastern Europe. 22 percent of women in Egypt, 10 percent in Legal abortion rates per thousand women of child- Kenya, and 29 percent in the Philippines have bearing age range from 11 in Canada (1981) and 25 unmet need for contraception only to limit births in the United States (1980) to 84 in Japan (1975) and (Figure 7.2, high estimate). Estimates for other 130
FIGURE 7.2 Contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception, selected countries, 1977-81 Unmet need for The charts on this page show unmet need for contralimiting births ception among married women aged 15 to 49. In the > -. .! -- .+ 'i.--ziL :: R pie and bar chart, itop unmet need for contraception to limit births is shown among women who want no more children. In the bottom pie and bar chart unmet need is shown for women who want no more children or who want to postpone a birth. In each case, the low estimate of unmet need is the pencentage of women using no contraception. The high estimate is the percentage :-; l n.o 93nt using an inefficient method (withdrawal, rhythm, and the like), breastfeeding (within a year of a birth), or using no method. Estimate of unmet need ~~~'ni~~~~~~~~ ~~~~, ,~~~~~~~~h ~~~(percent) Percentage of married women aged 15-49 - High Low Egypt ~'1 24 1. (1980) 22. 4 12.3 Kenya (1977-78) t . 9.9 5.9 Philippines | .,,. . .. . 29.0 11.1 (1978) - .I ' l ;': 0 10 20 30 40 Unmet need for limiting and spacing births Key Source: Boulier, <strong>1984</strong>b. methd lhrs' "i - mor,. ch-kirts L ~ ~ K- Low ~~~~~~~High Estimate of unmet need Estimate of unmet need (percent) Percentage of married women aged 15-49 -. High Low Bangladesh | | , ,,:4;' 41.3 32.6 Korea | | 1 ;i^, iN ;^¢-; 26.2 16.1 (1979) . Pe9ru | .. -5. 46.2 16.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 131
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Oxford University Press NEW YORK OX
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labor markets. And they have a vest
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8 The policy agenda 155 Population
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Boxes 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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Glossary Demographic terms informat
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I I
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countries regain their momentum of
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4 Box 1.1 The arithmetic of populat
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example. Between 1955 and 1980 inco
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ment-all the more so if human skill
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etween 1 and 2 percent-moderate com
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FIGURE 2.1 directions-with a lag in
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14 Distribution of product among se
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TABLE 2.2 Rates of growth in the re
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export restraints and orderly marke
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Box 2.2 Comparisons between the 193
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TABLE 2.6 indebtedness is denominat
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TABLE 2.7 Change in export prices a
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Burundi, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, and
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TABLE 2.9 Exports from developing c
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of rapid and painful adjustment for
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In many countries internal adjustme
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3 Prospects for sustained growth Wi
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TABLE 3.2 Growth of GDP per capita,
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TABLE 3.4 Current account balance a
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over time. The main focus of indust
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TABLE 3.6 Growth of trade in develo
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Box 3.3 Delinking from the world ec
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nal surplus. The resulting rise in
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Because the public sector in low-in
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developing-country creditworthiness
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themselves and, by caring for young
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fertility in a changing world is a
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nize contraceptive services. As wil
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Economic transformation: Europe, Ja
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scious control of family size, prob
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Box 4.3 The European fertility tran
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FIGURE 4.2 Birth and death rates an
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Box 4.4 Alternative measures of fer
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largest city in 1950, will not even
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FIGURE 4.4 Fertility in relation to
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government goal is a nationwide rat
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North America's population in 2000
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IBox 4.6 Three views of population
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TABLE 4.6 Population size and densi
Page 94 and 95: Box 5.1 Consequences of population
Page 96 and 97: implied by a simple division of tot
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Page 102 and 103: youths, who are presumably able to
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Page 106 and 107: acre increased from 15.4 million to
Page 108 and 109: food they need. Although the amount
Page 110 and 111: is so scarce, they can do so only o
Page 112 and 113: from rural to urban areas mainly re
Page 114 and 115: other developing countries suggests
Page 116 and 117: emigration by providing information
Page 118 and 119: Box 5.7 Coping with rapid fertility
Page 120 and 121: 6 Slowing population growth Experie
Page 122 and 123: feTtility; nor is it easy to judge
Page 124 and 125: the education of mothers increases
Page 126 and 127: etter education and health services
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 6.1 Total fertility rates and
Page 130 and 131: effectiveness of existing laws, ins
Page 132 and 133: in the 1950s and 1960s, fertility w
Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 6.6 Fertility dedine within
Page 136 and 137: Box 6.3 Mleasuring the value of chi
Page 138 and 139: few births; to encourage spacing, T
Page 140 and 141: Box 6.4 A deferred incentive scheme
Page 142 and 143: Box"7.1 Family planning for health
Page 146 and 147: 132 Box 7.2 Birth planning technolo
Page 148 and 149: TABLE 7.2 Percentage of married wom
Page 150 and 151: TABLE 7.3 Discontinuation of contra
Page 152 and 153: may be delaying a first pregnancy,
Page 154 and 155: family planning and maternal and ch
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Page 158 and 159: Box 7.6 The impact of service quali
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Page 162 and 163: measuring social acceptability, or
Page 164 and 165: Box 7.7 Military versus social expe
Page 166 and 167: costs per user. Public cost per use
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Page 170 and 171: TABLE 8.1 Population policy indicat
Page 172 and 173: Box 8.2 China's census: counting a
Page 174 and 175: FAMILY PLANNING. In many countries-
Page 176 and 177: improving the availability of famil
Page 178 and 179: Box 8.4 Africa: how much land, how
Page 180 and 181: Box 8.5 Infertility: a challenge to
Page 182 and 183: FIGURE 8.2 upper Egypt want no more
Page 184 and 185: growth. Fertility has declined in t
Page 186 and 187: Box 8.7 Changing policies and attit
Page 188 and 189: FIGURE 8.6 childbearing age have un
Page 190 and 191: able several types of condoms, pill
Page 192 and 193: housing schemes to parents with onl
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and training, data collection and a
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9 Ten years of experience Much that
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ecause few effective methods are of
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Population data supplement The six
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Table 4. Factors influencing fertil
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190 Births and total fertility =Ice
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Table 1. Population projections Rat
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Table 2. Population composition Low
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Table 3. Contraceptive use and unme
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Table 5. Status of women Number enr
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Table 6. Family planning policy _ _
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Bibliographical note This Report ha
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Background papers Note: Source refe
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-1984. "The Malthusian Case: Preind
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I I
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Table 10. Structure of merchandise
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Key In each table, economies are li
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same order is used in all tables. T
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Population I~~~~ - * S: ~ -- ' X -
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Table 1. Basic indicators GNP per c
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Table 2. Growthi of production Aver
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Table 3. Structure of production GD
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Table 4. Growth of consumption-and
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Tadble 5. Structure of demand Distr
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Table 6. Agriculture and food Value
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Table 7. Industr Distribution of ma
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Table 8. Commercial energy Energy c
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Table 9. Growthi of merchandise tra
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Table 12. Origin and destination of
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Table 13. Origin and destination of
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Table 14. Balance of payments and r
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Table 15. Flow of public and public
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Table 16. External public debt and
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Table 17. Terms of public borrowing
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Table 18. Official development assi
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Table 19. Population growth and pro
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Table 20. Demographic and fertility
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Table 21. Labor force Percentage of
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Table 22. Urbanization Urban popula
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Table 23. Indicators related to lif
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Table 24. Health-related indicators
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Table 25. Education Number Number e
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Table 26. Central goverrnment expen
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Table 27. Central government curren
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Table 28. In-come distribution Perc
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Technical notes This edition of the
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difficulties in assigning subsisten
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series in national currencies are a
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Public loans are external obligatio
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estimates, the total fertility rate
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expenditure and current revenue sho
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Development Report 1984

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